/// A red-black tree with owned nodes. /// /// It is backed by the kernel C red-black trees. /// /// # Examples /// /// In the example below we do several operations on a tree. We note that insertions may fail if /// the system is out of memory. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{alloc::flags, rbtree::{RBTree, RBTreeNode, RBTreeNodeReservation}}; /// /// // Create a new tree. /// let mut tree = RBTree::new(); /// /// // Insert three elements. /// tree.try_create_and_insert(20, 200, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(10, 100, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(30, 300, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // Check the nodes we just inserted. /// { /// assert_eq!(tree.get(&10), Some(&100)); /// assert_eq!(tree.get(&20), Some(&200)); /// assert_eq!(tree.get(&30), Some(&300)); /// } /// /// // Iterate over the nodes we just inserted. /// { /// let mut iter = tree.iter(); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&10, &100))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&20, &200))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&30, &300))); /// assert!(iter.next().is_none()); /// } /// /// // Print all elements. /// for (key, value) in &tree { /// pr_info!("{} = {}\n", key, value); /// } /// /// // Replace one of the elements. /// tree.try_create_and_insert(10, 1000, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // Check that the tree reflects the replacement. /// { /// let mut iter = tree.iter(); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&10, &1000))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&20, &200))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&30, &300))); /// assert!(iter.next().is_none()); /// } /// /// // Change the value of one of the elements. /// *tree.get_mut(&30).unwrap() = 3000; /// /// // Check that the tree reflects the update. /// { /// let mut iter = tree.iter(); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&10, &1000))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&20, &200))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&30, &3000))); /// assert!(iter.next().is_none()); /// } /// /// // Remove an element. /// tree.remove(&10); /// /// // Check that the tree reflects the removal. /// { /// let mut iter = tree.iter(); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&20, &200))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&30, &3000))); /// assert!(iter.next().is_none()); /// } /// /// # Ok::<(), Error>(()) /// ``` /// /// In the example below, we first allocate a node, acquire a spinlock, then insert the node into /// the tree. This is useful when the insertion context does not allow sleeping, for example, when /// holding a spinlock. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{alloc::flags, rbtree::{RBTree, RBTreeNode}, sync::SpinLock}; /// /// fn insert_test(tree: &SpinLock<RBTree<u32, u32>>) -> Result { /// // Pre-allocate node. This may fail (as it allocates memory). /// let node = RBTreeNode::new(10, 100, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // Insert node while holding the lock. It is guaranteed to succeed with no allocation /// // attempts. /// let mut guard = tree.lock(); /// guard.insert(node); /// Ok(()) /// } /// ``` /// /// In the example below, we reuse an existing node allocation from an element we removed. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{alloc::flags, rbtree::{RBTree, RBTreeNodeReservation}}; /// /// // Create a new tree. /// let mut tree = RBTree::new(); /// /// // Insert three elements. /// tree.try_create_and_insert(20, 200, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(10, 100, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(30, 300, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // Check the nodes we just inserted. /// { /// let mut iter = tree.iter(); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&10, &100))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&20, &200))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&30, &300))); /// assert!(iter.next().is_none()); /// } /// /// // Remove a node, getting back ownership of it. /// let existing = tree.remove(&30); /// /// // Check that the tree reflects the removal. /// { /// let mut iter = tree.iter(); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&10, &100))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&20, &200))); /// assert!(iter.next().is_none()); /// } /// /// // Create a preallocated reservation that we can re-use later. /// let reservation = RBTreeNodeReservation::new(flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // Insert a new node into the tree, reusing the previous allocation. This is guaranteed to /// // succeed (no memory allocations). /// tree.insert(reservation.into_node(15, 150)); /// /// // Check that the tree reflect the new insertion. /// { /// let mut iter = tree.iter(); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&10, &100))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&15, &150))); /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some((&20, &200))); /// assert!(iter.next().is_none()); /// } /// /// # Ok::<(), Error>(()) /// ``` /// /// # Invariants /// /// Non-null parent/children pointers stored in instances of the `rb_node` C struct are always /// valid, and pointing to a field of our internal representation of a node. pubstruct RBTree<K, V> {
root: bindings::rb_root,
_p: PhantomData<Node<K, V>>,
}
// SAFETY: An [`RBTree`] allows the same kinds of access to its values that a struct allows to its // fields, so we use the same Send condition as would be used for a struct with K and V fields. unsafeimpl<K: Send, V: Send> Send for RBTree<K, V> {}
// SAFETY: An [`RBTree`] allows the same kinds of access to its values that a struct allows to its // fields, so we use the same Sync condition as would be used for a struct with K and V fields. unsafeimpl<K: Sync, V: Sync> Sync for RBTree<K, V> {}
impl<K, V> RBTree<K, V> { /// Creates a new and empty tree. pubfn new() -> Self { Self { // INVARIANT: There are no nodes in the tree, so the invariant holds vacuously.
root: bindings::rb_root::default(),
_p: PhantomData,
}
}
/// Returns true if this tree is empty. #[inline] pubfn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.root.rb_node.is_null()
}
/// Returns an iterator over the tree nodes, sorted by key. pubfn iter(&self) -> Iter<'_, K, V> {
Iter {
_tree: PhantomData, // INVARIANT: // - `self.root` is a valid pointer to a tree root. // - `bindings::rb_first` produces a valid pointer to a node given `root` is valid.
iter_raw: IterRaw { // SAFETY: by the invariants, all pointers are valid.
next: unsafe { bindings::rb_first(&self.root) },
_phantom: PhantomData,
},
}
}
/// Returns a mutable iterator over the tree nodes, sorted by key. pubfn iter_mut(&mutself) -> IterMut<'_, K, V> {
IterMut {
_tree: PhantomData, // INVARIANT: // - `self.root` is a valid pointer to a tree root. // - `bindings::rb_first` produces a valid pointer to a node given `root` is valid.
iter_raw: IterRaw { // SAFETY: by the invariants, all pointers are valid.
next: unsafe { bindings::rb_first(from_mut(&mutself.root)) },
_phantom: PhantomData,
},
}
}
/// Returns an iterator over the keys of the nodes in the tree, in sorted order. pubfn keys(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'_ K> { self.iter().map(|(k, _)| k)
}
/// Returns an iterator over the values of the nodes in the tree, sorted by key. pubfn values(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'_ V> { self.iter().map(|(_, v)| v)
}
/// Returns a mutable iterator over the values of the nodes in the tree, sorted by key. pubfn values_mut(&mutself) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'_ mut V> { self.iter_mut().map(|(_, v)| v)
}
/// Returns a cursor over the tree nodes, starting with the smallest key. pubfn cursor_front(&mutself) -> Option<Cursor<'_, K, V>> { let root = addr_of_mut!(self.root); // SAFETY: `self.root` is always a valid root node let current = unsafe { bindings::rb_first(root) };
NonNull::new(current).map(|current| { // INVARIANT: // - `current` is a valid node in the [`RBTree`] pointed to by `self`.
Cursor {
current,
tree: self,
}
})
}
/// Returns a cursor over the tree nodes, starting with the largest key. pubfn cursor_back(&mutself) -> Option<Cursor<'_, K, V>> { let root = addr_of_mut!(self.root); // SAFETY: `self.root` is always a valid root node let current = unsafe { bindings::rb_last(root) };
NonNull::new(current).map(|current| { // INVARIANT: // - `current` is a valid node in the [`RBTree`] pointed to by `self`.
Cursor {
current,
tree: self,
}
})
}
}
impl<K, V> RBTree<K, V> where
K: Ord,
{ /// Tries to insert a new value into the tree. /// /// It overwrites a node if one already exists with the same key and returns it (containing the /// key/value pair). Returns [`None`] if a node with the same key didn't already exist. /// /// Returns an error if it cannot allocate memory for the new node. pubfn try_create_and_insert(
&mutself,
key: K,
value: V,
flags: Flags,
) -> Result<Option<RBTreeNode<K, V>>> {
Ok(self.insert(RBTreeNode::new(key, value, flags)?))
}
/// Inserts a new node into the tree. /// /// It overwrites a node if one already exists with the same key and returns it (containing the /// key/value pair). Returns [`None`] if a node with the same key didn't already exist. /// /// This function always succeeds. pubfn insert(&mutself, node: RBTreeNode<K, V>) -> Option<RBTreeNode<K, V>> { matchself.raw_entry(&node.node.key) {
RawEntry::Occupied(entry) => Some(entry.replace(node)),
RawEntry::Vacant(entry) => {
entry.insert(node);
None
}
}
}
fn raw_entry(&mutself, key: &K) -> RawEntry<'_, K, V> { let raw_self: *mut RBTree<K, V> = self; // The returned `RawEntry` is used to call either `rb_link_node` or `rb_replace_node`. // The parameters of `bindings::rb_link_node` are as follows: // - `node`: A pointer to an uninitialized node being inserted. // - `parent`: A pointer to an existing node in the tree. One of its child pointers must be // null, and `node` will become a child of `parent` by replacing that child pointer // with a pointer to `node`. // - `rb_link`: A pointer to either the left-child or right-child field of `parent`. This // specifies which child of `parent` should hold `node` after this call. The // value of `*rb_link` must be null before the call to `rb_link_node`. If the // red/black tree is empty, then it’s also possible for `parent` to be null. In // this case, `rb_link` is a pointer to the `root` field of the red/black tree. // // We will traverse the tree looking for a node that has a null pointer as its child, // representing an empty subtree where we can insert our new node. We need to make sure // that we preserve the ordering of the nodes in the tree. In each iteration of the loop // we store `parent` and `child_field_of_parent`, and the new `node` will go somewhere // in the subtree of `parent` that `child_field_of_parent` points at. Once // we find an empty subtree, we can insert the new node using `rb_link_node`. letmut parent = core::ptr::null_mut(); letmut child_field_of_parent: &mut *mut bindings::rb_node = // SAFETY: `raw_self` is a valid pointer to the `RBTree` (created from `self` above). unsafe { &mut (*raw_self).root.rb_node }; while !(*child_field_of_parent).is_null() { let curr = *child_field_of_parent; // SAFETY: All links fields we create are in a `Node<K, V>`. let node = unsafe { container_of!(curr, Node<K, V>, links) };
// SAFETY: `node` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants. match key.cmp(unsafe { &(*node).key }) { // SAFETY: `curr` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants.
Ordering::Less => child_field_of_parent = unsafe { &mut (*curr).rb_left }, // SAFETY: `curr` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants.
Ordering::Greater => child_field_of_parent = unsafe { &mut (*curr).rb_right },
Ordering::Equal => { return RawEntry::Occupied(OccupiedEntry {
rbtree: self,
node_links: curr,
})
}
}
parent = curr;
}
/// Gets the given key's corresponding entry in the map for in-place manipulation. pubfn entry(&mutself, key: K) -> Entry<'_, K, V> { matchself.raw_entry(&key) {
RawEntry::Occupied(entry) => Entry::Occupied(entry),
RawEntry::Vacant(entry) => Entry::Vacant(VacantEntry { raw: entry, key }),
}
}
/// Used for accessing the given node, if it exists. pubfn find_mut(&mutself, key: &K) -> Option<OccupiedEntry<'_, K, V>> { matchself.raw_entry(key) {
RawEntry::Occupied(entry) => Some(entry),
RawEntry::Vacant(_entry) => None,
}
}
/// Returns a reference to the value corresponding to the key. pubfn get(&self, key: &K) -> Option<&V> { letmut node = self.root.rb_node; while !node.is_null() { // SAFETY: By the type invariant of `Self`, all non-null `rb_node` pointers stored in `self` // point to the links field of `Node<K, V>` objects. let this = unsafe { container_of!(node, Node<K, V>, links) }; // SAFETY: `this` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants.
node = match key.cmp(unsafe { &(*this).key }) { // SAFETY: `node` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants.
Ordering::Less => unsafe { (*node).rb_left }, // SAFETY: `node` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants.
Ordering::Greater => unsafe { (*node).rb_right }, // SAFETY: `node` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants.
Ordering::Equal => return Some(unsafe { &(*this).value }),
}
}
None
}
/// Returns a mutable reference to the value corresponding to the key. pubfn get_mut(&mutself, key: &K) -> Option<&mut V> { self.find_mut(key).map(|node| node.into_mut())
}
/// Removes the node with the given key from the tree. /// /// It returns the node that was removed if one exists, or [`None`] otherwise. pubfn remove_node(&mutself, key: &K) -> Option<RBTreeNode<K, V>> { self.find_mut(key).map(OccupiedEntry::remove_node)
}
/// Removes the node with the given key from the tree. /// /// It returns the value that was removed if one exists, or [`None`] otherwise. pubfn remove(&mutself, key: &K) -> Option<V> { self.find_mut(key).map(OccupiedEntry::remove)
}
/// Returns a cursor over the tree nodes based on the given key. /// /// If the given key exists, the cursor starts there. /// Otherwise it starts with the first larger key in sort order. /// If there is no larger key, it returns [`None`]. pubfn cursor_lower_bound(&mutself, key: &K) -> Option<Cursor<'_, K, V>> where
K: Ord,
{ letmut node = self.root.rb_node; letmut best_match: Option<NonNull<Node<K, V>>> = None; while !node.is_null() { // SAFETY: By the type invariant of `Self`, all non-null `rb_node` pointers stored in `self` // point to the links field of `Node<K, V>` objects. let this = unsafe { container_of!(node, Node<K, V>, links) }; // SAFETY: `this` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants. let this_key = unsafe { &(*this).key }; // SAFETY: `node` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants. let left_child = unsafe { (*node).rb_left }; // SAFETY: `node` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants. let right_child = unsafe { (*node).rb_right }; match key.cmp(this_key) {
Ordering::Equal => {
best_match = NonNull::new(this); break;
}
Ordering::Greater => {
node = right_child;
}
Ordering::Less => { let is_better_match = match best_match {
None => true,
Some(best) => { // SAFETY: `best` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants. let best_key = unsafe { &(*best.as_ptr()).key };
best_key > this_key
}
}; if is_better_match {
best_match = NonNull::new(this);
}
node = left_child;
}
};
}
let best = best_match?;
// SAFETY: `best` is a non-null node so it is valid by the type invariants. let links = unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*best.as_ptr()).links) };
NonNull::new(links).map(|current| { // INVARIANT: // - `current` is a valid node in the [`RBTree`] pointed to by `self`.
Cursor {
current,
tree: self,
}
})
}
}
impl<K, V> Drop for RBTree<K, V> { fn drop(&mutself) { // SAFETY: `root` is valid as it's embedded in `self` and we have a valid `self`. letmut next = unsafe { bindings::rb_first_postorder(&self.root) };
// INVARIANT: The loop invariant is that all tree nodes from `next` in postorder are valid. while !next.is_null() { // SAFETY: All links fields we create are in a `Node<K, V>`. let this = unsafe { container_of!(next, Node<K, V>, links) };
// Find out what the next node is before disposing of the current one. // SAFETY: `next` and all nodes in postorder are still valid.
next = unsafe { bindings::rb_next_postorder(next) };
// INVARIANT: This is the destructor, so we break the type invariant during clean-up, // but it is not observable. The loop invariant is still maintained.
// SAFETY: `this` is valid per the loop invariant. unsafe { drop(KBox::from_raw(this)) };
}
}
}
/// A bidirectional cursor over the tree nodes, sorted by key. /// /// # Examples /// /// In the following example, we obtain a cursor to the first element in the tree. /// The cursor allows us to iterate bidirectionally over key/value pairs in the tree. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{alloc::flags, rbtree::RBTree}; /// /// // Create a new tree. /// let mut tree = RBTree::new(); /// /// // Insert three elements. /// tree.try_create_and_insert(10, 100, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(20, 200, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(30, 300, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // Get a cursor to the first element. /// let mut cursor = tree.cursor_front().unwrap(); /// let mut current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&10, &100)); /// /// // Move the cursor, updating it to the 2nd element. /// cursor = cursor.move_next().unwrap(); /// current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&20, &200)); /// /// // Peek at the next element without impacting the cursor. /// let next = cursor.peek_next().unwrap(); /// assert_eq!(next, (&30, &300)); /// current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&20, &200)); /// /// // Moving past the last element causes the cursor to return [`None`]. /// cursor = cursor.move_next().unwrap(); /// current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&30, &300)); /// let cursor = cursor.move_next(); /// assert!(cursor.is_none()); /// /// # Ok::<(), Error>(()) /// ``` /// /// A cursor can also be obtained at the last element in the tree. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{alloc::flags, rbtree::RBTree}; /// /// // Create a new tree. /// let mut tree = RBTree::new(); /// /// // Insert three elements. /// tree.try_create_and_insert(10, 100, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(20, 200, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(30, 300, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// let mut cursor = tree.cursor_back().unwrap(); /// let current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&30, &300)); /// /// # Ok::<(), Error>(()) /// ``` /// /// Obtaining a cursor returns [`None`] if the tree is empty. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::rbtree::RBTree; /// /// let mut tree: RBTree<u16, u16> = RBTree::new(); /// assert!(tree.cursor_front().is_none()); /// /// # Ok::<(), Error>(()) /// ``` /// /// [`RBTree::cursor_lower_bound`] can be used to start at an arbitrary node in the tree. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{alloc::flags, rbtree::RBTree}; /// /// // Create a new tree. /// let mut tree = RBTree::new(); /// /// // Insert five elements. /// tree.try_create_and_insert(10, 100, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(20, 200, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(30, 300, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(40, 400, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(50, 500, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // If the provided key exists, a cursor to that key is returned. /// let cursor = tree.cursor_lower_bound(&20).unwrap(); /// let current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&20, &200)); /// /// // If the provided key doesn't exist, a cursor to the first larger element in sort order is returned. /// let cursor = tree.cursor_lower_bound(&25).unwrap(); /// let current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&30, &300)); /// /// // If there is no larger key, [`None`] is returned. /// let cursor = tree.cursor_lower_bound(&55); /// assert!(cursor.is_none()); /// /// # Ok::<(), Error>(()) /// ``` /// /// The cursor allows mutation of values in the tree. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{alloc::flags, rbtree::RBTree}; /// /// // Create a new tree. /// let mut tree = RBTree::new(); /// /// // Insert three elements. /// tree.try_create_and_insert(10, 100, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(20, 200, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(30, 300, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // Retrieve a cursor. /// let mut cursor = tree.cursor_front().unwrap(); /// /// // Get a mutable reference to the current value. /// let (k, v) = cursor.current_mut(); /// *v = 1000; /// /// // The updated value is reflected in the tree. /// let updated = tree.get(&10).unwrap(); /// assert_eq!(updated, &1000); /// /// # Ok::<(), Error>(()) /// ``` /// /// It also allows node removal. The following examples demonstrate the behavior of removing the current node. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{alloc::flags, rbtree::RBTree}; /// /// // Create a new tree. /// let mut tree = RBTree::new(); /// /// // Insert three elements. /// tree.try_create_and_insert(10, 100, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(20, 200, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(30, 300, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // Remove the first element. /// let mut cursor = tree.cursor_front().unwrap(); /// let mut current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&10, &100)); /// cursor = cursor.remove_current().0.unwrap(); /// /// // If a node exists after the current element, it is returned. /// current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&20, &200)); /// /// // Get a cursor to the last element, and remove it. /// cursor = tree.cursor_back().unwrap(); /// current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&30, &300)); /// /// // Since there is no next node, the previous node is returned. /// cursor = cursor.remove_current().0.unwrap(); /// current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&20, &200)); /// /// // Removing the last element in the tree returns [`None`]. /// assert!(cursor.remove_current().0.is_none()); /// /// # Ok::<(), Error>(()) /// ``` /// /// Nodes adjacent to the current node can also be removed. /// /// ``` /// use kernel::{alloc::flags, rbtree::RBTree}; /// /// // Create a new tree. /// let mut tree = RBTree::new(); /// /// // Insert three elements. /// tree.try_create_and_insert(10, 100, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(20, 200, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// tree.try_create_and_insert(30, 300, flags::GFP_KERNEL)?; /// /// // Get a cursor to the first element. /// let mut cursor = tree.cursor_front().unwrap(); /// let mut current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&10, &100)); /// /// // Calling `remove_prev` from the first element returns [`None`]. /// assert!(cursor.remove_prev().is_none()); /// /// // Get a cursor to the last element. /// cursor = tree.cursor_back().unwrap(); /// current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&30, &300)); /// /// // Calling `remove_prev` removes and returns the middle element. /// assert_eq!(cursor.remove_prev().unwrap().to_key_value(), (20, 200)); /// /// // Calling `remove_next` from the last element returns [`None`]. /// assert!(cursor.remove_next().is_none()); /// /// // Move to the first element /// cursor = cursor.move_prev().unwrap(); /// current = cursor.current(); /// assert_eq!(current, (&10, &100)); /// /// // Calling `remove_next` removes and returns the last element. /// assert_eq!(cursor.remove_next().unwrap().to_key_value(), (30, 300)); /// /// # Ok::<(), Error>(()) /// /// ``` /// /// # Invariants /// - `current` points to a node that is in the same [`RBTree`] as `tree`. pubstruct Cursor<'a, K, V> {
tree: &'a mut RBTree<K, V>,
current: NonNull<bindings::rb_node>,
}
// SAFETY: The [`Cursor`] has exclusive access to both `K` and `V`, so it is sufficient to require them to be `Send`. // The cursor only gives out immutable references to the keys, but since it has excusive access to those same // keys, `Send` is sufficient. `Sync` would be okay, but it is more restrictive to the user. unsafeimpl<'a, K: Send, V: Send> Send for Cursor<'a, K, V> {}
// SAFETY: The [`Cursor`] gives out immutable references to K and mutable references to V, // so it has the same thread safety requirements as mutable references. unsafeimpl<'a, K: Sync, V: Sync> Sync for Cursor<'a, K, V> {}
impl<'a, K, V> Cursor<'a, K, V> { /// The current node pubfn current(&self) -> (&K, &V) { // SAFETY: // - `self.current` is a valid node by the type invariants. // - We have an immutable reference by the function signature. unsafe { Self::to_key_value(self.current) }
}
/// The current node, with a mutable value pubfn current_mut(&mutself) -> (&K, &mut V) { // SAFETY: // - `self.current` is a valid node by the type invariants. // - We have an mutable reference by the function signature. unsafe { Self::to_key_value_mut(self.current) }
}
/// Remove the current node from the tree. /// /// Returns a tuple where the first element is a cursor to the next node, if it exists, /// else the previous node, else [`None`] (if the tree becomes empty). The second element /// is the removed node. pubfn remove_current(self) -> (Option<Self>, RBTreeNode<K, V>) { let prev = self.get_neighbor_raw(Direction::Prev); let next = self.get_neighbor_raw(Direction::Next); // SAFETY: By the type invariant of `Self`, all non-null `rb_node` pointers stored in `self` // point to the links field of `Node<K, V>` objects. let this = unsafe { container_of!(self.current.as_ptr(), Node<K, V>, links) }; // SAFETY: `this` is valid by the type invariants as described above. let node = unsafe { KBox::from_raw(this) }; let node = RBTreeNode { node }; // SAFETY: The reference to the tree used to create the cursor outlives the cursor, so // the tree cannot change. By the tree invariant, all nodes are valid. unsafe { bindings::rb_erase(&mut (*this).links, addr_of_mut!(self.tree.root)) };
// INVARIANT: // - `current` is a valid node in the [`RBTree`] pointed to by `self.tree`. let cursor = next.or(prev).map(|current| Self {
current,
tree: self.tree,
});
(cursor, node)
}
/// Remove the previous node, returning it if it exists. pubfn remove_prev(&mutself) -> Option<RBTreeNode<K, V>> { self.remove_neighbor(Direction::Prev)
}
/// Remove the next node, returning it if it exists. pubfn remove_next(&mutself) -> Option<RBTreeNode<K, V>> { self.remove_neighbor(Direction::Next)
}
fn remove_neighbor(&mutself, direction: Direction) -> Option<RBTreeNode<K, V>> { iflet Some(neighbor) = self.get_neighbor_raw(direction) { let neighbor = neighbor.as_ptr(); // SAFETY: The reference to the tree used to create the cursor outlives the cursor, so // the tree cannot change. By the tree invariant, all nodes are valid. unsafe { bindings::rb_erase(neighbor, addr_of_mut!(self.tree.root)) }; // SAFETY: By the type invariant of `Self`, all non-null `rb_node` pointers stored in `self` // point to the links field of `Node<K, V>` objects. let this = unsafe { container_of!(neighbor, Node<K, V>, links) }; // SAFETY: `this` is valid by the type invariants as described above. let node = unsafe { KBox::from_raw(this) }; return Some(RBTreeNode { node });
}
None
}
/// Move the cursor to the previous node, returning [`None`] if it doesn't exist. pubfn move_prev(self) -> Option<Self> { self.mv(Direction::Prev)
}
/// Move the cursor to the next node, returning [`None`] if it doesn't exist. pubfn move_next(self) -> Option<Self> { self.mv(Direction::Next)
}
fn mv(self, direction: Direction) -> Option<Self> { // INVARIANT: // - `neighbor` is a valid node in the [`RBTree`] pointed to by `self.tree`. self.get_neighbor_raw(direction).map(|neighbor| Self {
tree: self.tree,
current: neighbor,
})
}
/// Access the previous node without moving the cursor. pubfn peek_prev(&self) -> Option<(&K, &V)> { self.peek(Direction::Prev)
}
/// Access the previous node without moving the cursor. pubfn peek_next(&self) -> Option<(&K, &V)> { self.peek(Direction::Next)
}
fn peek(&self, direction: Direction) -> Option<(&K, &V)> { self.get_neighbor_raw(direction).map(|neighbor| { // SAFETY: // - `neighbor` is a valid tree node. // - By the function signature, we have an immutable reference to `self`. unsafe { Self::to_key_value(neighbor) }
})
}
/// Access the previous node mutably without moving the cursor. pubfn peek_prev_mut(&mutself) -> Option<(&K, &mut V)> { self.peek_mut(Direction::Prev)
}
/// Access the next node mutably without moving the cursor. pubfn peek_next_mut(&mutself) -> Option<(&K, &mut V)> { self.peek_mut(Direction::Next)
}
fn peek_mut(&mutself, direction: Direction) -> Option<(&K, &style='color:red'>mut V)> { self.get_neighbor_raw(direction).map(|neighbor| { // SAFETY: // - `neighbor` is a valid tree node. // - By the function signature, we have a mutable reference to `self`. unsafe { Self::to_key_value_mut(neighbor) }
})
}
fn get_neighbor_raw(&self, direction: Direction) -> Option<NonNull<bindings::rb_node>> { // SAFETY: `self.current` is valid by the type invariants. let neighbor = unsafe { match direction {
Direction::Prev => bindings::rb_prev(self.current.as_ptr()),
Direction::Next => bindings::rb_next(self.current.as_ptr()),
}
};
NonNull::new(neighbor)
}
/// # Safety /// /// - `node` must be a valid pointer to a node in an [`RBTree`]. /// - The caller has immutable access to `node` for the duration of `'b`. unsafefn to_key_value<'b>(node: NonNull<bindings::rb_node>) -> (&'b K, &'b V) { // SAFETY: the caller guarantees that `node` is a valid pointer in an `RBTree`. let (k, v) = unsafe { Self::to_key_value_raw(node) }; // SAFETY: the caller guarantees immutable access to `node`.
(k, unsafe { &*v })
}
/// # Safety /// /// - `node` must be a valid pointer to a node in an [`RBTree`]. /// - The caller has mutable access to `node` for the duration of `'b`. unsafefn to_key_value_mut<'b>(node: NonNull<bindings::rb_node>) -> (&'b K, &'b mut V) { // SAFETY: the caller guarantees that `node` is a valid pointer in an `RBTree`. let (k, v) = unsafe { Self::to_key_value_raw(node) }; // SAFETY: the caller guarantees mutable access to `node`.
(k, unsafe { &mut *v })
}
/// # Safety /// /// - `node` must be a valid pointer to a node in an [`RBTree`]. /// - The caller has immutable access to the key for the duration of `'b`. unsafefn to_key_value_raw<'b>(node: NonNull<bindings::rb_node>) -> (&'b K, *mut V) { // SAFETY: By the type invariant of `Self`, all non-null `rb_node` pointers stored in `self` // point to the links field of `Node<K, V>` objects. let this = unsafe { container_of!(node.as_ptr(), Node<K, V>, links) }; // SAFETY: The passed `node` is the current node or a non-null neighbor, // thus `this` is valid by the type invariants. let k = unsafe { &(*this).key }; // SAFETY: The passed `node` is the current node or a non-null neighbor, // thus `this` is valid by the type invariants. let v = unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*this).value) };
(k, v)
}
}
/// Direction for [`Cursor`] operations. enum Direction { /// the node immediately before, in sort order
Prev, /// the node immediately after, in sort order
Next,
}
impl<'a, K, V> IntoIterator for &'a RBTree<K, V> { type Item = (&'a K, &'a V); type IntoIter = Iter<'a, K, V>;
/// An iterator over the nodes of a [`RBTree`]. /// /// Instances are created by calling [`RBTree::iter`]. pubstruct Iter<'a, K, V> {
_tree: PhantomData<&'a RBTree<K, V>>,
iter_raw: IterRaw<K, V>,
}
// SAFETY: The [`Iter`] gives out immutable references to K and V, so it has the same // thread safety requirements as immutable references. unsafeimpl<'a, K: Sync, V: Sync> Send for Iter<'a, K, V> {}
// SAFETY: The [`Iter`] gives out immutable references to K and V, so it has the same // thread safety requirements as immutable references. unsafeimpl<'a, K: Sync, V: Sync> Sync for Iter<'a, K, V> {}
impl<'a, K, V> Iterator for Iter<'a, K, V> { type Item = (&'a K, &'a V);
fn next(&mutself) -> Option<Self::Item> { // SAFETY: Due to `self._tree`, `k` and `v` are valid for the lifetime of `'a`. self.iter_raw.next().map(|(k, v)| unsafe { (&*k, &*v) })
}
}
impl<'a, K, V> IntoIterator for &'a mut RBTree<K, V> { type Item = (&'a K, &'a mut V); type IntoIter = IterMut<'a, K, V>;
/// A mutable iterator over the nodes of a [`RBTree`]. /// /// Instances are created by calling [`RBTree::iter_mut`]. pubstruct IterMut<'a, K, V> {
_tree: PhantomData<&'a mut RBTree<K, V>>,
iter_raw: IterRaw<K, V>,
}
// SAFETY: The [`IterMut`] has exclusive access to both `K` and `V`, so it is sufficient to require them to be `Send`. // The iterator only gives out immutable references to the keys, but since the iterator has excusive access to those same // keys, `Send` is sufficient. `Sync` would be okay, but it is more restrictive to the user. unsafeimpl<'a, K: Send, V: Send> Send for IterMut<'a, K, V> {}
// SAFETY: The [`IterMut`] gives out immutable references to K and mutable references to V, so it has the same // thread safety requirements as mutable references. unsafeimpl<'a, K: Sync, V: Sync> Sync for IterMut<'a, K, V> {}
impl<'a, K, V> Iterator for IterMut<'a, K, V> { type Item = (&'a K, &'a mut V);
fn next(&mutself) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iter_raw.next().map(|(k, v)| // SAFETY: Due to `&mut self`, we have exclusive access to `k` and `v`, for the lifetime of `'a`. unsafe { (&*k, &mut *v) })
}
}
/// A raw iterator over the nodes of a [`RBTree`]. /// /// # Invariants /// - `self.next` is a valid pointer. /// - `self.next` points to a node stored inside of a valid `RBTree`. struct IterRaw<K, V> {
next: *mut bindings::rb_node,
_phantom: PhantomData<fn() -> (K, V)>,
}
impl<K, V> Iterator for IterRaw<K, V> { type Item = (*mut K, *mut V);
// SAFETY: By the type invariant of `IterRaw`, `self.next` is a valid node in an `RBTree`, // and by the type invariant of `RBTree`, all nodes point to the links field of `Node<K, V>` objects. let cur = unsafe { container_of!(self.next, Node<K, V>, links) };
// SAFETY: `self.next` is a valid tree node by the type invariants. self.next = unsafe { bindings::rb_next(self.next) };
// SAFETY: By the same reasoning above, it is safe to dereference the node.
Some(unsafe { (addr_of_mut!((*cur).key), addr_of_mut!((*cur).value)) })
}
}
/// A memory reservation for a red-black tree node. /// /// /// It contains the memory needed to hold a node that can be inserted into a red-black tree. One /// can be obtained by directly allocating it ([`RBTreeNodeReservation::new`]). pubstruct RBTreeNodeReservation<K, V> {
node: KBox<MaybeUninit<Node<K, V>>>,
}
impl<K, V> RBTreeNodeReservation<K, V> { /// Allocates memory for a node to be eventually initialised and inserted into the tree via a /// call to [`RBTree::insert`]. pubfn new(flags: Flags) -> Result<RBTreeNodeReservation<K, V>> {
Ok(RBTreeNodeReservation {
node: KBox::new_uninit(flags)?,
})
}
}
// SAFETY: This doesn't actually contain K or V, and is just a memory allocation. Those can always // be moved across threads. unsafeimpl<K, V> Send for RBTreeNodeReservation<K, V> {}
// SAFETY: This doesn't actually contain K or V, and is just a memory allocation. unsafeimpl<K, V> Sync for RBTreeNodeReservation<K, V> {}
impl<K, V> RBTreeNodeReservation<K, V> { /// Initialises a node reservation. /// /// It then becomes an [`RBTreeNode`] that can be inserted into a tree. pubfn into_node(self, key: K, value: V) -> RBTreeNode<K, V> { let node = KBox::write( self.node,
Node {
key,
value,
links: bindings::rb_node::default(),
},
);
RBTreeNode { node }
}
}
/// A red-black tree node. /// /// The node is fully initialised (with key and value) and can be inserted into a tree without any /// extra allocations or failure paths. pubstruct RBTreeNode<K, V> {
node: KBox<Node<K, V>>,
}
impl<K, V> RBTreeNode<K, V> { /// Allocates and initialises a node that can be inserted into the tree via /// [`RBTree::insert`]. pubfn new(key: K, value: V, flags: Flags) -> Result<RBTreeNode<K, V>> {
Ok(RBTreeNodeReservation::new(flags)?.into_node(key, value))
}
/// Get the key and value from inside the node. pubfn to_key_value(self) -> (K, V) { let node = KBox::into_inner(self.node);
(node.key, node.value)
}
}
// SAFETY: If K and V can be sent across threads, then it's also okay to send [`RBTreeNode`] across // threads. unsafeimpl<K: Send, V: Send> Send for RBTreeNode<K, V> {}
// SAFETY: If K and V can be accessed without synchronization, then it's also okay to access // [`RBTreeNode`] without synchronization. unsafeimpl<K: Sync, V: Sync> Sync for RBTreeNode<K, V> {}
impl<K, V> RBTreeNode<K, V> { /// Drop the key and value, but keep the allocation. /// /// It then becomes a reservation that can be re-initialised into a different node (i.e., with /// a different key and/or value). /// /// The existing key and value are dropped in-place as part of this operation, that is, memory /// may be freed (but only for the key/value; memory for the node itself is kept for reuse). pubfn into_reservation(self) -> RBTreeNodeReservation<K, V> {
RBTreeNodeReservation {
node: KBox::drop_contents(self.node),
}
}
}
/// A view into a single entry in a map, which may either be vacant or occupied. /// /// This enum is constructed from the [`RBTree::entry`]. /// /// [`entry`]: fn@RBTree::entry pubenum Entry<'a, K, V> { /// This [`RBTree`] does not have a node with this key.
Vacant(VacantEntry<'a, K, V>), /// This [`RBTree`] already has a node with this key.
Occupied(OccupiedEntry<'a, K, V>),
}
/// Like [`Entry`], except that it doesn't have ownership of the key. enum RawEntry<'a, K, V> {
Vacant(RawVacantEntry<'a, K, V>),
Occupied(OccupiedEntry<'a, K, V>),
}
/// A view into a vacant entry in a [`RBTree`]. It is part of the [`Entry`] enum. pubstruct VacantEntry<'a, K, V> {
key: K,
raw: RawVacantEntry<'a, K, V>,
}
/// Like [`VacantEntry`], but doesn't hold on to the key. /// /// # Invariants /// - `parent` may be null if the new node becomes the root. /// - `child_field_of_parent` is a valid pointer to the left-child or right-child of `parent`. If `parent` is /// null, it is a pointer to the root of the [`RBTree`]. struct RawVacantEntry<'a, K, V> {
rbtree: *mut RBTree<K, V>, /// The node that will become the parent of the new node if we insert one.
parent: *mut bindings::rb_node, /// This points to the left-child or right-child field of `parent`, or `root` if `parent` is /// null.
child_field_of_parent: *mut *mut bindings::rb_node,
_phantom: PhantomData<&'a mut RBTree<K, V>>,
}
impl<'a, K, V> RawVacantEntry<'a, K, V> { /// Inserts the given node into the [`RBTree`] at this entry. /// /// The `node` must have a key such that inserting it here does not break the ordering of this /// [`RBTree`]. fn insert(self, node: RBTreeNode<K, V>) -> &'a mut V { let node = KBox::into_raw(node.node);
// SAFETY: `node` is valid at least until we call `KBox::from_raw`, which only happens when // the node is removed or replaced. let node_links = unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*node).links) };
// INVARIANT: We are linking in a new node, which is valid. It remains valid because we // "forgot" it with `KBox::into_raw`. // SAFETY: The type invariants of `RawVacantEntry` are exactly the safety requirements of `rb_link_node`. unsafe { bindings::rb_link_node(node_links, self.parent, self.child_field_of_parent) };
// SAFETY: All pointers are valid. `node` has just been inserted into the tree. unsafe { bindings::rb_insert_color(node_links, addr_of_mut!((*self.rbtree).root)) };
// SAFETY: The node is valid until we remove it from the tree. unsafe { &mut (*node).value }
}
}
impl<'a, K, V> VacantEntry<'a, K, V> { /// Inserts the given node into the [`RBTree`] at this entry. pubfn insert(self, value: V, reservation: RBTreeNodeReservation<K, V>) -> &'a mut V { self.raw.insert(reservation.into_node(self.key, value))
}
}
/// A view into an occupied entry in a [`RBTree`]. It is part of the [`Entry`] enum. /// /// # Invariants /// - `node_links` is a valid, non-null pointer to a tree node in `self.rbtree` pubstruct OccupiedEntry<'a, K, V> {
rbtree: &'a mut RBTree<K, V>, /// The node that this entry corresponds to.
node_links: *mut bindings::rb_node,
}
impl<'a, K, V> OccupiedEntry<'a, K, V> { /// Gets a reference to the value in the entry. pubfn get(&self) -> &V { // SAFETY: // - `self.node_links` is a valid pointer to a node in the tree. // - We have shared access to the underlying tree, and can thus give out a shared reference. unsafe { &(*container_of!(self.node_links, Node<K, V>, links)).value }
}
/// Gets a mutable reference to the value in the entry. pubfn get_mut(&mutself) -> &mut V { // SAFETY: // - `self.node_links` is a valid pointer to a node in the tree. // - We have exclusive access to the underlying tree, and can thus give out a mutable reference. unsafe { &mut (*(container_of!(self.node_links, Node<K, V>, links))).value }
}
/// Converts the entry into a mutable reference to its value. /// /// If you need multiple references to the `OccupiedEntry`, see [`self#get_mut`]. pubfn into_mut(self) -> &'a mut V { // SAFETY: // - `self.node_links` is a valid pointer to a node in the tree. // - This consumes the `&'a mut RBTree<K, V>`, therefore it can give out a mutable reference that lives for `'a`. unsafe { &mut (*(container_of!(self.node_links, Node<K, V>, links))).value }
}
/// Remove this entry from the [`RBTree`]. pubfn remove_node(self) -> RBTreeNode<K, V> { // SAFETY: The node is a node in the tree, so it is valid. unsafe { bindings::rb_erase(self.node_links, &mutself.rbtree.root) };
// INVARIANT: The node is being returned and the caller may free it, however, it was // removed from the tree. So the invariants still hold.
RBTreeNode { // SAFETY: The node was a node in the tree, but we removed it, so we can convert it // back into a box.
node: unsafe { KBox::from_raw(container_of!(self.node_links, Node<K, V>, links)) },
}
}
/// Takes the value of the entry out of the map, and returns it. pubfn remove(self) -> V { let rb_node = self.remove_node(); let node = KBox::into_inner(rb_node.node);
node.value
}
/// Swap the current node for the provided node. /// /// The key of both nodes must be equal. fn replace(self, node: RBTreeNode<K, V>) -> RBTreeNode<K, V> { let node = KBox::into_raw(node.node);
// SAFETY: `node` is valid at least until we call `KBox::from_raw`, which only happens when // the node is removed or replaced. let new_node_links = unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*node).links) };
// SAFETY: This updates the pointers so that `new_node_links` is in the tree where // `self.node_links` used to be. unsafe {
bindings::rb_replace_node(self.node_links, new_node_links, &mutself.rbtree.root)
};
// SAFETY: // - `self.node_ptr` produces a valid pointer to a node in the tree. // - Now that we removed this entry from the tree, we can convert the node to a box. let old_node = unsafe { KBox::from_raw(container_of!(self.node_links, Node<K, V>, links)) };
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