Spracherkennung für: .lyx vermutete Sprache: Unknown {[0] [0] [0]} [Methode: Schwerpunktbildung, einfache Gewichte, sechs Dimensionen]
#This file was created by <mike> Fri Jan 29 00:36:21 1999
#LyX 1.0 (C) 1995-1998 Matthias Ettrich and the LyX Team
\lyxformat 2.15
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% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!!
%
% I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints
% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
% parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you
% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
% the documentation team intead of messing around in here. --jpw 4/97
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\paperpagestyle headings
\layout Title
The LyX User's Guide
\layout Author
by the LyX Team
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
This file is temporarily maintained by
\noun on
Mike Ressler
\noun default
, mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu.
Please send comments or error corrections to that address.
\end_float
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents
\end_inset
\layout Chapter
Introduction
\layout Section
What Is LyX?
\layout Standard
LyX is a program that provides a more modern approach to writing documents
with a computer, an approach that breaks with the obsolete tradition of
the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
typewriter concept.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
It is designed for authors who want professional output quickly with a
minimum of effort without becoming specialists in typesetting.
Compared to common word processors, LyX will increase productivity a lot,
since the job of typesetting is done mostly by the computer, not the author.
With LyX, the author can concentrate on the contents of her writing, since
the computer takes care of the look.
\layout Standard
Technically this is done by combining the comfortable interface of a word
processor with the high quality of a real typesetting system.
LyX uses the most popular and, in our opinion, best typesetting system
available: LaTeX.
LaTeX is used for a wide range of documents, especially in science.
For example, it's difficult to find a mathematics or computer science book
that is not done with LaTeX.
So, some people claim that its main purpose is mathematical typesetting.
This isn't true.
LaTeX is equally good for writing letters, articles, books, or any other
kind of document, and does so much better than common word processors.
What prevents some people from using this powerful, free typesetting system,
one that is available for almost every computer system, is its difficult
usage.
With plain LaTeX, you need to enter a series of typesetting commands into
the text in order to produce your document.
As a result, you get no visual feedback until you feed your document to
the LaTeX program.
It's also difficult to read these documents before they have been printed.
So, online editing isn't very easy.
This is where LyX enters the game.
\layout Standard
LyX provides an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
almost-WYSIWYG
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
view of the document.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Almost
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means that the line- and page-breaks are not displayed exactly as they
will appear in the printed document.
However, that's not really necessary, since LyX uses a separate typesetter
program [here, LaTeX] to perform the final formatting of your text.
While LyX contains everything it needs to be a comfortable user interface,
the typesetting program contains everything necessary to format text, and
do so very, very well.
There's no need to reinvent the wheel, after all.
Besides, computers are best at following a set of rules, and doing so repeatedl
y and consistently.
Why should you do extra work remembering which subsubsection in which section
in which chapter you're in, what numbering scheme your using, how big the
different headings are, what font you used for the different types of headings,
and so on, and so on, and so on, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
when a computer can do all of that for
you? The answer is simple: you shouldn't, and with LyX, you don't have
to.
So, line- and page-breaks aren't your problem anymore.
Remembering which number to use for the next subsection isn't your problem
anymore.
Recalling what font you used for all of your section headings isn't your
problem anymore.
With LyX, you simply choose a so-called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
paragraph environment.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
That's it.
You're done.
\layout Standard
This gives you far more power than you may think.
No longer do you need to scroll through a 75 page document, changing all
of the section numbers because you deleted an old section.
You could even pick a section, heading and all, up out of one document
and drop it in a new one.
LyX does the renumbering for you, adds the section to the Table of Contents,
and more! Because you tell LyX [and LaTeX] what
\emph on
kind
\emph default
of document you're editing and what
\emph on
type
\emph default
of paragraph this-or-that text is, the computer can typeset it accordingly.
Cut some paragraphs from an old document [say, an article] and paste them
in a completely different one, [say, a letter] and LyX does the rest.
Of course you can also still do some low-level formatting for fine-tuning.
However, the proper way with LyX is to tell the computer what the text
\emph on
is
\emph default
, not what it should look like.
So, we like to say that LyX gives you WYSIWYM editing [What You See Is
What You
\emph on
Mean
\emph default
].
\layout Standard
Some people might be tempted to call LyX a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
frontend to LaTeX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
This isn't quite fair.
LyX performs some typesetting internally to generate the correct look on
the screen.
Furthermore, LyX has some extensions to LaTeX specially designed to work
with the WYSIWYM-concept.
So, it's actually better to call LyX a
\emph on
High Level Wordprocessor
\emph default
that uses LaTeX as its backend.
\layout Section
About This Document
\layout Standard
If you haven't read the
\emph on
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Introduction
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\emph default
, you need to.
Yes, we mean now.
\layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
describes several things, most importantly, the format of all of the manuals.
If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
of this one.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
describes that, too.
\layout Standard
A full list of credits, containing of the LyX Documentation Project member,
appears at the end of this file.
\layout Section
Getting Started
\layout Subsection
Invoking LyX
\layout Standard
Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX
by simply typing
\family typewriter
lyx
\family default
at the command line.
You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file
names.
We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've
already done that in the
\family typewriter
man
\family default
page for LyX.
Check there for more info.
\layout Standard
There are one or two things we'd like to comment on:
\layout Itemize
If you include more than one file name on the command line, LyX will load
them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously.
More on that in a bit.
\layout Itemize
Many of you X-perts out there will try, in vain, to use the
\family typewriter
-geometry
\family default
option or its cousin, which has the form:
\family typewriter
-80x24+5+5
\family default
.
For now, there is a workaround via the options
\family typewriter
-height
\family default
,
\family typewriter
-width
\family default
,
\family typewriter
-xpos
\family default
and
\family typewriter
-ypos
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
How LyX Looks
\layout Subsubsection
The Main Window
\layout Standard
Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of
its window.
Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
documents.
At the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line
of text.
This is the
\emph on
minibuffer
\emph default
[a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs].
It not only displays status information, but takes input, as well.
\layout Standard
Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar.
This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
next line.
Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
only a vertical scrollbar.
\layout Standard
There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@.
This, however, is due
to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a
WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just
as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page.
The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
the LyX window.
That is indeed a problem, one which will be resolved in a future version
of LyX.
\layout Subsubsection
Popups
\layout Standard
Ever heard of a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
dialog box?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
We LyXers like to call them popups windows, or popups for short.
Almost all of the LyX popups have three basic buttons:
\family sans
OK
\family default
,
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
, and
\family sans
Cancel
\family default
.
The first and last ones are self-explanatory.
The
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
button works similarly to the
\family sans
OK
\family default
button, in that it activates whatever changes you made in the popup; however,
it doesn't close the popup, like
\family sans
OK
\family default
does.
Actually, pressing the
\family sans
OK
\family default
button is exactly the same as pressing
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
to commit the changes and then
\family sans
Cancel
\family default
to close the popup.
The three buttons also have shortcut keys:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
OK
\family default
is bound to the
\family sans
Return
\family default
key, as in most programs
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
is bound to
\family sans
M-a
\family default
[as you might expect]
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Cancel
\family default
is bound to the
\family sans
Esc
\family default
key.
\layout Standard
There are some popups that have different buttons.
Not to worry, they're typically self-explanatory.
We just wanted to document somewhere what that
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
does.
\layout Subsection
HELP!
\layout Standard
First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough or idiot-proof as
in many commercial applications.
Patience.
We're working on it.
\layout Standard
Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals.
You can read
\emph on
all
\emph default
of the manuals from inside LyX.
Just select the manual you want read from the
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp
\family default
menu.
\layout Standard
While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals.
They're not idiot-proof, not in the least.
Here's what one of our authors,
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
, once said about manuals:
\layout Quotation
I hate manuals.
\layout Quotation
Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals.
They are aggravating.
I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating.
First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user
how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, et cetera, ad nauseum.
Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI,
then they should sit down and learn
\emph on
before
\emph default
they start up a major piece of software.
\layout Quotation
Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is
stupid.
Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless
and intimidated, not stupid.
Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a
manual for a piece of computer software can't give.
\layout Standard
\emph on
Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors
to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic.
As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well,
as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch.
- jw
\layout Section
The LyX Interface
\layout Subsection
Basic File Operations
\layout Standard
Under the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
N
\bar default
ew
\layout Itemize
\family sans
New from
\bar under
t
\bar default
emplate
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
pen
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
lose
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
ave
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Save
\protected_separator
\bar under
A
\bar default
s
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
evert to saved
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rint
\layout Itemize
\family sans
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
it
\layout Standard
They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
a few minor differences.
The
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile->New from template
\family default
command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts
you for a template to use.
Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
[see sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes}
\end_inset
]
\layout Standard
Note: There is no
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
default file
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or document named
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Untitled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
scratch.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank
space is just that --- a big, blank space.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
evert to saved
\family default
command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same
time
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
in LyX also.
Read
\emph on
Special Tools
\emph default
\SpecialChar \@.
\end_float
.
It will simply reload the document from disk.
You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
and want to restore it to the last save.
\layout Standard
The second matter of note concerns the commands
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile->
\bar under
C
\bar default
lose
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile->E
\bar under
x
\bar default
it
\family default
.
They both feature a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
nag box
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to save us all from our own stupidity.
That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll
be informed that there are unsaved files.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Some of you will know that previous versions of LyX would crash if you tried
to kill the window from the window manager [i.e.
double-clicking the upper left corner].
This has been fixed in 0.12, so it's safe to do that now.
\end_float
\layout Subsection
Basic Editing Features
\layout Standard
Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations
on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and
can delete whole words as well as individual characters.
The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to
access them.
We'll start with cut and paste.
\layout Standard
As you might expect, the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features.
Some of these are special and covered in later sections, such as the
\family sans
Flo
\bar under
a
\bar default
ts
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Insets
\family default
submenu.
The basic ones are:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
ut
\layout Itemize
\family sans
C
\bar under
o
\bar default
py
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
aste
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ind
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Replace
\layout Standard
The first three are self-explanatory.
One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected,
it's automatically placed in the clipboard.
That is, the
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
keys also functions as the
\family sans
Cut
\family default
command.
Also, if you've selected text, be careful.
If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace
it with what you just typed.
You'll have to do an
\family sans
Undo
\family default
to get back the lost text.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit->
\bar under
F
\bar default
ind
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Replace
\family default
item opens the
\family sans
Find
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Replace
\family default
popup.
LyX does its find and replace work a little bit differently than certain
commercial programs.
Obviously, the text you want to find goes in the
\family sans
Fi
\bar under
n
\bar default
d
\family default
box.
The two arrow buttons search backward and forward, respectively [it's obvious
which does which].
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
These two arrows can be accessed from the keyboard via the shortcuts
\family sans
M-f
\family default
and
\family sans
M-b
\family default
for forward and back.
\end_float
Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it.
Hitting the
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
eplace
\family default
button replaces the selected text with the contents of the
\family sans
Replace
\protected_separator
\bar under
w
\bar default
ith
\family default
box.
\layout Standard
Let's state that again: you can't do a replace unless you've done a find
first.
\layout Standard
To repeat a replace, click the arrow key to find the next/previous word,
then hit the
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
eplace
\family default
button.
There is no operation to do a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
replace all
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
[At least not yet\SpecialChar \ldots{}
]
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
Case sensitive
\family default
toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of
the search word.
If the toggle is set, searching for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Match
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will not match the word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
match
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
Match Word
\family default
toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words.
I.e.
searching for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
match
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will not match
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
matches
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\layout Subsection
Undo and Redo
\layout Standard
If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
LyX has an infinite-capacity undo/redo buffer.
Select
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit->
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
to undo some mistake.
If you accidently undo too much, use
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit->
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
undo the undo.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\emph on
The undo-mechanism has been limited to 100 steps in the beta-version, as
this feature has not yet been properly tested out.
\layout Standard
You can't use
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
beyond the most recent change.
Likewise, you can't
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
beyond the first change you made after opening the file.
In such situations, the corresponding menu entries are grayed out.
Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as
it was last saved, the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
changed
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
This is a known bug.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
work on almost everything in LyX.
They have some quirks, too.
They won't
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
or
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
text character by character, but by blocks of text.
That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll
hopefully appreciate how it works.
Also,
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
does not work inside of math mode.
Tip: if you enter
\family sans
Math mode
\family default
, change an equation, then leave math mode,
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
will revert to the old version of the equation, the one which existed before
you entered
\family sans
Math mode
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
Basic Mouse Bindings
\layout Standard
We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here.
Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you
can do with the mouse.
Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations.
\layout Enumerate
Motion
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Click the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
once anywhere in the edit window.
The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
\layout Itemize
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Scroll Bar
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
The scrollbar in LyX works pretty much as any other scrollbar around, except
that we've enhanced it a bit.
The scrollbar arrow buttons can do more than meets the eye:
\layout Itemize
Use the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
to scroll by one line in the direction of the arrow.
\layout Itemize
Use the
\emph on
right mouse button
\emph default
to scroll a page in the
\emph on
same
\emph default
direction as the arrow.
\layout Itemize
Use the
\emph on
middle mouse button
\emph default
to scroll a page in the
\emph on
opposite
\emph default
direction of the arrow.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
References
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Click on the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
to jump to the referenced section.
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Selecting Text
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Hold down the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
and drag the mouse.
LyX selects the text between the old and new mouse positions.
This is similar to how other programs work.
\layout Itemize
Click the
\emph on
middle mouse button
\emph default
to paste text.
LyX repositions the cursor under the mouse and puts the pasted material
into the text at that position.
Also, if you've selected any text, LyX copies it into the paste buffer
and pastes it.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
\emph on
Single click
\emph default
\emph on
the
\emph default
left mouse button to open or close any of these.
Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Tables
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
\emph on
Single click the right mouse button
\emph default
to open a pop-up that will allow you to manipulate the table.
\end_deeper
\layout Subsection
Basic Key Bindings
\layout Standard
Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings.
You should know how to use a keyboard by now.
Besides, the
\emph on
Reference manual
\emph default
contains a complete list of
\emph on
all
\emph default
of the keybindings.
\layout Standard
Some keys, like
\family sans
PageUp
\family default
,
\family sans
PageDown
\family default
,
\family sans
Left
\family default
,
\family sans
Right
\family default
,
\family sans
Up
\family default
, and
\family sans
Down
\family default
, do exactly what you expect them to do.
Other keys don't:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Tab
\family default
There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
If you don't understand this, go read Section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments}
\end_inset
, especially sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists}
\end_inset
, right now.
Yes, right now.
If you're still confused, look in the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Esc
\family default
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cancel key.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
It's used, generically, to cancel operations.
Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Home
\family default
\protected_separator
and
\protected_separator
\family sans
End
\family default
These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
\protected_separator
and
\protected_separator
\family sans
Delete
\family default
\emph on
If
\emph default
you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System,
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
works as expected and
\family sans
Delete
\family default
deletes the character to the right of the cursor [if no text is selected].
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean
by that, go read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys}
\end_inset
immediately.
You'll save yourself a lot of headaches.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Then there are the modifier keys:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Control-
\family default
This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used
in combination with:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
With
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
or
\family sans
Delete
\family default
, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
\layout Itemize
With
\family sans
Left
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\family default
, it moves by words instead of characters.
\layout Itemize
With
\family sans
Home
\family default
and
\family sans
End
\family default
, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Shift-
\family default
Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old
and new cursor positions.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Meta-
\family default
As we noted earlier, this is the
\family sans
Alt
\family default
- key on many keyboards.
This key does many different things, but it also activated the
\emph on
menu accelerator keys
\emph default
.
If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
If you use the accelerator key for a menu and then hit
\family sans
Space
\family default
, you'll open that menu.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
For example, the sequence
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
M-e
\protected_separator
p
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
pastes text.
Typing
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
M-f
\protected_separator
Space
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
opens the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu.
\layout Standard
There are also other things bound to the
\family sans
Meta-
\family default
key, but you'll have to check in the
\emph on
Reference
\emph default
\emph on
manual
\emph default
for more info.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as
you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in
the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered,
and any existing keybindings for that action.
The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M-p S-A
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means
\family sans
Meta-p
\family default
followed by a capital
\family sans
A
\family default
.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
S-C-S
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means
\family sans
Shift-Control-s
\family default
.
\layout Section
Using LyX with Other Programs
\layout Subsection
Importing ASCII files
\layout Standard
You can import text from an ASCII file using the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Import
\protected_separator
\bar under
A
\bar default
SCII
\protected_separator
File
\family default
submenu.
It contains two different options:
\family sans
As
\protected_separator
\bar under
L
\bar default
ines
\family default
and
\family sans
As
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraphs
\family default
.
\layout Standard
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Import
\protected_separator
\bar under
A
\bar default
SCII
\protected_separator
File->As
\protected_separator
\bar under
L
\bar default
ines
\family default
puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph.
This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it.
However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the
paragraphs if you use this form of import.
\layout Standard
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Import
\protected_separator
\bar under
A
\bar default
SCII
\protected_separator
File->As
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraphs
\family default
preserves paragraphs in text files.
Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph
on one line.
You used
\family sans
Return
\family default
to break up the paragraph into separate lines.
Using the
\family sans
As
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraphs
\family default
option, LyX won't mangle such paragraphs.
Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph.
\emph on
But Remember:
\emph default
you must make sure there is a
\emph on
completely blank
\emph default
line between each and every paragraph in your text file.
If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs.
\layout Standard
Use these options wisely.
You have been warned!
\layout Subsection
Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
Cut
\family default
,
\family sans
Copy
\family default
, and
\family sans
Paste
\family default
operations work only
\emph on
inside
\emph default
LyX.
At the moment, you can't copy text from LyX to another X-Windows program.
Sorry, but this is not implemented yet.
\layout Standard
The LyX team has managed, however, to get the other direction working.
That is, you can copy text from another X-Windows program
\emph on
into
\emph default
LyX.
This special form of pasting works like the ASCII import feature; you can
paste as lines or as paragraphs.
Use:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Paste
\protected_separator
Primary
\protected_separator
Selection
\protected_separator
As
\protected_separator
\bar under
L
\bar default
ines
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Paste
\protected_separator
Primary
\protected_separator
Selection
\protected_separator
As
\protected_separator
Para
\bar under
g
\bar default
raphs
\layout Standard
from the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
menu to do this.
\layout Chapter
LyX Setup and Supporting Applications
\layout Section
Introduction
\layout Standard
If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you
can safely skip this chapter.
It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files
distributed with it.
\layout Standard
If you're installing LyX on your system,
\emph on
you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then
\family sans
\emph default
Help->LaTeX
\protected_separator
configuration
\family default
\emph on
.
\emph default
Do that first.
This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary
[Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{}
].
It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running
LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful.
\end_float
\layout Section
Requirements
\layout Standard
The version of LyX distributed as binaries only needs X-Windows (X11R6).
But it will compile under X11R5 as well.
LyX is quite small (about 1M without XForms) and doesn't even need much
memory to store the documents.
It's also not that fast,
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
It might take while if text in a new font has to be displayed, since the
font has to be loaded into the X-server.
LyX will not load fonts until they are really needed, so not all fonts
are immediately accessible in all possible styles and sizes.
\end_float
but fast enough to allow working on a 386DX40 with 8MB RAM.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
Matthias
\noun default
:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
I know people who do this.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_float
\layout Standard
If you want to print and preview, you also need a complete LaTeX2e installation,
including
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
and
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
.
LyX will definitely not work with LaTeX2.09 (the changes you would have
to do in the LyX-sources are substantially more work than upgrading your
LaTeX).
\layout Standard
If you want to compile your own binary you also need the XForms-library.
As of version 1.0 you will need to use one of versions 0.81, 0.86 or 0.88 of
the XForms library.
We recommend using version 0.88, since that will give you a few extra features.
You can obtain it from:
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{
http://bragg.phys.uwm.edu/xforms/}
\end_inset
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp/cs.ruu.nl/pub/XFORMS}
\end_inset
\layout Standard
You also need the pixmap library (libXpm).
Since this is usually a part of most modern Unixes it shouldn't be a problem.
Just make sure you have the right pixmap library for your version of the
XForms library.
There are some incompatibility issues.
As of version 1.0 you will need version 4.7 or 4.8 of libXpm.
\layout Standard
To compile LyX\SpecialChar \ldots{}
well, you wouldn't be reading this document if you hadn't
already done so, would you?
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
If, by some odd chance, someone has handed you a printed version of this
manual and the source files, please feel free to go ask
\emph on
them
\emph default
for help.
Or, look at the
\family typewriter
README
\family default
files that came in the source code distribution.
\end_float
\layout Section
Basic LyX Setup
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup}
\end_inset
Again, you probably wouldn't be reading this file if you didn't already
have a working LyX binary, so we won't discuss that here.
There are a few things we do want to mention about LyX setup and installation.
\layout Standard
There are two ways to run LyX.
The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system.
Of course, you need root privileges to do that.
The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
install
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
LyX somewhere in your own account.
LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories
are put in the correct places.
\layout Standard
There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX,
without resorting to configuration files.
First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document
classes and LaTeX packages are available.
It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several variables
of
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
.
Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed
on you system, you might have some items that you installed locally and
which are not seen by LyX.
To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
ptions->
\bar under
R
\bar default
econfigure
\family default
.
You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information
about what has been found under
\family sans
Help->L
\bar under
a
\bar default
TeX
\protected_separator
Configuration
\family default
.
\layout Standard
The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the
document-level setting that you can change via the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\family default
,
\family sans
P
\bar under
a
\bar default
per
\family default
,
\family sans
\bar under
Q
\bar default
uotes
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
aTeX
\family default
\protected_separator
\family sans
Preamble
\family default
popups of the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
LyX 0.10.x users might remember that these settings used to be accessible
in
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
.
This is not the case anymore.
\end_float
.
To do this, open a (possibly new) scrap document, set all these options
according to your taste and save them with
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout->
\bar under
S
\bar default
ave
\protected_separator
layout
\protected_separator
as
\protected_separator
default
\family default
.
This will create a template named
\family typewriter
default.lyx
\family default
which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template
such that the settings are automatically set up as you defined them.
\layout Standard
There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX.
Upon startup, LyX attempts to read a file called
\family typewriter
~/.lyx/lyxrc
\family default
beneath your home directory.
If this file does not exist, LyX will read a global options file called
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
.
The document
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
contains more information about these setup files.
\layout Section
Setting Up the X Keyboard
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys}
\end_inset
To use LyX properly, you
\emph on
must
\emph default
set X up correctly.
This is especially vital if you're using the international support features
of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings.
Unfortunately, almost nobody bothers to do this, especially those who've
installed Linux on a PC\SpecialChar \@.
Administrators of large systems can be guilty of
this, too, so don't assume that you're safe if you're using a large system.
Any user can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard.
You needn't rely on your sysadmin for this - in fact, you
\emph on
shouldn't
\emph default
! The following two programs are all you need to set up your keyboard the
way you want it.
\layout Subsection
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\family default
and
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\layout Standard
First of all read the man pages for these two programs.
They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping
correctly.
If you don't have them, install them.
\layout Subsubsection
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\layout Standard
This document contains no information on how to use
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\family default
.
There is a sample
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file in
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
.
To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\protected_separator
.Xmodmap
\family default
somewhere in your startup scripts [for example,
\family typewriter
.cshrc
\family default
,
\family typewriter
.profile
\family default
,
\family typewriter
.login
\family default
, or
\family typewriter
.xinitrc
\family default
are all possibilities].
\layout Subsubsection
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\layout Standard
This program is a dream come true! It brings up a graphical version of your
keyboard, allows you to make modifications, and then spits those modifications
out to the standard output in a form readable by
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\family default
.
It is very useful when you're trying to design a new
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting.
\layout Subsection
Modifiers and Mode_switch
\layout Standard
LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [
\family sans
S-
\family default
], Control [
\family sans
C-
\family default
], and Meta [
\family sans
M-
\family default
].
Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a
\family sans
Compose
\family default
key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your
keyboard.
This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like
\family sans
Shift
\family default
or
\family sans
Control
\family default
) or as a prefix key.
Here are some examples of what you can do with a
\family sans
Compose
\family default
key:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+e+'
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \)
\end_inset
�
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+O+R
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \)
\end_inset
�
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+1+2
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \)
\end_inset
�
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+<+<
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \)
\end_inset
�
\layout Standard
This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters
only from time to time.
It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will
be used if you setup your locale correctly.
\layout Subsection
Helpful Hints and Tips
\layout Standard
First, open up two xterminals.
Use one to edit a new
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file and run
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
from the other.
Using
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
, remap your keyboard the way you want it.
There's a button in
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
to output the new keymap.
Once you hit it,
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from.
Just copy and paste all of that into your
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file, and you're done.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
You could also save yourself some typing by executing
\family typewriter
xkeycaps > .Xmodmap
\family default
.
This will create a usable map file.
Of course, if you hit the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
output keymap
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
button in
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
more than once, the resulting map file will be a mess.
As with all things,
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
is a tool, and only as intelligent as the person on the other end.
\end_float
\layout Standard
Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented.
Try executing the command
\family typewriter
xmodmap -v -pm
\family default
.
This will show you all of the currently active modifiers.
Also try
\family typewriter
xmodmap -v -pke | more
\family default
to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names.
It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file.
\layout Standard
There's one thing you'll need to check.
Make sure that your
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
keys are
\emph on
not
\emph default
defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique
symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs.
Some programs bind
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
to the same operation.
Emacs is one.
Other programs, however, use
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
for different operations.
LyX is one of these programs, and if you have
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX.
\layout Section
LaTeX
\layout Standard
If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
files, you'll need LaTeX.
\layout Standard
In case you were wondering, LaTeX is an extension to TeX, a document preparation
system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters,
\begin_inset Formula \( \tau \epsilon \chi \)
\end_inset
, which rhymes with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
blech.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
That's how you pronounce
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
TeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LaTeX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[If you're American, just pronounce the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
X
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
k
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and you've got it.]
\end_float
TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
device-independent
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
format, or Dvi, for short.
The Dvi file can then be sent to printers.
TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX
macros.
LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need
is a TeX package.
\layout Standard
There are two version of LaTeX commonly in use today.
One is the older LaTeX 2.09; the other is the newer LaTeX2e.
LyX will only work with LaTeX2e and will gag on the older version 2.09.
\layout Standard
Let us make that perfectly clear:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.23cm \added_space_bottom 0.23cm \align center
LyX
\emph on
WILL ONLY WORK WITH
\emph default
LaTeX2e!!!
\layout Standard
If your system has version 2.09, get the sysadmin to upgrade.
\layout Standard
If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution.
Look in the instructions that came with your Linux distribution [most likely
a CD-ROM] and install the TeX package, if you didn't do so already.
Everything you need will be there, along with some things you probably
don't need.
\layout Standard
For other systems, you'll probably have to talk to your sysadmin to get
TeX/LaTeX installed on your machine if it's not on there already.
\layout Standard
Oh, did we mention that LyX only works with LaTeX2e?
\layout Section
Dvips and Ghostscript
\layout Subsection
What You Need
\layout Standard
There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents.
Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next
section].
You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't
have them already:
\layout Itemize
\family typewriter
dvips
\layout Itemize
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\layout Itemize
\family typewriter
xdvi
\layout Itemize
\family typewriter
ghostview
\layout Standard
The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript�
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
PostScript� is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and
is the main page description language in the UN*X world.
\end_float
format.
If you don't know what a dvi-file is, you've probably also never worked
with LaTeX and should read the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
document before proceeding further.
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
converts dvi-files into PostScript�, which is the format most printers
use nowadays.
For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter
the PostScript� through
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
, which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers.
The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically
every time you print.
For now, we'll concentrate on
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
Dvips
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig}
\end_inset
Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home,
you should configure
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
will either
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
print
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's
configured.
If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it
will simply turn
\family typewriter
foo.dvi
\family default
into
\family typewriter
foo.ps
\family default
.
Most systems have
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
set up to send output to the default printer.
For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both.
\layout Standard
If you are not a mood to configure
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section.
Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could
expect from your printer.
At least, it will print.
\layout Standard
If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular
on Linux), you should run the program
\family typewriter
texconfig
\family default
.
To make the name of a new printer recognized by
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
you should then select menu entry
\family sans
Dvips
\family default
, then add.
Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the
function
\family sans
Rehash
\family default
.
\layout Standard
Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
how to automagically convert a
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file into a
\family typewriter
.ps
\family default
file adapted to printer
\family typewriter
foo
\family default
, you need to have a config-file,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
config.foo
\family default
,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
lying around somewhere.
Typically, the
\family typewriter
config.*
\family default
files for
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
will be in
\family typewriter
/usr/lib/texmf/dvips
\family default
in most TeX distributions.
Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the
main TeX directory for a subdirectory called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
It'll be there somewhere.
\layout Standard
Typically, there will be at least one config-file:
\family typewriter
config.ps
\family default
.
This file is the default configuration file, which is
\emph on
always
\emph default
read by dvips
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of
a file named
\family typewriter
ps
\family default
.
\end_float
.
Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula
r printer.
Then create a file
\family typewriter
config.foo
\family default
containing only the relevant lines.
\layout Standard
There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file.
There may exist a line that looks like,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
o | lpr
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{}
].
Change it to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
o | lpr -Pfoo
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, so that the output is sent by default to printer
\family typewriter
foo
\family default
.
However, you should probably investigate the entries
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
M
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
D
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the
printer.
If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer
driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the
best possible result on your printer.
Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different
printers,
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take
valuable space.
\layout Standard
Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you
should tell LyX to make use of this configuration.
To do this, you should edit
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
and set correctly the entries
\family typewriter
\backslash
print_adapt_output
\family default
and
\family typewriter
\backslash
print_spool_command
\family default
as described there.
\layout Standard
You can use as many config-files as you like, one for each of your printers.
The default printer for LyX can be specified in
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
or with the
\family typewriter
PRINTER
\family default
environment variable.
You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in
a later section.Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript�
printer or file from LyX.
\layout Standard
If your printer doesn't understand PostScript�, you'll need to use
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
as a filter for your print spooler.
That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals.
We also have a section that covers a little bit of this.
\layout Standard
Some people don't seem to like using the
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
plus
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
combination.
As alternative, you can use a program that converts the dvi-file directly
into your printer language.
You can specify this program in
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
, too.
There is a major disadvantage to this method.
You can't include any PostScript� files, such as graphics, in your documents,
since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript�.
For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
and
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
for printing.
\layout Subsection
Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
Xdvi
\family default
and
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
are viewers, The former handles
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
files, while the later interfaces with
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
to allow you to view PostScript� files.
\layout Standard
A quick note on both of these programs.
Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
That means the
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
or
\family typewriter
.ps
\family default
file, not the files used to make these.
\end_float
changes.
You can also force an update.
So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close
it.
Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same
features.
\layout Standard
The LyX team recommends using
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
for fine tuning documents.
Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before
you can view the changes.
Here's an example:
\layout Enumerate
Use
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running.
\layout Enumerate
Make changes to the document using LyX.
\layout Enumerate
To view those changes, just choose
\family sans
Update DVI
\family default
from the
\family sans
File
\family default
menu.
When LaTeX's all done, click on the
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
window, and voil�!
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
will update itself.
\layout Standard
Now, this doesn't mean
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
is useless.
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
is better suited to those occasions where you
\emph on
must
\emph default
view the PostScript� version of the document.
For repeated changes that aren't PostScript� dependent, you're better off
previewing with
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
.
There is an alternative to
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
which sports a much better interface:
\family typewriter
gv
\family default
.
LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostscript if it is available.
\layout Section
The Printer
\layout Standard
\size normal
Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here.
Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the
printers set up for your system.
All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use,
and configure your
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
as described in the last section.
\layout Standard
\size normal
Those of you using Linux, however, will have a bit more work to do.
Many people now receive a Linux distribution, such as Red Hat or Slackware,
on CD-ROM
\size default
\SpecialChar \@.
\size normal
They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never
realize that they need to set up their printer.
If you've never touched the file
\family typewriter
/etc/printcap
\family default
, you need to set up your printer.
\size default
We've written a little something to help you out with that; check out the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
A Printer Tutorial
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
chapter in the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual for help.
\layout Chapter
LyX Basics
\layout Section
Document Types
\layout Subsection
Introduction
\layout Standard
Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
need to decide what
\emph on
type
\emph default
of document you want to edit.
Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
numbering schemes, and so on.
Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
and format the title of your document differently.
\layout Standard
A
\emph on
document class
\emph default
describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties,
making it easier to create the type of document you want.
If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
So, it behooves you to change the class of your document.
\layout Standard
Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
how to fine-tune some of their properties.
\layout Subsection
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes}
\end_inset
The Various Document Classes
\layout Subsubsection
Overview
\layout Standard
There are five standard document classes in LyX.
They are:
\layout Description
Article for basic articles
\layout Description
Report for basic reports
\layout Description
Book for writing a book
\layout Description
Letter for US-style letters
\layout Description
Slides is used to make transparencies
\layout Standard
There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
a LaTeX setup that supports them:
\layout Description
Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic
s
\layout Description
Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American
Mathematical Society].
There are three amsart layouts available.
The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems,
\emph on
etc.
\emph default
, that prepends the section number to the number of the result.
All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
sequential numbering
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
them throughout the article in a single sequence.
Each type of result gets its own sequence.
There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
\layout Description
Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS.
Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that
you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and
that you would need to number results.
\layout Description
Dinbrief f�r Briefe nach deutscher Art
\layout Description
Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than
\family sans
slides
\layout Description
Iletter per lettere all' italiana
\layout Description
Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc).
It allows LyX to produce SGML output.
SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@.
The SGML-tools
package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by
\family typewriter
man
\family default
pages.
\layout Description
Paper for use with the
\family typewriter
paper
\family default
LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions]
\layout Description
Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
of America (OSA).
This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
\layout Standard
We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
here.
You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the
\emph on
Extended Editing
\emph default
manual.
Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
of the document classes.
\layout Subsubsection
Selecting a Class
\layout Standard
You can select a class using the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
To open the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup, select
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument...
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu.
Then use
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
lass
\family default
to select the class you want to use.
\layout Standard
After you select a class, LyX then asks if you want to use the defaults
for
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
agestyle
\family default
,
\family sans
Sides
\family default
,
\family sans
Columns
\family default
,
\family sans
Separation
\family default
, and
\family sans
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
tra
\protected_separator
Options
\family default
.
It's safe to hit
\family sans
\bar under
Y
\bar default
es
\family default
here.
If you look at the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup again, you'll notice options for all of these.
So, you can always fine-tune the defaults for a given section.
\layout Subsubsection
Properties
\layout Standard
In case you're wondering what those
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
defaults
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
are for each of the document classes, here's a quick table describing them:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
11 5 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 1 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
\newline
\family sans
Pagestyle
\family default
\newline
\family sans
Sides
\family default
\newline
\family sans
Columns
\family default
\newline
Max.
sectioning level
\newline
article
\newline
\family sans
Plain
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
Section
\family default
\newline
report
\newline
\family sans
Plain
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
\newline
book
\newline
\family sans
Headings
\family default
\newline
\family sans
Two
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
\newline
letter
\newline
\family sans
Plain
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
none
\newline
linuxdoc
\newline
\family sans
Plain
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
Section
\family default
\newline
aapaper
\newline
\family sans
Plain
\newline
Two
\newline
Two
\newline
Section
\family default
\newline
amsart
\newline
\family sans
Headings
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
Section
\family default
\newline
dinbrief
\newline
\family sans
Plain
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
none
\newline
iletter
\newline
\family sans
Plain
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
none
\newline
paper
\newline
\family sans
Headings
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
One
\family default
\newline
\family sans
Section
\layout Standard
There is no default value of
\family sans
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
tra
\protected_separator
Options
\family default
or
\family sans
Separation
\family default
for any of these classes.
\layout Standard
You're probably also wondering what
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Max.
sectioning level
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means.
There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings.
Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
Only two use the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
\family sans
Section
\family default
heading.
Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section
headings.
In addition to
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
and
\family sans
Section
\family default
headings, there are also
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
headings,
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
headings, and so on.
We'll describe these headings fully in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings}
\end_inset
.
\layout Subsection
Fine-Tuning the Defaults
\layout Standard
Okay, we know we never told you what most of these
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
default options
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
set by the
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
lass
\family default
button do.
That's what this section is for.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
agestyle
\family default
This is another list, containing five options.
It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page:
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
LaTeX does this part.
\end_float
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Default
\family default
Use default pagestyle of current class.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Empty
\family default
No page numbers or headings.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Plain
\family default
Page numbers only.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Headings
\family default
Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
which is the maximum sectioning level.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Fancy
\family default
This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
have the
\family sans
fancyhdr
\family default
package installed.
At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting.
To use the full power of this package, you have to resolve to magic codes
in your preamble.
Check the documentation for the
\family sans
fancyhdr
\family default
package for more details.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Sides
\family default
No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sided of a sheet of paper!
However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere
d pages.
This way, if you
\emph on
do
\emph default
have a printer that duplexes,
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
i.e.
prints on both sides of a sheet of paper
\end_float
your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page and
the left margin will have extra room for a binding.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
There are two toggle buttons here:
\family sans
One
\family default
for single-sided documents,
\family sans
Two
\family default
for double-sided documents.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Columns
\family default
Yes, this does control how many columns each page has.
You can choose, using the toggle buttons,
\family sans
One
\family default
or
\family sans
Two
\family default
for the number of columns.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen.
That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
However, there
\emph on
will
\emph default
be two columns in the generated output.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
tra
\protected_separator
Options
\family default
The LaTeX command
\family typewriter
\backslash
documentclass
\family default
takes several options.
LyX sets some of these automatically for you.
This text box allows you to enter in others.
Just type in a comma-separated list of options.
See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you
can use.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
\family sans
Separation
\family default
This has its own section.
See sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
\end_inset
for a description of what this does.
\layout Subsection
Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins
\layout Standard
There are several other options to set in the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only
affect certain features.
We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the
features they affect.
\layout Standard
There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so
we'll describe them here.
You'll find them in the
\family sans
Paper
\family default
popup under the
\family sans
Layout
\family default
menu:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Orientation
\family default
Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
andscape
\family default
or as
\family sans
Po
\bar under
r
\bar default
trait
\family default
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Papersi
\bar under
z
\bar default
e
\family default
What size paper to print on.
The choices are
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Default
\layout Itemize
\family sans
A3, A4,
\family default
\family sans
A5
\layout Itemize
\family sans
B3, B4, B5
\layout Itemize
\family sans
US Letter
\layout Itemize
\family sans
US legal
\layout Itemize
\family sans
US executive
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Custom
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Some of these settings require you to have the
\family sans
geometry
\family default
package installed.
This package will also allow you to set the margins in the
\family sans
Paper
\family default
popup.
\layout Subsection
Important Note:
\layout Standard
If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert
\emph on
everything
\emph default
into the new class.
That includes the paragraph environments.
Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have
them.
Some classes have special paragraph environments, however.
If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing
paragraph environments to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph.
Just click on them and you'll get a message popup that tells you about
the conversion and why it failed.
\layout Section
Paragraph Indentation and Separation
\layout Subsection
Introduction
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro}
\end_inset
Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
\layout Standard
Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
LyX uses the same convention you find among typographer.
The
\emph on
first
\emph default
paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
etc., is
\emph on
not
\emph default
indented.
Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented
paragraphs, you'll have to live with it.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs.
LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX
\emph on
will
\emph default
print it that way.
You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command
in the preamble.
[
\emph on
Editor's Note: I'll insert this info when I get the time.
- jw
\emph default
]
\end_float
\layout Standard
The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are
pre-coded into LyX.
As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
LyX takes care of that.
In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
range.
That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
of a page, and so on.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
\end_float
However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
LyX gives you the ability to globally change
\emph on
all
\emph default
of these pre-coded spacings.
We'll explain more later.
\layout Subsection
Global Indentation Method
\layout Standard
To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument...
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu.
This opens the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
Select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
ndent
\family default
or
\family sans
S
\bar under
k
\bar default
ip
\family default
to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
\layout Subsection
Fine-Tuning
\layout Standard
You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
Choose
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraph...
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu to open the
\family sans
Paragraph
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
Toggle the
\family sans
\bar under
N
\bar default
o Indent
\family default
button to change the state of the current paragraph.
If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first.
If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
button will be depressed initially.
\layout Standard
You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
if you need to do some fine-tuning.
Typically, you'll select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
ndent
\family default
or
\family sans
S
\bar under
k
\bar default
ip
\family default
for the entire document and edit away.
\layout Subsection
Changing Line Spacing
\layout Standard
In the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup you can choose your line spacing provided you have the
\family sans
setspace
\family default
package installed.
\layout Section
Paragraph Environments
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments}
\end_inset
\layout Subsection
Overview
\layout Standard
The paragraph environments correspond to the various
\family typewriter
\backslash
begin{
\family default
\emph on
environment
\family typewriter
\emph default
} ...
\backslash
end{
\family default
\emph on
environment
\family typewriter
\emph default
}
\family default
command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file.
If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
alien to you, we urge you to read the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
The
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
also contains many more examples than this section does.
\layout Standard
A paragraph environment is, simply, a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
container
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
scheme, labels, and so on.
Additionally, you can
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
nest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
to inherit some of the properties of another.
The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other holdovers from the days
of typewriters.
There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
document type.
We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
\layout Standard
To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left
end of the toolbar.
[Click on the arrow to open and close it.] LyX will change the environment
of the
\emph on
entire
\emph default
paragraph in which the cursor sits.
You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
you select them before choosing the new environment.
\layout Standard
Note that hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
will
\emph on
typically
\emph default
create a new paragraph using the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
paragraph environment.
We say
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
typically
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
because this isn't always the case.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
If you are in one of these environments:
\latex latex
\layout LaTeX
\backslash
vspace{-2ex}
\backslash
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Quote
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Quotation
\layout LaTeX
}
\backslash
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Verse
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Itemize
\layout LaTeX
}
\backslash
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Enumerate
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Description
\layout LaTeX
}
\backslash
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\layout Itemize
\family sans
List
\layout LaTeX
}
\layout Standard
LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
, rather than resetting it to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
\end_float
Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
].
Sometimes, however, LyX keeps the old environment.
At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
\family sans
Return
\family default
to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
use
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
instead.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
This invokes the function
\family typewriter
break-paragraph-keep-layout
\family default
.
\end_float
\layout Subsection
Standard
\layout Standard
The default paragraph environment is
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
It creates a plain paragraph.
If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in
this manual] are in the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment.
\layout Standard
You can nest a paragraph using the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
in a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment.
\layout Subsection
Document Titles
\layout Standard
A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the
author[s] and a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
footnote
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for thanks or contact information.
For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
page along with today's date.
For other types of documents, the title
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
goes at the top of the first page of the document.
\layout Standard
LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
environments
\family sans
Title
\family default
,
\family sans
Author
\family default
, and
\family sans
Date
\family default
.
Here's how you use them:
\layout Itemize
Put the title of your document in the
\family sans
Title
\family default
environment.
\layout Itemize
Put the author name in the
\family sans
Author
\family default
environment.
\layout Itemize
If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
the
\family sans
Date
\family default
environment.
Note that using this environment is optional.
If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
\layout Standard
Be sure to do this at the top of the document.
You can use footnotes to insert
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
thanks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or contact information.
\layout Subsection
Headings
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings}
\end_inset
There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings.
LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter
9.
\layout Subsubsection
Numbered Headings
\layout Standard
There are 6 numbered types of section headings.
They are:
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Chapter
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Section
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsection
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsubsection
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Paragraph
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subparagraph
\layout Standard
LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
The numbers describe where in the document you are.
These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
For example, suppose you're writing a book.
You group the book into chapters.
LyX does similar grouping:
\layout Itemize
Either
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
or
\family sans
Section
\family default
is the maximum sectioning level.
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Section
\family default
s
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Section
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s are divided into
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
s
\layout Standard
\emph on
Note:
\emph default
not all document types use the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
heading as the maximum sectioning level.
In that case, the
\family sans
Section
\family default
is the top-level heading.
\layout Standard
So, if you use the
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
that it's in.
For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
2.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\layout Subsubsection
Unnumbered Headings
\layout Standard
There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings.
They are:
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Section*
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsection*
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Subsubsection*
\layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
*
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
after each name means that these headings are not numbered.
They work the same as their numbered counterparts.
\layout Subsubsection
Changing the Numbering
\layout Standard
You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
in the Table of Contents.
Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
class.
Certain classes start with
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
and go down to the
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
level.
Others start at
\family sans
Section
\family default
.
Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
Most don't number
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
or
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
.
This is something you can change.
\layout Standard
Open the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup [via the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument...
\family default
item in the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu].
You should see a counter labelled
\family sans
Section
\protected_separator
number
\protected_separator
depth
\family default
.
This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers
a section heading.
Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so
here's a table of values and what they do:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
9 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
\family sans
Sec.
Num.
Depth
\family default
\newline
LyX numbers these
\newline
value:
\newline
section headings:
\newline
-1
\newline
no numbering
\newline
-0 and 0
\newline
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
\newline
1
\newline
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
through
\family sans
Section
\family default
\newline
2
\newline
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
through
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
\newline
3
\newline
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
through
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
\newline
4
\newline
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
through
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
\newline
5
\newline
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
through
\family sans
Subparagraph
\layout Standard
Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
headings, then the numbering begins at the
\family sans
Section
\family default
heading, and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
0
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
also corresponds to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
no numbering.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\layout Standard
There's another counter on the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup, called
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
of
\protected_separator
contents
\protected_separator
depth
\family default
.
It works the same way as
\family sans
Section
\protected_separator
numbering
\protected_separator
depth
\family default
, only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the
Table of Contents.
This is a great control to have.
Suppose you wanted to number
\emph on
all
\emph default
sectioning heading, but you only wanted
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
s,
\family sans
Section
\family default
s, and
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s in the Table of Contents.
You'd just set
\family sans
Section
\protected_separator
numbering
\protected_separator
depth
\family default
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\family sans
Table of contents
\protected_separator
depth
\family default
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and voil�! You're all set.
\layout Subsubsection
Special Information
\layout Standard
The following information applies to
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
,
\family sans
Section
\family default
,
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
,
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
,
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
,
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
as well as
\family sans
Section*
\family default
,
\family sans
Subsection*
\family default
, and
\family sans
Subsubsection*
\family default
:
\layout Itemize
You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
\layout Itemize
You can use inlined math in these environments.
\layout Itemize
You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
\layout Itemize
You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
\layout Standard
As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're
using them everywhere in the manuals.
\layout Subsubsection
Creating an Appendix
\layout Standard
Currently, LyX cannot display an appendix.
You can use inserted LaTeX code to create an appendix with the command:
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
appendix
\layout Standard
All headings following this command will appear in the previewed or printed
document as appendices.
\layout Standard
See section
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexcodes}
\end_inset
to learn how to insert LaTeX commands into a document.
\layout Subsection
Quotes and Poetry
\layout Standard
LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
They are
\family sans
Quote
\family default
,
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, and
\family sans
Verse
\family default
.
Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins.
These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
the text they contain.
They also allow nesting, so you can put a
\family sans
Verse
\family default
in a
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, as well as in some other paragraph environments.
\layout Standard
There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
when you break a paragraph.
So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
to change back to the
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment yourself.
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Quote
\family default
and
\family sans
Quotation
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote}
\end_inset
Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
time for the differences.
\family sans
Quote
\family default
and
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
are identical except for one difference:
\family sans
Quote
\family default
uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
\emph on
always
\emph default
indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
\layout Standard
Here's an example of the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment:
\layout Quote
This is in the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment.
I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
wraps.
See - no indentation!
\layout Quote
Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
the other paragraph.
\layout Standard
That ends that example.
Here's another example, this time in the
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
environment:
\layout Quotation
This is in the
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
environment.
If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
the first line, then
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
\emph on
if
\emph default
you were quoting other text.
\layout Quotation
Here's a new paragraph.
I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
\layout Standard
That was our other example.
As the example notes,
\family sans
Quote
\family default
is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
They should put quotes in the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment.
those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
paragraph environment for quoted text.
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Verse
\layout Standard
\family sans
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse}
\end_inset
Verse
\family default
is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
Here's an example:
\layout Verse
This is in Verse
\newline
Which I did not rehearse!
\layout Verse
It could be much worse.
This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
around.
It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
indented a bit more than the first.
Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
So sue me.
\layout Verse
To break a line
\newline
And make things look fine
\newline
Use
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
\layout Standard
As you can see,
\family sans
Verse
\family default
does not indent both margins.
Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
function,
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
Lists
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists}
\end_inset
This is an area where LyX clearly outshines standard word processors.
One of the most common complaints and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
bug
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
reports on the LyX Developer's list is,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
I can't put in more than one space!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
Typically, the user in question is looking for some way to indent text
so he can make an outline or a list.
After all, on the brand-name commercial word processors, if you want to
write a list, you need to apply tab stops, indents, an a plethora of other
horizontal spacing commands.
\layout Standard
But why should
\emph on
you
\emph default
have to do this at all? Tab stops are fine for a typewriter, where you
have no other way to indent text.
A computer, on the other hand, is quite good at counting and doing things
repeatedly.
So, you shouldn't need to keep track of list numbers, indentations, and
such.
And with LyX, you don't.
\layout Standard
LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
of lists.
In the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
and
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
In the
\family sans
Description
\family default
and
\family sans
List
\family default
environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
some general features of all four of them.
\layout Subsubsection
General Features
\layout Standard
The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
in several ways.
First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
Hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset the environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
The nesting depth is typically reset, however.
If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment,
you should use
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
to break paragraphs.
\layout Standard
You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its
nested.
If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we
\emph on
strongly urge
\emph default
you to read all of section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
.
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Itemize
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize}
\end_inset
The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
paragraph environment.
It has the following properties:
\layout Itemize
Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
\layout Itemize
The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
The items can be any length.
LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list may be in.
\layout Itemize
If you nest an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment inside another
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
There are four different symbols for up to a fourfold nesting.
\layout Itemize
LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen.
\layout Itemize
See section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
for a full explanation of nesting.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list.
The
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
\layout Standard
We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference.
\layout Itemize
The label for the first level
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
is a large black dot, or bullet.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
The label for the second level is a dash.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
The label for the third is an asterisk.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
Back out to the third level.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
Back to the second level.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
Back to the outermost level.
\layout Standard
These are the default labels for an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list.
You can customize these labels by adding the correct commands to the LaTeX
preamble (see section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble}
\end_inset
).
Of course, LyX won't know about them; that's the whole point to the WYSIWYM
concept.
Any customizations you make appear in the printed document.
\layout Standard
Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
.
Be sure to read it!
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Enumerate
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines.
It has these properties:
\layout Enumerate
Each item has a numeral as its label.
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
\layout Enumerate
Each new
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment resets the counter to 1.
\layout Enumerate
Like the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment:
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
Items can be any length.
\layout Enumerate
Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
\layout Enumerate
Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
\layout Enumerate
Allows up to a fourfold nesting.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Unlike the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment,
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
\emph on
does
\emph default
show the different labels for each item.
Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
:
\layout Enumerate
The first level of an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
\layout Enumerate
Again, notice the decrease in inter-item spacing as the nesting depth increases.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Back to the third level
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Back to the second level.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Back to the outermost level.
\layout Standard
Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble}
\end_inset
), however.
As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
not on the LyX screen.
\layout Standard
There is more to nesting
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environments than we've stated here.
You
\emph on
really
\emph default
should read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
to learn more about nesting.
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Description
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist}
\end_inset
Unlike the previous two environments, the
\family sans
Description
\family default
list has no fixed label.
Instead, LyX uses the first
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of the first line as the label.
Here's an example:
\layout Description
Example: This is an example of the
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment.
\layout Standard
LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
rest of the line.
\layout Standard
Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
uses the first 'word'.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
As stated earlier,
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
\emph on
Editor's Note: This should be stated in the beginning somewhere\SpecialChar \ldots{}
-jw
\end_float
the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another.
Inside of a
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment, the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line
of an item.
[
\emph on
Editor's Note: Hopefully, someone will change this.
It would be nice if, say, the
\family sans
Tab
\family default
key terminated the label, since LaTeX allows you to use a resizeable space
in the label of a description list.
-jw
\emph default
]
\layout Standard
However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label
of a
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment? Simple: use a
\family sans
Protected Blank
\family default
.
[Use either
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
or
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
pecial
\protected_separator
Characters->Protected
\protected_separator
\bar under
B
\bar default
lank
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\family default
menu.
See sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
\end_inset
for more info.] Here's an example:
\layout Description
Second
\protected_separator
Example: This one shows how to use a
\family sans
Protected
\protected_separator
Blank
\family default
in the label of a
\family sans
Description
\family default
list item.
\layout Description
Usage: You should use the
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment for things like definitions and theorems.
Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
that describes it.
It's not a good idea to use a
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
You're better off using
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
or
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and nesting several
\family sans
Standard
\family default
paragraphs into them.
\layout Description
Nesting: You can, of course, nest
\family sans
Description
\family default
environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
so on.
Read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
to learn about nesting.
\layout Standard
Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
them from the first line.
\layout Subsubsection
The LyX
\family sans
List
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
List
\family default
environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
\layout Standard
Now, if you jumped here without reading sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize}
\end_inset
-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist}
\end_inset
, you've goofed.
The
\family sans
List
\family default
environment does
\emph on
not
\emph default
create numbered lists.
That's what
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
does, and it's documented in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate}
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
Like the
\family sans
Description
\family default
environment the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
There are some key differences between this list environment and the other
three:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
item
\protected_separator
labels LyX uses the first
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of each line as the item label.
The first
\family sans
Space
\family default
after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a
\family sans
Protected
\protected_separator
Blank
\family default
[
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
] between them.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
the body of the item text.
The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
label width plus a little extra space.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
label
\protected_separator
width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width of
the label, or the default width, whichever is larger.
If the actual width is larger, then the label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
extends
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
into the first line.
In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
margin of the rest of the item text.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
default
\protected_separator
width You can very easily set this default width.
It's quite painless, actually.
So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a
\family sans
List
\family default
environment have the same left margin.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
uses You should use the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment the same way you'd use as
\family sans
Description
\family default
list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
it.
The
\family sans
List
\family default
environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
layout.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
nesting You can nest
\family sans
List
\family default
environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
so on.
They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
Read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
to learn about nesting.
\layout Standard
As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment!
\layout Standard
To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to
change.
You can also simply move the cursor into a
\family sans
List
\family default
item if you want to change only its label width.
Now open the
\family sans
Paragraph Layout
\family default
popup [use
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraph...
\family default
in the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu] and find the
\family sans
Label
\protected_separator
Width
\family default
text box.
The text in the
\family sans
Label
\protected_separator
Width
\family default
box determines the default label width.
If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label
here, but you don't need to.
We recommend using the letter
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
multiple times.
It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Of course, you could use some other character multiple times, too.
Or, you could get fancy and use combinations of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
s,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
0
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
s and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
s.
However, the width of the letter
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\emph on
is
\emph default
a standard unit of horizontal space under LaTeX.
That's why we recommend using
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
multiple times.
\end_float
The default label width in the example
\family sans
List
\family default
is 6
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
s wide.
Using
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as your unit of width in the
\family sans
Label
\protected_separator
Width
\family default
box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents
of
\family sans
Label
\protected_separator
Width
\family default
every time you alter a label in a
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\layout Standard
There's yet another feature of the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment we need to tell you about.
As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default.
In reality, there is an
\family sans
HFill
\family default
built into the end of the label.
We'll document
\family sans
HFills
\family default
later in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
\end_inset
.
You can use additional
\family sans
HFills
\family default
to change how LyX justifies the item label.
Here are some examples:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
Left The default for
\family sans
List
\family default
item labels.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
\hfill
Center One
\family sans
HFill
\family default
at the beginning of the label centers it.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
Right
\protected_separator
#1 You can sort-of right justify the label by using several
\family sans
Protected
\protected_separator
Blank
\family default
s at the beginning of the line.
As you can see, however, it alters the margin of the first line.
It'll be a pain in the butt to figure out just how many
\family sans
Protected
\protected_separator
Blank
\family default
s are enough.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
\hfill
Right
\protected_separator
#2 This is somewhat better, though still a kludge.
Uses several
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s at the beginning of the label.
[
\emph on
Editor's Note: This is another one of those things that seemed okay at the
time, but now look really clunky.
The developers should change it.
- jw
\emph default
]
\layout Standard
Don't worry if you have no idea what
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s are yet.
Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\layout Standard
That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists.
Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in
section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
if you want to use any of these list environments?
\layout Subsection
Letters
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
: An Overview
\layout Standard
Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
environments called
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
Matthias
\noun default
: I'm a bit proud about this right address layout.
Try to reach the same typesetting effect with usual word processors.
You will have to create a frame and position it manually with the mouse
and all those funny things.
\end_float
To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
In contrast, you can use the
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
anything in them.
\layout Standard
Of course, you're not limited to using
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
for letters only.
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
European academic papers.
\layout Subsubsection
Usage
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
Address
\family default
environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
for the opening and signature in some countries.
Similarly, the
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
Here's an example of each:
\layout Right Address
Right Address
\newline
WhoAmI
\newline
WhereAmI
\newline
When is it? What is today?
\layout Standard
That was
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
.
Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
fit the largest block of text on a single line.
Here's and example of the
\family sans
Address
\family default
environment:
\layout Address
WhoAreYou
\newline
Where do I send this
\newline
Your post office and country
\layout Standard
As you can see, both
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
Speaking of which, if you hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
the environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
This makes sense, however, since
\family sans
Return
\family default
is the
\family typewriter
break-paragraph
\family default
function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
Thus, you'd use
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
[
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
or
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
pecial
\protected_separator
Character->
\bar under
L
\bar default
inebreak
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\family default
menu] to start a new line in an
\family sans
Address
\family default
or
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
environment.
\layout Subsection
Academic Writing
\layout Standard
Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
or list of references.
LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Abstract
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment is used for the abstract of an article.
Technically, you
\emph on
could
\emph default
use this environment anywhere, but you really
\emph on
should
\emph default
only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
Also, don't bother trying to nest
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
in anything else or vice versa.
It won't work.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment does several things for you.
First, it puts the centered label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
above the text.
The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
space.
Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
the subsequent text.
Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
If your document is in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
report
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed
version of the file.
\layout Standard
Starting a new paragraph by hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset the paragraph environment.
The new paragraph will still be in the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment.
So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
finish entering the abstract of your document.
\layout Standard
We'd love to give you an example of the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment, but we can't, since this document is in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
book
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
class.
If you've never heard of an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
before, you can safely ignore this environment.
\layout Standard
One last note: the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
environment is only useful in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
article
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
report
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
document classes [as well as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
amsart,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
which is just a specialized version of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
article
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
].
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
book
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
document class ignores the
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
completely, and it's utterly silly to use
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
letter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
document class.
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Bibliography
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment is used to list references.
Technically, you
\emph on
could
\emph default
use this environment anywhere, but you really
\emph on
should
\emph default
only use it at the end of the document.
Also, don't bother trying to nest
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
in anything else or vice versa.
It won't work.
\layout Standard
When your first open a
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Bibliography
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
References,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
depending on the document class.
The heading is in a large boldface font.
Each paragraph of the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment is a bibliography entry.
Thus, hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset the paragraph environment.
Each new paragraph is still in the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
environment.
\layout Standard
At the
\emph on
beginning
\emph default
of the
\emph on
first line
\emph default
of each paragraph, you will see a grayish box showing a number.
If you click on it, you will get a popup in which you can set a
\family sans
key
\family default
and a
\family sans
label
\family default
.
The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
entry.
For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about
LaTeX.
We could choose the key
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
latexguide
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
for that entry.
You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
key
\family default
field isn't useless.
You can refer to your bibliography entries using the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Citation Reference
\family default
command.
Just choose the key inside in the combox
\family sans
key
\family default
.
An example of the
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
appears [where else] at the end of this document.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
See
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it.
In the second one, we used the
\family sans
remark
\family default
field of the citation popup to add the text
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Chapter 3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The texts
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
latexguide
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
latexcompanion
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label
of the bibliography entry.
\layout Standard
The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by
LyX.
For a description of how to use it, please refer to the
\emph on
Extended LyX Features
\emph default
document.
\layout Subsection
Special Purpose
\layout Standard
There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any
category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose.
We'll point out the highlights and uses of each.
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
Caption
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment is the default paragraph environment for
\family sans
Figure
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
and
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
.
On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Figure:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Table:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, depending on which type of
\family sans
Float
\family default
it's in.
Additionally, the
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment generates a figure or table number in the final output.
\layout Standard
You can't really nest things into a
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment or vice versa.
Additionally, hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
resets the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
, so a
\family sans
Caption
\family default
can only be a single paragraph.
\layout Standard
You cannot use a
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment outside of a
\family sans
Figure
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
or a
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
.
See sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
\end_inset
for more information on
\family sans
Figure
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
and
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
.
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
LyX-Code
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
environment is another LyX-extension.
It typesets text in a typewriter-style font.
It also treats the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key as a fixed whitespace;
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
In the
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
environment, the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key is treated as a
\family sans
Protected
\protected_separator
Blank
\family default
instead of an end-of-word marker.
\end_float
this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
[the
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
function].
\family sans
Return
\family default
breaks paragraphs.
Note, however, that
\family sans
Return
\family default
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
reset the paragraph environment.
So, when you finish using the
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
Also, you
\emph on
can
\emph default
nest the
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
environment inside of others.
\layout Standard
There are a few quirks with this environment:
\layout Itemize
You cannot use
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e.
you can't follow
\family sans
Return
\family default
with a
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
].
\layout Itemize
You can't follow a
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
with a
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Use a
\family sans
Return
\family default
to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
\layout Itemize
Or: use
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
instead.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
You must put at least one
\family sans
Space
\family default
in any line you want blank.
Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
\layout Itemize
You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
\family sans
"
\family default
since that will insert
\emph on
real
\emph default
quotes.
You get the typewriter double quotes with
\family sans
C-"
\family default
or
\family sans
C-q
\family default
.
\layout Standard
Here's an example:
\layout LyX-Code
#include<stdio.h>
\layout LyX-Code
\protected_separator
\layout LyX-Code
int main(void)
\layout LyX-Code
{
\layout LyX-Code
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
printf(
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Hello World
\backslash
n
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
);
\layout LyX-Code
\protected_separator
\protected_separator
return 0;
\layout LyX-Code
}
\layout Standard
This is just the standard
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Hello world!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
program.
\layout Standard
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
rc-files, and so on.
Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate
text as if you used a typewriter.
\layout Subsubsection
Comment
\layout Standard
The comment paragraph environment can be used to write comments about your
document that will not appear in the final output.
In order to make this clear, LyX will present the comment environment in
a different color than the rest of the text.
\layout Subsubsection
\family sans
LaTeX
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:LaTeXlayout}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
paragraph environment has a specific purpose: to pass large blocks of commands
to LaTeX.
It has the following features:
\layout Itemize
Text appears in red, indicating that it is LaTeX code.
\layout Itemize
You can insert whitespace multiple times using the
\family sans
Space
\family default
key [i.e.
\family sans
Space
\family default
gets treated as a
\family sans
Protected
\protected_separator
Blank
\family default
].
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
This does not work, however, after a
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
Use
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
in that case.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
If you wish to break up your LaTeX commands over several lines, use
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
to break the lines.
\layout Itemize
The
\family sans
Return
\family default
key resets the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
\layout Itemize
You
\emph on
can
\emph default
nest a
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
environment in other environments.
\layout Standard
See section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexcodes}
\end_inset
for more information.
\layout Section
Nesting Environments
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest}
\end_inset
\layout Subsection
The Big Deal
\layout Standard
Throughout the previous sections, we've been constantly nagging you to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
go read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is.
\layout Standard
The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
word\SpecialChar \-
processor-as-overglorified-typewriter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
concept.
With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page.
Most word processors aren't much better, treating text as pixels on the
screen and bytes in memory.
In contrast, LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context
and specific properties.
However, what if you wanted one
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
block
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to inherit some of the properties of another
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
block?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\layout Standard
Here's a more specific example: outlines.
You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints.
In other words, you have a list
\emph on
inside
\emph default
of another list, with the inner list
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
attached
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to item #2:
\layout Enumerate
one
\layout Enumerate
two
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
sublist - item #1
\layout Enumerate
sublist - item #2
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
three
\layout Standard
How do you put a list inside of a list?
\layout Standard
By now, the answer should be obvious: you nest one list inside the other.
However, nesting isn't just limited to lists.
In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
about to find out.
This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
\layout Subsection
What You Can and Can't Nest
\layout Standard
Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
you a little bit more about how nesting works.
\layout Standard
The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no,
can you or can't you.
There's also the question of how.
Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another
environment into it? A
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
yes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to one of these doesn't guarantee a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
yes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to the other.
\layout Standard
The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes
to nesting.
First, an environment may be completely unnestable.
Second, there are environments that are fully nestable.
You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside
of them.
There is one last type of environment.
You can nest them into other environments, but that's it.
You can't nest anything into them.
\layout Standard
Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
environments have them:
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
and
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
.
Also, LyX allows you to nest
\family sans
Title
\family default
,
\family sans
Author
\family default
, and
\family sans
Date
\family default
into other environments.
We urge you not to.
LaTeX may barf if you try it.
Then again, it may not.
We don't know for certain.
However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these
environments, so why would you ever want to?
\end_float
\layout Description
Unnestable Can't nest them.
Can't nest into them.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Chapter
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Section
\family default
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsection
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsubsection
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Subparagraph
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Section*
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsection*
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Subsubsection*
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Bibliography
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Abstract
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Title
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Author
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Date
\end_deeper
\layout Description
Fully
\protected_separator
Nestable You can nest them.
You can nest other things into them.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Verse
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Quote
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Quotation
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Itemize
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Enumerate
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Description
\layout Itemize
\family sans
List
\layout Itemize
\family sans
LyX-Code
\end_deeper
\layout Description
Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things.
You can't nest anything into them.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Standard
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Address
\layout Itemize
\family sans
LaTeX
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
and
\family sans
Figure
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting}
\end_inset
There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
affected by nesting anyhow.
They are:
\layout Itemize
Equations
\layout Itemize
Tables
\layout Itemize
Figures
\layout Standard
[Note: if you put a figure or a table in a
\family sans
Float
\family default
, this is no longer true.
See below or look in sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
\end_inset
for more info.]
\layout Standard
LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures.
If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's
in goes.
\layout Standard
On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
paragraph
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of its own, it behaves just like a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
nestable-inside
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
paragraph environment.
You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything
into it.
\layout Standard
Here's an example with a table:
\layout Enumerate
Item One
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
2 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
a
\newline
b
\newline
c
\newline
d
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
This is (b).
The table is actually nested inside (a).
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\layout Standard
If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
\layout Enumerate
Item One
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
2 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
a
\newline
b
\newline
c
\newline
d
\layout Enumerate
This is (b).
The table is
\emph on
not
\emph default
nested inside (a).
In fact, it's not nested at all.
\layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\layout Standard
Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
item of a new list!
\layout Standard
There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going
deep enough.
LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list.
\layout Enumerate
Item One
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
2 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
a
\newline
b
\newline
c
\newline
d
\layout Enumerate
This is (b).
The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
\emph on
not
\emph default
inside (a).
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\layout Standard
As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
new list
\emph on
inside
\emph default
item 1.
The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
depth!
\layout Standard
Then there are the so-called
\family sans
Floats
\family default
.
A
\family sans
Float
\family default
is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't
have a fixed location.
It can
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
float
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
\family sans
Footnotes
\family default
and
\family sans
Margin
\protected_separator
Notes
\family default
are floats, as are
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
,
\family sans
Figure
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
,
\family sans
Wide
\protected_separator
Table
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
, and
\family sans
Wide
\protected_separator
Figure
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
The difference between the wide and non-wide floats is only relevant in
two-column documents, where wide floats are two columns wide instead of
one.
In one-column documents, the menu entries for
\family sans
Wide
\protected_separator
Table
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
, and
\family sans
Wide
\protected_separator
Figure
\protected_separator
Floats are unavailable.
\end_float
When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed
\family sans
Float
\family default
looks like a superscripted word in red and goes wherever the paragraph
it's in goes.
However, because a
\family sans
Float
\family default
has not fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its
actual location after you feed your document to LaTeX.
\layout Subsection
Usage and General Features
\layout Subsubsection
The Various Bindings
\layout Standard
Now that we've told you what you can and can't nest, it's about time we
explained
\emph on
how
\emph default
to nest things!
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
\emph on
Author's Note: I debated putting this section before the previous two, but
all three are so tied together, that it was hard to figure out the order.
-jw
\end_float
\layout Standard
First, you have your choice of keybindings, a toolbar button, and a menu
item.
Selecting
\family sans
Change
\protected_separator
En
\bar under
v
\bar default
ironment
\protected_separator
Depth
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu
\emph on
increases
\emph default
the nesting depth by one level.
You can also increase the depth by using the toolbar button showing a picture
of a page, with two arrows on either side of an indented paragraph.
Lastly, you can
\emph on
increase
\emph default
the nesting depth with the keybinding
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
, while
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Left
\family default
\emph on
decreases
\emph default
the nesting depth.
\layout Standard
There are two ways to nest text.
You can select the text to nest, or you can simply move the cursor into
the paragraph whose depth you want to change.
The first method lets you alter several paragraphs at once.
\layout Standard
Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
It's hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case.
That depends specifically on what your text looks like.
Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see
what happens.
\layout Standard
Lastly, we'd like to note the following:
\layout Itemize
If you
\emph on
decrease
\emph default
the depth multiple times [e.g.
using
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Left
\family default
repeatedly] LyX stops at the outermost level.
\layout Itemize
If you
\emph on
increase
\emph default
the depth multiple times [e.g.
using
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
repeatedly] LyX
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
wraps around.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
That is, when you reach the innermost level, LyX doesn't stop there, but
returns to the outermost level if you try to increase the depth once more.
\layout Standard
Note that the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
innermost level
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
does not mean the innermost possible depth.
You can't nest to an arbitrary level; there has to be something in the
level above it.
\layout Standard
Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a sixfold nesting.
In other words,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
level #6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is the innermost possible depth.
Here's an example to display what we mean:
\layout Enumerate
level #1 - outermost
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
level #2
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
level #3
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
level #4
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
level #5
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
level #6
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific
paragraph environments you're using at a given level.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
to produce output for your document.
\end_float
That means that you can perform a sixfold nesting of a
\family sans
Description
\family default
list, or a
\family sans
Verse
\family default
environment, and so on.
You can also mix environments, as we shall see later.
\layout Standard
There are two exceptions to the sixfold nesting limit, and you can see both
of them in the example.
Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a fourfold
nesting with the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environments.
For example, if we tried to nest another
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
list inside of item
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
A.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, we'd get errors.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
to produce output for your document.
\end_float
\layout Subsection
Some Examples
\layout Standard
The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
We have several examples of nested environments.
In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
them.
\layout Subsubsection
Example #1: The Sixfold-Way and Mixed Nesting
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-a This is the outermost level.
It's a
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-a This is level #2.
We created it by using
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
.
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-a This is level #3.
This time, we just hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then used
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
twice in a row.
We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
by hitting
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
This is actually a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment, nested inside of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
So, it's at level #4.
We did this by hitting
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
, then
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
, then changing the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works
for the
\family sans
Description
\family default
,
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
, and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environments!
\layout Standard
Here's another
\family sans
Standard
\family default
paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-a This is level #4.
We hit
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
and changed the paragraph environment back to
\family sans
List
\family default
.
Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a
\family sans
Standard
\family default
environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
However, we
\emph on
can
\emph default
keep nesting things inside of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
and this is level #6.
By now, you should know how we made these two.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-b Back to level #5.
Just hit
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by a
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Left
\family default
.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-b After another
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by a
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Left
\family default
, we're back at level #4.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-b Back to level #3.
By now it should be obvious how we did this.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-b Back to level #2.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
After this sentence, we'll hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
and change the paragraph environment back to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
to end the list.
\layout Standard
There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the
\family sans
Description
\family default
,
\family sans
Quote
\family default
,
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, or even the
\family sans
Verse
\family default
environment in place of the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
The example would have worked exactly the same.
\layout Subsubsection
Example #2: Inheritance
\layout LyX-Code
This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
\layout LyX-Code
level.
\protected_separator
Now we'll hit
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
, after which,
\layout LyX-Code
we'll change to the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
This is the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment, at level #2.
\layout Enumerate
Notice how the nested
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
], but also inherits its font and spacing!
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
We ended this example by hitting
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
and resetting the nesting depth by using
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Left
\family default
once.
\layout Subsubsection
Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
Environments.
\layout Enumerate
This is level #1, in an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
paragraph environment.
We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
This is level #2.
We used
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
followed by
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
.
Now, what happens if we nest an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
label be? An asterisk?
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
No! It's a bullet.
This is the
\emph on
first
\emph default
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, even though it's at level #3.
So, its label is a bullet.
[Note: we got here by using
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
, then
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
, then changing the environment to
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
.]
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Here's level #4, produced using
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
, then
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
.
We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
to get to level #5.
This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
.
Notice the type of numbering! It's
\emph on
lowercase Roman
\emph default
, because we're the
\emph on
thirdfold
\emph default
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment [i.e.
we're an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
inside an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
inside an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
].
\layout Enumerate
What happens if we
\emph on
don't
\emph default
change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
type of numbering does LyX use?
\layout Enumerate
Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
\layout Enumerate
Let's use
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Left
\family default
to decrease the depth after the next
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
This is level #4.
Look what type of label LyX is using!
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
This is level #3.
Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
numeral as the label.
Why?!
\layout Enumerate
Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
\emph on
still
\emph default
a thirdfold
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
Notice, however, that LyX
\emph on
did
\emph default
reset the counter for the label.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Another
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Left
\family default
sequence, and we're back to level #2.
This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
into the twofold-nested
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environment.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
The same thing happens if we do another
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
\family sans
M-p
\protected_separator
Left
\family default
sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
\layout Standard
Lastly, we reset the environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labelling
LyX uses for the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
and
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environments.
The number of
\emph on
other
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
environments
\emph default
surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
item.
The same rule applies for the
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment, as well.
\layout Subsubsection
Example #4: Going Bonkers
\layout Enumerate
We're going to go totally nuts now.
We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
same detail with how we did it.
[level #1:
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
]
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[
\family sans
Return, M-p
\protected_separator
Left, Standard
\family default
: level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
example in brackets someplace.
For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment.
Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
[
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1] This is the next item in the list.
\begin_deeper
\layout Verse
Now we'll add verse.
\newline
It will get much worse.
\newline
[
\family sans
Return, M-p
\protected_separator
Left, Verse
\family default
: level #2]
\layout Verse
Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
\newline
Bippitey boppitey boo!
\newline
[
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
]
\layout Verse
Here comes a table for you:
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
2 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
8 0 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
one-fish
\newline
two-fish
\newline
red-fish
\newline
blue-fish
\end_deeper
\layout Verse
[
\family sans
M-Return, Table, M-p
\protected_separator
Right
\family default
3 times,
\family sans
M-Return, Verse, M-p
\protected_separator
Left
\family default
]
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
[
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1] This is another item.
Note that selecting a
\family sans
Table
\family default
resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
3 times to put the table inside the
\family sans
Verse
\family default
environment.
\layout Quotation
We're now ending the
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
list and changing to
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
.
We're still at level #1.
We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
The next set of paragraphs is a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
quoted letter.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
We'll nest both the
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
environments inside of this one, then use another nested
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
for the letter body.
We'll use
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
to preserve the depth.
Remember that you need to use
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
to create multiple lines inside the
\family sans
Address
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\protected_separator
Address
\family default
environments.
Here it goes:
\begin_deeper
\layout Right Address
1234 Nowhere Rd.
\newline
Moosegroin, MT 00100
\newline
9-6-96
\layout Address
Dear Mr.
\protected_separator
Fizlewitz:
\layout Quotation
We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed
methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
a backlog in our orders for methane.
We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
as soon as possible.
In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
\layout Quotation
We do, however, now have a special on beef.
If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
with your order, along with payment.
\layout Quotation
We thank you again for your patience.
\layout Address
Sincerely,
\newline
=-=-=-=-=
\end_deeper
\layout Quotation
That ends that example!
\layout Standard
As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
just a few keystrokes.
We could have easily nested an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list inside of a
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
or
\family sans
Quote
\family default
, or put a
\family sans
Quote
\family default
inside of an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
list.
You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
\layout Section
Fonts and Text Styles
\layout Subsection
Overview
\layout Standard
Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
font to emphasize text, you use an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
emphasized style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
instead.
This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
details.
\layout Standard
Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two
character styles,
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
and
\family sans
Noun
\family default
.
The
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style corresponds to an italics font.
The
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing
styles use to typeset proper names.
The LyX Team actually hopes to someday have a full set of character styles,
and to also allow the user to customize which font changes correspond to
what styles.
At the moment, though, you'll have to be satisfied with what we've done
already.
\layout Subsection
Global Options
\layout Standard
You can set the default font from the
\family sans
Document Layout
\family default
popup, activated using
\family sans
Document...
\family default
from the
\family sans
Layout
\family default
menu.
There are two options of interest here,
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
onts
\family default
and
\family sans
Font
\protected_separator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ize
\family default
.
The possible options under
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
onts
\family default
include
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
default
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and a list of fonts available on your system.
The option
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
default
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
uses the standard TeX fonts, known as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
computer modern
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(cm) or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
European modern
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(ec).
Most systems will typically have some version of a Times and Helvetica
font, with other variants.
You'll have to examine this for yourself.
\layout Standard
As for the
\family sans
Font
\protected_separator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ize
\family default
option, there are three possible values:
\family sans
10
\family default
,
\family sans
11
\family default
, and
\family sans
12
\family default
.
Remember, this is the
\emph on
base
\emph default
font size.
LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes [such as those
used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts] by this value.
You can always fine-tune the font size from within the document if you
need to.
It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size,
as this typically renders your document unreadable.
\layout Standard
Note that once you choose a new value for
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
onts
\family default
or
\family sans
Font
\protected_separator
\bar under
S
\bar default
ize
\family default
, LyX does
\emph on
not
\emph default
change the screen.
You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output.
This is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
Besides, if you're intelligent enough to use a computer, you're intelligent
enough to recognize that
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Roman
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
text on the LyX screen corresponds to the default font.
\layout Subsection
Using Different Character Styles
\layout Standard
As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
certain paragraph environments.
We also mentioned two other character styles,
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
and
\family sans
Noun
\family default
.
You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
toolbar.
\layout Standard
To activate the
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style, do one of the following:
\layout Itemize
select
\family sans
\bar under
N
\bar default
oun
\protected_separator
Style
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu
\layout Itemize
click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon
\layout Itemize
use the keybinding
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
c
\layout Standard
These commands are all toggles.
That is, if
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style is already active, they deactivate it.
\layout Standard
One typically uses the
\family sans
Noun
\family default
style for proper names.
For example:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\noun on
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default
is the original author of LyX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\layout Standard
A more widely used character style is the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style.
You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style by:
\layout Itemize
selecting
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
mphasize
\protected_separator
Style
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu
\layout Itemize
clicking on the toolbar button with the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
character on it
\layout Itemize
using the keybindings
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
e
\layout Standard
At the moment, the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style is equivalent to an italicized font.
We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future.
\layout Standard
We've been using the
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
style all over the place in this document.
Here's one more example:
\layout Quotation
\emph on
Don't overuse character styles!
\layout Standard
It's also a warning in addition to an example.
One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
the common tendency to overuse character style.
\layout Standard
Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the
keybinding
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
Space
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
Fine-Tuning with the
\family sans
Character Layout
\family default
Popup
\layout Standard
There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX
gives you a way to create custom character style.
For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
: There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since
manuals need a certain amount of consistency.
\end_float
Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
from ordinary dialogue.
\layout Standard
Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles.
Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them,
providing you with the power of a printing press.
Unfortunately, there is this tendency to overuse that power.
The phrase,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
comes to mind.
And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts
and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in it.
\layout Standard
Enough complaining.
\layout Standard
To use custom fonts, open the
\family sans
Character
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup using
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
haracter...
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu.
There are six buttons on this popup, each corresponding to a different
font property which you can choose.
You can choose an option for one of these six properties, or select
\family sans
No
\protected_separator
change
\family default
, which keeps the current state of that property.
The item
\family sans
Reset
\family default
will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph
environment.
You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
environments in a snap.
\layout Standard
The six font properties, and their options [in addition to
\family sans
No
\protected_separator
change
\family default
and
\family sans
Reset
\family default
] are:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
amily
\family default
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
overall look
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of the font.
The possible options are:
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Roman
\family default
This is the Roman font family.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
It's also the default family.
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
r
\family default
]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Sans
\protected_separator
Serif
\family default
\family sans
This is the Sans Serif font family.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
s
\family default
]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
\family typewriter
This is the Typewriter font family.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
p
\family default
]
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
eries
\family default
This corresponds to the print weight.
Options are:
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Medium
\family default
This is the Medium font series.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
It's also the default series.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Bold
\family default
\series bold
This is the Bold font series.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
You can toggle this series on or off using
\family sans
\bar under
B
\bar default
old
\protected_separator
Style
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu, or with the keybinding
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
b
\family default
.
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
S
\bar under
h
\bar default
ape
\family default
As the name implies.
Options are:
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Upright
\family default
This is the Upright font shape.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
It's also the default shape.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Italic
\family default
\shape italic
This
\family sans
i
\family default
s the Italic font shape
\shape default
\emph on
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Slanted
\family default
\shape slanted
This is the Slanted font shape
\family sans
\family default
\shape default
(although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic).
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Small
\protected_separator
Caps
\family default
\shape smallcaps
This is the Small caps font shape
\shape default
\noun on
.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
Si
\bar under
z
\bar default
e
\family default
Alters the size of the font.
You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
nal to the default font size.
Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
what you want to do.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
The options [and their keybindings] are:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Tiny
\family default
\size tiny
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Tiny
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
t
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
1
\family default
]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Smallest
\family default
\size scriptsize
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Smallest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
\family default
2]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Smaller
\family default
\size footnotesize
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Smallest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
S
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
\family default
3]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Small
\family default
\size small
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Small
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
s
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
\family default
4]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Normal
\family default
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Normal
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
It's also the default size.
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
n
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
\family default
5]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Large
\family default
\size large
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Large
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
l
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
\family default
6]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Larger
\family default
\size larger
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Larger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
S-L
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
\family default
7]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Largest
\family default
\size largest
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
\family default
8]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Huge
\family default
\size huge
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Huge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
h
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
\family default
9]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Huger
\family default
\size giant
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Huger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font size.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
H
\family default
or
\family sans
M-s
\protected_separator
\family default
0]
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
We'll warn you
\emph on
yet again
\emph default
: don't go crazy with this feature.
You should almost never need to change the font size.
LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
- use that instead.
This is here for fine-tuning
\emph on
only!
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
isc
\family default
Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
Options are:
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Emph
\family default
\emph on
This is text with emphasize on
\emph default
.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
This might seem like the same as
\shape italic
Italic
\shape default
, but it is actually a bit different.
If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright.
In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior
of this
\emph on
logical
\emph default
property.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Underbar
\family default
\bar under
This is text with Underbar on.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
[keybinding =
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
u
\family default
]
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
Noun
\family default
\noun on
This is text with Noun on.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Like
\family sans
Emph
\family default
, this is a logical attribute.
For the moment, it is equivalent to
\family sans
Small
\protected_separator
Caps
\family default
, but that is bound to change some day.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM
\family sans
LaTeX
\protected_separator
mode
\family default
\bar under
\latex latex
This is text in
\backslash
LaTeX mode.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
This is a special font attribute that is used when you want to insert raw
LaTeX codes in your document.
What appears in LaTeX mode is put verbatim into the LaTeX file.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days,
when you couldn't change fonts.
We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with
an underscore character.
It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some
people
\emph on
may
\emph default
need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Color
\family default
You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also
need to have the
\family sans
color
\family default
LaTeX package installed.
Notice that
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
is not able to display these colors.
Besides
\family sans
No
\protected_separator
color
\family default
, which
\family sans
\family default
is the standard
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
color
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, you can choose between
\family sans
Black
\family default
,
\family sans
White
\family default
,
\family sans
Red
\family default
,
\family sans
Green
\family default
,
\family sans
Blue
\family default
,
\family sans
Cyan
\family default
,
\family sans
Magenta
\family default
and
\family sans
Yellow
\family default
text.
We won't illustrate here, because most people do not have a color printer.
\layout Standard
You have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
\layout Standard
Once you've chosen a new character style via the
\family sans
Character
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Font
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
[You can, of course, also use the usual
\family sans
OK
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
buttons.] The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character
style even when the
\family sans
Character
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup isn't visible.
\layout Standard
As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default,
use
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
Space
\family default
.
\layout Standard
We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the
fonts.
They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good
writing.
Your writing should speak for itself --- and will.
\layout Section
Printing and Previewing
\layout Subsection
Overview
\layout Standard
Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation
using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation
of what goes on behind-the-scenes.
We cover some of this information in sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:lyxandlatex}
\end_inset
as well.
\layout Standard
LyX uses a program called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as its backend.
[Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system,
but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LaTeX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
] Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
This happens in a couple of stages:
\layout Enumerate
First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
generating a file with the extension,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\layout Enumerate
Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file to produce printable output.
It doesn't know anything about your printer, however.
Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a
\emph on
device-independent
\emph default
file, or Dvi for short.
The actual output is in a file with the extension,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
Dvi files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to
another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
\begin_deeper
\layout Description
NOTE: The dvi-file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself.
If you have included PostScript� pictures in your document, there will
only be a link to these files.
So don't forget these files if you move your
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file to another computer.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Consider the
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file to be the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
final output.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats.
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
You can view
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
files using a program called
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
.
\layout Enumerate
Some printers and Unix systems understand Dvi, and can print your
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file directly.
\layout Enumerate
Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript� format.
LyX automatically converts the
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file to a PostScript� file for you when you go to print out your document.
LyX will also let you preview a PostScript� version of your document using
the program
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
One advantage of using PostScript� is that the converter program [called
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
] takes any PostScript� graphics you may have included in your document
and puts it into the resulting PostScript� version of your document.
It also includes any special fonts you may have used.
That makes the PostScript� version much, much more portable than the Dvi
version.
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
LyX does all of these steps automagically for you.
\layout Standard
As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a
preview of your document.
So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word
processors.
The printed result is worth the wait.
Quality always has its price.
\layout Subsection
Quick Viewing with
\family typewriter
xdvi
\layout Standard
To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select
\family sans
View
\protected_separator
\bar under
d
\bar default
vi
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu.
Then wait a while.
\layout Standard
When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
.
You can now look at the results.
[If you want more info on the
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
program, see the
\family typewriter
man
\family default
-pages.]
\layout Description
Helpful-Tip: Keep the
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
window open, maybe moving it to another desktop.
Then, after you make changes to your document, just use
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
pdate
\protected_separator
dvi
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu.
Now click on the
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
window.
The
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
program will automatically reread the
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file and give you an updated view.
\layout Subsection
Viewing the PostScript� Version with
\family typewriter
ghostview
\layout Standard
In general, using
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
to view your document is the easiest and fastest way.
There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript� version.
One reason is fonts.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
: Another reason is paranoia.
I always like to look at the PostScript� file before I print it, just so
I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_float
You can use PostScript� fonts in a LaTeX document, but
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
won't show this.
You'll need to use
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
or some other PostScript� file viewer to see the actual results.
\layout Standard
To view the PostScript� version of your document, select
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew
\protected_separator
PostScript
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu.
Then go get some coffee.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
Matthias Zenker:
\noun default
A reasonably fast machine will not give you the time, however\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\end_float
When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
.
You can now look at the results.
\layout Standard
You've guessed what the
\family sans
Updat
\bar under
e
\bar default
PostScript
\family default
command from the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
window after this command to update the view.
\layout Subsection
Printing the File
\layout Standard
To print a file, select
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rint...
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it.
This opens the
\family sans
Print
\family default
popup.
\layout Standard
Here's a list of what all of the different options do:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM
\family sans
Print
\family default
Three toggle buttons that determine which pages to print.
You can choose:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
\family sans
All
\protected_separator
Pa
\bar under
g
\bar default
es
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Only
\protected_separator
\bar under
O
\bar default
dd
\protected_separator
Pages
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Only
\protected_separator
\bar under
E
\bar default
ven
\protected_separator
Pages
\layout Standard
You can use these to print on both sides of a page even if your printer
only prints single-sided.
Just print the odd-numbered pages first, then turn the paper over and print
the even-numbered pages.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM
\family sans
Order
\family default
Two toggle buttons that determine what order to print in.
Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
By choosing a particular order, you can take the entire stack of pages
out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM
\family sans
Print
\protected_separator
to
\family default
Two toggle buttons tied to text boxes.
You can print to either a file or a printer:
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rinter
\family default
This is the name of the printer to print to.
\begin_float footnote
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Note that this printer name isn't for the
\family typewriter
lpr
\family default
command but for
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
That means
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
has to be configured for this printer name.
See the section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:dvipsconfig}
\end_inset
or the
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
documentation for details.
The default printer can also be set in
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
.
\end_float
The printer should understand PostScript� files.
\begin_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
The name of a file to print to.
The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \-
Script� format.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Be careful with this option, though.
LyX currently uses a temporary directory to hold all of the different files
that it generates.
Unless you've disabled this feature, you need to specify the full path
name for the output file.
For example:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
/home/me/docs/myfile.ps
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
If you don't specify the full path name, LyX writes the file to the temporary
directory.
\begin_float footnote
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
\emph on
Is this still true? -Asger
\end_float
\layout Standard
Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX,
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
and, if you don't have a PostScript printer,
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
have to process your document.
\layout Section
A Few Words about Typography
\layout Subsection
Hyphens and Hyphenation
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens}
\end_inset
In LyX, the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
character comes in three lengths, often called the
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
, the
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
, and the
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
:
\layout Enumerate
hyphen
\hfill
-
\hfill
made with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\layout Enumerate
en dash
\hfill
--
\hfill
made with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\latex latex
\backslash
/
\latex default
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\layout Enumerate
em dash
\hfill
---
\hfill
made with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\latex latex
\backslash
/
\latex default
-
\latex latex
\backslash
/
\latex default
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\layout Enumerate
minus sign
\hfill
\begin_inset Formula \( - \)
\end_inset
\hfill
a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
in math mode
\layout Standard
You generate these by using the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
character multiple times in a row.
LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final
output.
\layout Standard
The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears
in math mode and has a length of its own.
Here are some examples of the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
-
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
in use:
\layout Enumerate
line- and page-breaks
\hfill
(
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
)
\layout Enumerate
From A--Z
\hfill
(
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
)
\layout Enumerate
Oh --- there's a dash.
\hfill
(
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
)
\layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2} \)
\end_inset
\hfill
(
\emph on
minus sign
\emph default
)
\layout Standard
Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though
there is one in the printed version.
\layout Standard
One last note about hyphenation --- LyX automagically breaks up words and
inserts hyphens in English text.
[Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words
in
\emph on
some
\emph default
other languages.] The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final
output.
\layout Standard
If, for some reason, LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation
points manually.
This is done with the menu item
\family sans
Hyphenation
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
oint
\family default
under
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
pecial
\protected_separator
Characters
\family default
in the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\family default
menu.
Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them.
\layout Subsection
Punctuation Marks
\layout Subsubsection
Abbreviations and End of Sentence
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev}
\end_inset
When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
LaTeX then adds the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
appropriate amount of space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
: sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next
word.
Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
\layout Standard
Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and
what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead.
If a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
\layout Standard
Here are some examples of
\emph on
correct
\emph default
abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
\layout Itemize
M.
Butterfly
\layout Itemize
Don't worry.
Be happy.
\layout Standard
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
\layout Itemize
e.
g.
this is too much space!
\layout Itemize
This is I.
It's okay.
\layout Standard
You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
\layout Standard
To fix this problem, use one of the following:
\layout Enumerate
Use a
\family sans
Protected
\protected_separator
\bar under
B
\bar default
lank
\family default
after lowercase abbreviations (see section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
\end_inset
).
\layout Enumerate
Use an
\family sans
End
\protected_separator
of
\protected_separator
sentence
\protected_separator
period
\family default
found under the
\family sans
Insert->Special
\protected_separator
Character
\family default
menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
This function is also bound to
\family sans
C-period
\family default
for easy access.
\layout Standard
With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
\layout Itemize
e.
\protected_separator
g.
\protected_separator
this is too much space!
\layout Itemize
This is I
\latex latex
\SpecialChar \@.
\latex default
It's okay.
\layout Standard
Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all
of this.
For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
check out the
\family sans
Edit->Check
\protected_separator
TeX
\family default
feature described in
\emph on
Extended Editing
\emph default
.
\layout Subsubsection
Quotes
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes}
\end_inset
LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
and use a closing quote at the end.
For example,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
open close
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The keyboard character,
\family sans
"
\family default
, generates this automatically.
\layout Standard
You can change the behavior of the
\family sans
"
\family default
key using the
\family sans
Quotes
\family default
popup.
Choose
\family sans
\bar under
Q
\bar default
uotes...
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu.
Selecting the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ouble
\family default
button makes the
\family sans
"
\family default
key produce the sequence:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
ingle
\family default
button, in contrast, makes the
\family sans
"
\family default
key produce:
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
'.
\layout Standard
You can also select quotes for different languages via the
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
ype
\family default
option.
There are five choices:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like this
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
double
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
single
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes gls
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes grs
\end_inset
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes pls
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes prs
\end_inset
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes fls
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes frs
\end_inset
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset
Text
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset
\family default
Use quotes like
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes als
\end_inset
this
\begin_inset Quotes ars
\end_inset
\layout Standard
Again, this affects what character the
\family sans
"
\family default
key produces.
\layout Standard
On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type
\family sans
C-q
\family default
.
This produces:
\family typewriter
"
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
Ligatures
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures}
\end_inset
It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
print them as single characters.
These groups are known as
\emph on
ligatures
\emph default
.
Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them,
too.
Here are the possible ligatures:
\layout Itemize
ff
\layout Itemize
fi
\layout Itemize
fl
\layout Itemize
ffi
\layout Itemize
ffl
\layout Standard
Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word.
While a ligature may be okay in the word,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
graffiti,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
it looks really weird in compound words, such as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cufflink
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or the German
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Dorffest.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
To break a ligature, use the LaTeX command
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
\backslash
/
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
between the letters.
[Use
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
t
\family default
or the toolbar button labelled TeX to mark text as LaTeX commands.
See sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexcodes}
\end_inset
.] This changes
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cufflinks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cuff
\latex latex
\backslash
/
\latex default
links
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Dorffest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Dorf
\latex latex
\backslash
/
\latex default
fest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\layout Subsection
Widows and Orphans
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows}
\end_inset
In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
happened to end.
There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
These dangly-bits of text became known as
\emph on
widows
\emph default
and
\emph on
orphans
\emph default
.
\layout Standard
Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
\layout Standard
There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
or how you can tweak that behavior.
Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion}
\end_inset
or
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
\end_inset
] may have more information.
You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
\layout Chapter
Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes
\layout Section
Footnotes
\layout Standard
Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
foldable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
floats instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen
or somewhere else in your text.
When you insert a footnote via, what else,
\family sans
\series medium
\bar under
I
\bar no
nsert
\bar default
->
\bar under
F
\bar no
ootnote,
\family roman
you'll first see a red box with a label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
appearing within your text.
This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
You can enter your text into this box.
If you click the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
foot
\family roman
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
--label, the box will
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
fold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
You can access it at a later time by clicking on the word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
foot
\family roman
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
written as a superscript in red in the text, thereby
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unfolding
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the footnote.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
To close this footnote, click on the red box on the left side.
\end_float
You will not see any numbers within LyX.
You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering
for you, as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the correct page,
when it processes your file.
If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark
it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing
to stuff in the bottom margin).
\layout Standard
What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the
footnote--numbering back to 1 after each section in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
article
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family roman
document class or changing the counter--style.
You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th
\family default
os
\family roman
e
\family default
described in the
\emph on
Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars
\emph default
section of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
Extended Editing
\emph default
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\layout Description
NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word
processors.
It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats.
That means you can use all the layouts inside a float, even figures and
tables.
You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's
a neat feature.
\newline
If you're intending to use the spellchecker, remember that floats
\emph on
must be open
\emph default
to be checked.
In order to open or close
\emph on
all
\emph default
footnotes (and margin notes), choose
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit->Flo
\bar under
a
\bar default
ts
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Insets->Open
\protected_separator
\bar under
A
\bar default
ll
\protected_separator
Footnotes/Margin
\protected_separator
Notes
\family default
.
\layout Section
Margin Notes
\layout Standard
Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
When you insert a margin note via
\family sans
\series medium
\bar under
I
\bar no
nsert->
\bar under
M
\bar no
argin
\series default
\bar default
\protected_separator
N
\series medium
\bar no
ote
\family default
\series default
\bar default
or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with
an arrow pointing to it), you'll see
\family roman
\series medium
a red box with a label
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
appearing within your text.
\begin_float margin
\layout Standard
This is a margin note.
\end_float
This box is LyX's representation of your margin note.
You can enter your text into this box.
If you click the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
--label, the box will
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
fold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, making an exclamation mark appear beside the line in which you inserted
the margin note.
You can access it at a later time by clicking on
\family roman
the word
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
,
\family roman
written as a superscript in red in the text, thereby
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unfolding
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the margin note.
\layout Standard
As a default, LyX uses 1,9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow
room for margin notes.
This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot
yet do everything LaTeX has to offer.
You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands.
\layout Section
Figures and Imported Graphics
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures}
\end_inset
No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import
graphics from other utilities into the document.
In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually
figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image.
Encapsulated PostScript� figures are handled very well by LyX, which uses
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
to generate an on-screen image for the LyX window, and the
\family typewriter
\backslash
epsfig
\family default
LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document.
\layout Standard
Note that figures referred to here are uncaptioned and sit wherever in the
document you place them.
If you need one of these features, see sec.
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
below.
\layout Standard
Placing a figure in your document is done in two stages; first you tell
LyX that you want a figure, then you open the blank figure and tell LyX
the details about your figure.
To place the figure, you click on the second right-most icon on the toolbar,
or select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Fi
\bar under
g
\bar default
ure...
\family default
from the menu.
\layout Standard
You will be presented with a popup which contains two options:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
ncapsulated
\protected_separator
Postscript
\family default
: This is for inserting normal PostScript� figures.
The figures will sit between lines on their own, such as here:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
\begin_inset Figure size 367 158
file mobius.eps
flags 5
\end_inset
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nlined
\protected_separator
EPS
\family default
: This is for PostScript� figures as well, but these figures behave differently;
they are inserted in the text stream like
\begin_inset Figure size 72 14
file mobius.eps
width 2 1
height 2 0.2
flags 5
\end_inset
this tiny fellow.
\layout Standard
This popup used to have another option to insert a
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
aTeX
\protected_separator
or
\protected_separator
TeX
\family default
figure.
This option is not present anymore, since you can directly insert any LaTeX
file with the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Include
\protected_separator
File
\family default
command.
\layout Standard
The second stage of manipulating a figure is done by clicking the left mouse
button on the figure.
A dialog box will appear, which allows you to enter the filename and various
other parameters.
The changes you make will not be applied to the figure until you hit
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply.
\layout Standard
This dialog has numerous parameters, so I'll step though each one in order.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
PS
\protected_separator
File
\family default
: This is the filename, and is fairly self-explanatory.
The
\family sans
\bar under
B
\bar default
rowse...
\family default
button lets you wander through the file hierarchy in a graphical manner
and select a file with your mouse.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Width
\family default
: This section lets you manipulate the width of the image.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Default
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
indicates that the image size will be whatever the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
EPS
\protected_separator
file
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
says it should be.
However, you can alter the size by checking one of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
cm
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
inches
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
%
\protected_separator
of
\protected_separator
Page
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
%
\protected_separator
of
\protected_separator
Column
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
' and entering a number in the box to the right of those checkboxes.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Height
\family default
: This is similar to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Width
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
above.
Note that if only
\emph on
one
\emph default
of either the width or the height is specified and the other is set to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
Default
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
then the ratio of width to height is will be kept the same as the original
image.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Display
\family default
: You can tweak the way the figure is displayed in LyX (this does not effect
how the image will appear in the printed document, only on your screen).
You may find that selecting
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
o
\protected_separator
not
\protected_separator
display
\protected_separator
this
\protected_separator
figure
\family default
will speed up the performance of LyX.
LyX will just put an empty box in the document.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Options
\family default
: This box contains two options which didn't fit anywhere else.
\family sans
Display
\protected_separator
\bar under
F
\bar default
rame
\family default
places a frame around the figure in the LyX window (but has no effect in
the final document).
The
\family sans
Do
\protected_separator
\bar under
T
\bar default
ranslations
\family default
checkbox does something wonderful, I am sure.
I have no idea what it is though
\emph on
[Help me out here - what's it do? - PR; Ed\SpecialChar \@.
Note-I'm not sure myself -jpw]
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Full
\protected_separator
Screen
\protected_separator
Preview
\family default
: This option simply calls up ghostview to view the PostScript� figure in
a window by itself.
This can be useful for checking the figure outside of LyX.
\layout Subsection
Figure Floats
\layout Subsubsection
Using Figure Floats
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they
might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward.
To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find
it preferable to use
\family sans
Figu
\bar under
r
\bar default
e
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
, which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it
deems necessary for a good fit.
In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to
place a caption on them, using the
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment explained in sec.
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout}
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
To place a
\family sans
Figu
\bar under
r
\bar default
e
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
simply select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Floats->Figu
\bar under
r
\bar default
e
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
from the menu bar.
You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described
above to insert the actual figure.
In two-column documents, you can select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Floats->Wide
\protected_separator
Figu
\bar under
r
\bar default
e
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
to get a float that spans the width of the page.
\begin_float fig
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher}
\end_inset
M.C.
Escher on acid.
\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Figure size 198 203
file escher-lsd.eps
flags 6
\end_inset
\end_float
\begin_float fig
\layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Figure size 434 332
file platypus.eps
flags 6
\end_inset
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat}
\end_inset
A severely distorted platypus in a float.
\end_float
\layout Standard
It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the
caption.
If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then insert the
\family sans
Fi
\bar under
g
\bar default
ure
\family default
when the cursor is at the very start of the caption (or you can delete
the caption and recreate it by selecting the
\family sans
Caption
\family default
environment after the figure has been inserted).
This is what we did for figure
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat}
\end_inset
.
If the cursor is at the end of the caption when you insert the
\family sans
Fi
\bar under
g
\bar default
ure
\family default
then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher}
\end_inset
.
It is always best to use one
\family sans
Figure
\family default
per
\family sans
Float
\family default
.
This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure.
\layout Standard
This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference
to it; as you would expect from reading section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
\end_inset
you can simply insert a
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
abel
\family default
in the caption and refer to it using a
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
ross-Reference
\family default
as normal.
It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than
using vague references to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
the above figure,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it
might not be
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
above
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
at all.
If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the
text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page
by themselves.
Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice.
\layout Standard
There are two more features of the
\family sans
Figu
\bar under
r
\bar default
e
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
and
\family sans
Wide
\protected_separator
Figure
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
; the figure is automatically included in a
\family sans
List
\protected_separator
of
\protected_separator
\bar under
F
\bar default
igures
\family default
(as described in sec.
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf}
\end_inset
) should you choose to include one in your document.
The second feature is that (like all floats) it can be closed or opened,
which lets you concentrate on your text and hide the figures.
\layout Subsubsection
Float Placement
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn}
\end_inset
Now, the whole idea behind
\family sans
Figure
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
[as well as
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
, which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table]
on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion.
This feature would be useless if you couldn't control that
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
sensible fashion
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in some way.
LyX has four different locations where it will try to put a figure:
\layout Description
Here: LyX tries to put the
\family sans
Float
\family default
at the same point in the text where you put it.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types.
\end_deeper
\layout Description
Top: LyX tries to put the
\family sans
Float
\family default
at the top of the current page.
If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page.
\layout Description
Bottom: LyX tries to put the
\family sans
Float
\family default
at the bottom of the current page.
If there isn't room, it goes to the next page.
\layout Description
Page: LyX tries to put the
\family sans
Float
\family default
on a page of its own.
\layout Standard
You can specify this using the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup [opened using
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout->
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\family default
].
There is a box called
\family sans
Flo
\bar under
a
\bar default
t
\protected_separator
Placement
\family default
which controls the global location of
\family sans
Float
\family default
s.
\layout Standard
Now, there is some subtlety to how this all works.
You can place any combination of four letters in the
\family sans
Flo
\bar under
a
\bar default
t
\protected_separator
Placement
\family default
box, in any order:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
h
\family default
for
\emph on
here
\layout Itemize
\family sans
t
\family default
for
\emph on
top
\layout Itemize
\family sans
b
\family default
for
\emph on
bottom
\layout Itemize
\family sans
p
\family default
for
\emph on
page
\layout Standard
The order specifies what location LyX should try first.
If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on.
Here are some example entries and what they do:
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
hbp
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page.
If that fails, put it on a separate page.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
tp
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Put the figure/table at the top of each page.
If it's too long, put it on a separate page.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
p
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Always put figures and tables on their own page.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
One last note:
\family sans
Flo
\bar under
a
\bar default
t
\protected_separator
Placement
\family default
controls the position of
\emph on
both
\emph default
figure and table floats.
\layout Subsection
\family typewriter
XFig
\family default
and LyX
\layout Standard
One obvious question is
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
how would I create the figures?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions.
\family typewriter
XFig
\family default
is a powerful and highly recommended drawing tool.
If you want to include figures that you have created with
\family typewriter
XFig
\family default
there are several ways.
We recommend the following:
\layout Enumerate
Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript�.
This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous
sections.
The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript�
available.
That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more.
If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with
PostScript� fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@.
The figure can be manipulated like any other
EPS figure, as described above.
\newline
The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript�
text except by hand.
If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure,
the next way is recommended.
\layout Enumerate
Export the figure as LaTeX.
This is just as easy include into LyX, with the advantage that you may
use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig.
Therefore you have to set the
\emph on
special flag
\emph default
for text in XFig.
This is automatically if you invoke XFig with
\family typewriter
xfig
\protected_separator
-specialtext
\family default
.
If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
$H_2$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in
\family typewriter
XFig\SpecialChar \@.
\family default
If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->In
\bar under
c
\bar default
lude
\protected_separator
File
\family default
(see description in
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
) this text will appear as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
H_2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't
as strong as PostScript�\SpecialChar \@.
You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more
annoyingly, not all slopes.
This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript� combined.
Then
\family typewriter
XFig
\family default
[
\family typewriter
transfig
\family default
, really] will generate two files:
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
the PostScript� part
\family typewriter
foo.ps_tex
\family default
, that contains all painting.
\layout Enumerate
the LaTeX part
\family typewriter
foo.ps_tex_t
\family default
, that contains all text and a link to the PostScript� part.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above.
\emph on
\latex latex
\emph default
\latex default
This will automatically include the PostScript� part, too.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
If you get an error like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unknown graphics extension ps_tex
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
you have to declare this graphic extensions.
I think this is a transfig bug that occurs with LaTeX2e.
Simply add a line like
\layout Standard
\backslash
@namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}}
\layout Standard
in the file
\family typewriter
/usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def
\family default
.
Then add
\family typewriter
ps_tex
\family default
to the extension:
\layout Standard
\backslash
def
\backslash
Gin@extensions{eps, ps, ps_tex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ}
\layout Standard
This should fix the whole thing.
Alternatively you may export the postscript part as
\family typewriter
foo.eps
\family default
and change the LaTeX part
\family typewriter
foo.ps_tex_t
\family default
manually.
But this is annoying.
\end_float
This way you have the full PostScript� and LaTeX power combined except
for the possibility to scale the figure after creating.
So if you want scalable pictures the PostScript� format is your only choice.
Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the
same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little
nicer.
\layout Section
Tables
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables}
\end_inset
LyX now has the capability of creating and editing WYSIWYM tables.
LaTeX can do many more things with tables than LyX is currently capable
of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX book if the table feature
described here should turn out to be inadequate to fill your needs.
\layout Standard
You can insert a table using either the table button or
\family sans
\shape up
Ta
\bar under
b
\bar default
le
\family default
\emph on
->
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\protected_separator
Table
\family default
\emph default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
\shape default
menu.
A popup will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a
line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the
lowest row, forming a box around the table.
Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes
this row to appear separated from the rest of the table.
Here's an example:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
4 4 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
1 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
\newline
12
\newline
45
\newline
98
\newline
A
\newline
\newline
\newline
\newline
B
\newline
\newline
multi
\newline
C
\newline
\newline
\newline
\layout Subsection
The Table
\protected_separator
Layout pop-up
\layout Standard
You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
pops up a window of options.
Among these options are:
\layout Itemize
Adding/removing border lines from a row or column.
If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line
in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout.
If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below,
then the rows are separated by a small space, as you can see with the top
row in the example above.
You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and
the left line of the column to the right.
\layout Itemize
Text alignment in a column
\layout Itemize
Appending rows and columns
\layout Itemize
Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table
\layout Itemize
Multicolumn
\layout Itemize
Setting a fixed width for a column
\layout Itemize
Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper.
Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the
next one
\layout Itemize
Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees
\layout Standard
You can also use the menu to perform these options.
Try
\family sans
Edit->Table
\family default
when the cursor is inside a table.
\layout Standard
Most of these options also work on selections.
This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows (you always have
to select cells, but it depends on the action, how these selected cells
are interpreted) the action is done on all of your selection.
\layout Standard
When you append a row, it is added
\emph on
below
\emph default
the row containing the cursor.
Similarly, columns are appended to the
\emph on
right
\emph default
of the cursor.
This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without
a lot of cutting and pasting.
Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor.
\layout Standard
Multicolumn merges two adjacent cells on a given row.
For example, in the above table, row
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
B
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
45
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
98.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose
\family sans
Multicolumn
\family default
from the menu.
\layout Standard
You can also use
\family sans
Multicolumn
\family default
if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell, regarding
then top and bottom border-lines and the text alignment.
Here an example of this special handling of a cell:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
5 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 1 "" ""
4 1 0 "" ""
4 1 1 "" ""
1 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1 2 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 4 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 4 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
\series bold
*
\series default
\newline
\series bold
x
\series default
\newline
\series bold
y
\series default
\newline
\series bold
point a & b
\series default
\newline
103
\newline
9
\newline
\series bold
point b & a
\series default
\newline
599
\newline
340
\newline
\series bold
point abc
\series default
\newline
1009
\newline
52
\newline
\series bold
point abcd
\series default
\newline
96
\newline
11
\layout Standard
You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, were
as the left column is aligned to the left and the other columns are aligned
to the right.
Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed.
\layout Standard
If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width
in the
\family sans
Width
\family default
\emph on
\emph default
input-field of the
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
\layout Standard
If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you
can select the
\family sans
Rotate
\protected_separator
90�
\family default
button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait
document style).
You might also like to rotate single table cells for having more horizontal
space.
Look at the following example, which demonstrates what you may need this
feature for.
\layout Standard
\emph on
Notice:
\emph default
This
\family sans
Rotate
\protected_separator
90�
\family default
option will
\emph on
not
\emph default
display on screen, and works
\emph on
only
\emph default
for PostScript� output.
So, if you want to preview them, use
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew
\protected_separator
PostScript
\family default
, as
\family sans
View
\protected_separator
\bar under
d
\bar default
vi
\family default
will not work.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
6 12 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 1 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
4 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 1 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 2 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 4 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
1 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
2 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
Description
\newline
Flag 1
\newline
Flag 2
\newline
Flag 3
\newline
Flag 4
\newline
Flag 5
\newline
Flag 6
\newline
Flag 7
\newline
Flag 8
\newline
Flag 9
\newline
Flag 10
\protected_separator
\newline
Total
\newline
Desc.
\protected_separator
1
\newline
*
\newline
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
\newline
*
\newline
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
7
\newline
Desc.
\protected_separator
2
\newline
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
9
\newline
Desc.
\protected_separator
3
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
\newline
*
\newline
8
\newline
Desc.
\protected_separator
4
\newline
*
\newline
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
\newline
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
*
\newline
\newline
6
\newline
Total
\newline
\newline
30
\layout Standard
As you can see in the above example, the text in the header-line (Flag 1\SpecialChar \ldots{}
Flag
10) would not fit inside the paper width if they weren't rotated.
\layout Subsection
What can be placed inside a table?
\layout Standard
Many objects can be placed inside a table cell.
Any single line of text, a math inset (not a displayed or multilined equation,
though), or a figure can be in a cell, in fact, all three kinds of objects
can be placed in the same cell.
Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display
them properly.
However, you can't put a table inside a cell of another table, nor can
you put a special environment in a cell (like
\family sans
Section*
\family default
, etc.), since LyX then tries to put the whole table in that environment,
treating it like a paragraph.
The results of that will be unpredictable.
\layout Subsection
Cut & Paste & Tables
\layout Standard
Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well.
You can cut and paste even more than one row.
Selection with the mouse or with
\family sans
Shift
\family default
plus the arrow-keys works as usual.
The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first,
using the mouse to select and paste.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
3 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1
\newline
2
\newline
3
\newline
4
\newline
5
\newline
6
\newline
7
\newline
8
\newline
9
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
4 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1
\newline
2
\newline
3
\newline
4
\newline
5
\newline
6
\newline
7
\newline
\newline
\newline
\newline
\newline
\layout Standard
Note that the cutting and pasting may give undesirable results unless the
target table has the same number of columns as the source table.
\layout Standard
To be able to copy/cut and paste a
\emph on
whole
\emph default
table you need a little trick.
There has to be a paragraph
\emph on
before
\emph default
and
\emph on
after
\emph default
the table.
This means that if the table is the first and/or last entry in your document,
you have to create paragraphs around it! Now select the whole table starting
from the last character of the paragraph before the table till before the
first character of the paragraph after the table.
Now you will cut/copy the entire table including the structure, and not
only the contents of the table.
\layout Subsection
Multiple lines in cells
\layout Standard
It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely
WYSIWYM manner.
There are several methods that can be used to achieve this:
\layout Enumerate
Define a fixed length for the column in the
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell
enlarged vertically, when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed
length.
\layout Enumerate
Remove the line between two (or more) adjacent rows.
This gives only an approximation of a truly multi-line cell.
\layout Enumerate
Define a fixed length for the column in the
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup and press the
\family sans
Linebreaks
\family default
button.
After this you should be able to force linebreaks by inserting
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\backslash
\backslash
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
marked as TeX, but this shouldn't be needed as selecting
\family sans
Linebreaks
\family default
means that the linebreaks are WYSIWYG in the resulting document.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Here is an example table:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
10 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0
8 1 0 "" ""
2 1 0 "3cm" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 2 1 1 1 0 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 2 1 1 1 0 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 1 0 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 1 0 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1
\newline
2
\newline
3
\newline
4
\newline
This is a multiline entry in a table.
\newline
5
\newline
6
\newline
This is longer now.
\newline
7
\newline
8
\newline
This is a multiline entry in a table.
This is longer now.
\newline
9
\latex latex
\newline
\latex default
10
\newline
This is a
\latex latex
\backslash
\backslash
\latex default
\emph on
multiline
\emph default
\latex latex
\backslash
\backslash
\latex default
entry in a table.
\newline
11
\newline
\newline
This should be the same as below.
\newline
\newline
12
\newline
This is a
\newline
13
\newline
\newline
\emph on
multiline
\emph default
\newline
\newline
\newline
entry in a table.
\newline
\newline
\newline
This should be the same as above.
\newline
\layout Standard
You can see that the multilined text will not appear that way within LyX,
but it will print that way.
If the lines are very long, you can hit
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
and you'll get a new row in the same cell where you can continue to write.
Be aware that the output will
\emph on
NOT
\emph default
respect this row breaks but will treat the whole text of the cell as if
inputed in one row.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
A related concern is that text within a cell will not wrap to fit the page,
so if a line of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond
the right margin of the page.
Similarly, LyX's table inset will not split itself at the bottom of a page,
and so might extend below the bottom margin.
You have these options to resolve this problem:
\layout Enumerate
Split it into two tables, to correctly handle pagebreaks and margins.
\layout Enumerate
Push the
\family sans
Longtable
\family default
button in the
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too high.
After doing this, the list of
\family sans
Longtable
\family default
buttons activate themselves and you may now define:
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
FirstHead
\family default
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
defined, are defined to be the header-lines of the first page of the multipage-
table.
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Head
\family default
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
defined, are defined to be the header-lines of all pages of the multipage-table
except for the first page if
\family sans
FirstHead
\family default
is defined.
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
Foot
\family default
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
defined, are defined to be the footer-lines of all pages of the multipage-table
except for the last page if
\family sans
LastFoot
\family default
is defined.
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
LastFoot
\family default
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
defined, are defined to be the footer-lines of the last page of the multipage-t
able.
\layout Enumerate
\family sans
NewPage
\family default
: This forces a pagebreak after the row where this flag is defined.
\layout Standard
If you define more flags in the same table row, you should be aware of the
fact that only the first flag is used in the defined table rows.
The others will the be defined as
\emph on
empty
\emph default
.
In this context, first means first in this order:
\family sans
Foot, LastFoot,
\family default
\family sans
Head,
\family default
\family sans
FirstHead
\family default
[
\emph on
Look at the longtable.lyx example file to see how this works -- jv
\emph default
].
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Use the
\family sans
Width
\family default
entry in the
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup to restrict the width of the table till it fits horizontally.
\layout Enumerate
A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow
TeX to place it as well as it can within the page.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
One
\protected_separator
last
\protected_separator
remark:
\family sans
Longtable
\family default
and
\family sans
Rotate
\protected_separator
90�
\family default
use special LaTeX packages, so you should look into
\family sans
L
\bar under
a
\bar default
TeX
\protected_separator
configuration
\family default
in the
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp
\family default
menu to see if your system supports these features.
\layout Subsection
Table Floats
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float}
\end_inset
If you simply use the table button on the icon toolbar to create your table,
or the
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
\shape default
->
\family sans
\shape up
Ta
\bar under
b
\bar default
le
\family default
\shape default
->
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\protected_separator
Table
\family default
\shape default
menu, the table will be positioned exactly where the cursor was located,
displayed on a separate line and centered.
Using a
\family sans
\shape up
Tabl
\bar under
e
\bar default
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
\shape default
or
\family sans
Wide
\protected_separator
Table
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
, from the
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Floats
\family default
\shape default
menu, will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than
exactly where you insert it.
Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
, and is described in the section on float-placement for figures
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
\end_inset
.
Table
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float}
\end_inset
is an example of a table float, whose insertion point in LyX is at the
end of this sentence.
As with
\family sans
Figure
\protected_separator
Floats
\family default
, the difference between a
\family sans
Table
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
and a
\family sans
Wide
\protected_separator
Table
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
is that the wide version spans both columns in a two-column document.
\begin_float tab
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float}
\end_inset
A table float.
\layout Standard
\align center \LyXTable
multicol5
3 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1
\newline
2
\newline
3
\newline
Joe
\newline
Mary
\newline
Ted
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \int x^{2}dx \)
\end_inset
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
a & b\\
c & d
\end{array}\right] \)
\end_inset
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( 1+1=2 \)
\end_inset
\end_float
\layout Subsubsection
Table Float Captions.
\layout Standard
When you open a table float the first thing you are prompted for is a caption.
To actually create the table, click on the table icon on the toolbar when
the cursor is in the float.
You can control whether the caption is above the table, or below.
If you insert a caption (which must be a single paragraph) immediately
after the word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\series bold
Table:
\series default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
inside the float, and click on the table icon after the caption, the caption
will appear above the table, as in Table
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table: A table float}
\end_inset
.
If you first click on the icon to open the table popup, then write the
caption afterward, the caption will appear below the table, as in Table
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float with caption below}
\end_inset
.
\begin_float tab
\layout Standard
\align center \LyXTable
multicol5
3 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1
\newline
2
\newline
3
\newline
4
\newline
5
\newline
6
\newline
7
\newline
8
\newline
9
\layout Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float with caption below}
\end_inset
A second table float, with the caption below.
\end_float
You can also create a table float without a caption, by creating the table
as a displayed table (not within a float), highlighting the whole thing,
and using the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\family default
->
\family sans
Tabl
\bar under
e
\bar default
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
menu item.
This was done for Table
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:captionless}
\end_inset
\begin_float tab
\layout Standard
\align center \LyXTable
multicol5
3 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
1
\newline
2
\newline
3
\newline
4
\newline
5
\newline
6
\newline
7
\newline
8
\newline
9
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:captionless}
\end_inset
\end_float
, which, since it has no caption, will not be numbered, even though the
reference is numbered.
It is not possible to place a caption with a table unless it is a table
float.
Note that labelling the tables automatically numbers them, and cross-references
(cf.
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
\end_inset
) will display that number in the output.
\layout Subsubsection
Float Placement
\layout Standard
The techniques of how to control the placement of table floats is the same
as that for
\family sans
Figure
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
s.
See section
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
\end_inset
for details.
\layout Section
Table of Contents and other Listings
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc}
\end_inset
One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets
you create various
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Lists,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
such as a ToC (Table of Contents).
All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference
at the place where you want the list to appear.
\layout Standard
If you are a LaTeX user or are used to an older version of LyX, you might
remember that LaTeX should be run several times to get things right.
Fortunately, this is not needed anymore.
LyX will make sure that LaTeX is run a sufficient number of times in order
for the lists to appear in your dvi--output.
\layout Subsection
The Table of Contents
\layout Standard
In order to get a Table of Contents (ToC), you need to do 5 things:
\layout Enumerate
Use a document--class that supports ToC (all but
\family typewriter
letter
\family default
).
\layout Enumerate
Use styles that are supported by the ToC function:
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
,
\family sans
(Sub...) Section
\family default
,
\family sans
(Sub...) Paragraph
\family default
.
Note that styles with a
\family sans
*
\family default
, like
\family sans
Section*
\family default
, will
\emph on
not
\emph default
appear in the ToC.
\layout Enumerate
Make sure you set the
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
ection
\protected_separator
number
\protected_separator
depth
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
able
\protected_separator
of
\protected_separator
contents
\family default
.
\family sans
\protected_separator
depth
\family default
in the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup to the appropriate value.
If, for example, you only want chapters and sections to appear in the ToC,
set the value to 3.
\layout Enumerate
Insert the ToC-- command at a place of your liking.
You'll find it under
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Lists
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
\bar under
T
\bar default
OC->
\bar under
T
\bar default
able
\protected_separator
of
\protected_separator
Contents
\family default
.
\layout Standard
But there is something else that you can do with a ToC.
Whether or not you've created a ToC in your text, you can invoke the function
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit->
\bar under
T
\bar default
able
\protected_separator
of
\protected_separator
Contents
\family default
.
You will get a second window with a ToC that lets you navigate the text.
\layout Subsection
List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf}
\end_inset
Lists of Figures (LoF), Lists of Tables (LoT) and Lists of Algorithms (LoA)
are very much like ToCs.
There are some slight differences, though, that you need to heed.
Although the following description is for Lists of Figures, the same procedure
applies to LoTs and LoAs.
\layout Enumerate
If you want you figures to appear in your LoF, you
\emph on
must
\emph default
use figure floats.
You can find them under
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Floats->Figu
\bar under
r
\bar default
e
\protected_separator
Float
\family default
.
\layout Enumerate
Insert the LoF -- command at a place of your liking.
Select either
\family sans
List
\protected_separator
of
\protected_separator
\bar under
F
\bar default
igures
\family default
, from the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Lists
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
\bar under
T
\bar default
OC
\family default
submenu.
\layout Enumerate
[
\emph on
Author's note: the astute reader might notice that there is no mention of
algorithms in this User's Guide.
This is because algorithm floats is a new feature that is not yet documented
-jml
\emph default
]
\layout Chapter
Mathematical Formulas
\layout Section
Basic Math Editing
\layout Standard
Editing mathematical expressions in LyX is now almost-completely WYSIWYM.
This is something that makes many old TeX users worried
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
\emph on
Author's Note: I'm one of them.
- dlj
\end_float
.
They like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like
\family typewriter
$
\backslash
alpha$
\family default
(this gets, in ordinary TeX, an
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha \)
\end_inset
in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around
menus for a symbol.
Here's a testimonial of one of those old TeX users,
\noun on
David Johnson:
\layout Quotation
I was finally convinced that the math-editor (Mathed) was the way to go
when I found that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way
I was accustomed to writing TeX.
As an example, I created this
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha \)
\end_inset
by typing the following keys: First type
\family typewriter
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
m
\family typewriter
\family default
to enter
\family typewriter
math-mode
\family default
, then type
\family typewriter
\backslash
alpha
\family sans
\family default
, then
\family sans
Space
\family default
and
\family sans
Esc
\family default
.
As soon as I typed that
\family sans
Space
\family default
the
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha \)
\end_inset
was right there on the screen.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
m
\family default
sequence starts
\family typewriter
math-mode
\family default
, the
\family typewriter
\backslash
alpha
\family default
is of course the standard TeX code, and the
\family sans
Esc
\family default
leaves
\family typewriter
math-mode
\family default
.
It is a little slower getting in to
\family typewriter
math-mode
\family default
than with standard TeX (for this mode, maybe, at least), but the advantages:
\layout Itemize
You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct,
\layout Itemize
You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed,
to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least),
\layout Itemize
All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care
of by LyX, not you,
\layout Itemize
You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing
\family sans
$
\family default
or extra
\family sans
{
\family default
any more.
\layout Itemize
If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like
\begin_inset Formula \( \wp \)
\end_inset
, you can find it in the popups.
\layout Standard
-- these advantages mean that you will be faster writing mathematics with
LyX than with raw LaTeX.
\layout Subsection
Invoking Mathed
\layout Standard
There are several ways to invoke
\family roman
Mathed
\family typewriter
.
\family default
You can just click on the icon with
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{a+b}{c} \)
\end_inset
on it.
That will open a little blue square, with a purple rectangle around it.
That blue square is the math-cursor position, and the rectangle indicates
that you are in math-mode.
There is also a choice on the
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
menu that does the same thing, or you can use a keyboard macro,
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
m
\family default
, or
\family sans
C-m
\family default
.
Clicking on the icon will list all the equivalent keyboard macros to start
Mathed.
Starting Mathed in either of these ways produces an in-line Mathed box.
To make it a displayed equation box, select
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
isplay
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
menu.
\layout Standard
If you are using
\family typewriter
math-mode
\family default
to simply type, say, a Greek letter,
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha \)
\end_inset
, there is a special shortcut, just type
\family sans
M-m
\protected_separator
g
\protected_separator
a
\family default
to get
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha \)
\end_inset
,
\family sans
M-m
\protected_separator
g
\protected_separator
b
\family default
to get
\begin_inset Formula \( \beta \)
\end_inset
,
\emph on
etc.
\layout Standard
You can also invoke Mathed from the
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
popup, or
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
for short.
The
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
is incredibly useful, so you may want to open it and leave it somewhere
on the screen.
Select
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
anel
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
menu to open it.
Selecting anything from the
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
will also start Mathed.
\layout Subsection
Navigating an Equation
\layout Standard
You can click on an existing Mathed equation (anything in blue text) and
you will automatically activate Mathed, and place the cursor near where
you clicked.
The best control over cursor position within an existing equation is achieved
with the arrow keys.
Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted,
since Mathed needs more than simple linear arrangement of symbols.
\layout Standard
The arrow keys can be used to navigate between text areas in any Mathed
structure.
Pressing an arrow key when at the edge of Mathed will leave Mathed, if
the arrow is pointing out of the Mathed box.
Pressing
\family sans
Space
\family default
will leave a fraction or other Mathed structure (a square root
\begin_inset Formula \( \sqrt{2} \)
\end_inset
, or parentheses
\begin_inset Formula \( \left( f\right) \)
\end_inset
, or a matrix
\begin_inset Formula \( \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4
\end{array}\right] \)
\end_inset
), staying within Mathed.
Pressing
\family sans
Esc
\family default
will exit Mathed, placing the cursor to the right of the box.
Pressing
\family sans
Space
\family default
will also exit Mathed, but place the cursor one space beyond the box (creating
that space if it is not there.
\family sans
Tab
\family default
can be used to move horizontally in a Mathed structure, like the rows of
a matrix or the positions in a multiline equation.
\layout Standard
\family sans
Space
\family default
seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between
characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
For that reason, you have to be careful about using
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
For example, if you want
\begin_inset Formula \( \sqrt{2x+1} \)
\end_inset
, type
\family typewriter
\backslash
sqrt
\family sans
\protected_separator
\family default
then
\family sans
Space
\family default
, then
\family sans
\protected_separator
\family typewriter
2x+1
\family default
, not
\family typewriter
\backslash
sqrt
\family sans
\protected_separator
Space
\protected_separator
\family typewriter
2x
\family sans
\protected_separator
Space
\protected_separator
\family typewriter
+
\family sans
\protected_separator
Space
\protected_separator
\family typewriter
1
\family default
, since in the latter case only the
\family typewriter
\begin_inset Formula \( 2x \)
\end_inset
\family default
will be under the square root sign,
\begin_inset Formula \( \sqrt{2x}+1 \)
\end_inset
.
For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a
little unlearning.
\layout Standard
Speaking of the
\family sans
Space
\family default
bar, you may want to create blank spaces, beyond the standard spacing that
LaTeX provides.
We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of
WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content.
However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces.
The first thing to do is to type
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
.
This generates a small space, and prints a small red underscore on the
screen:
\begin_inset Formula \( a\, b \)
\end_inset
.
The next trick is to change that space to different sizes.
\emph on
Before
\emph default
you move the cursor, after typing
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
, if you hit
\family sans
Space
\family default
again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable
sizes.
The last one in the list is blue, and is a negative space.
For example:
\begin_inset Formula \( a\quad b \)
\end_inset
, or
\begin_inset Formula \( a\! b \)
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
You can leave many Mathed structures, like this matrix, partially filled
in, such as:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\lambda _{1} & & \\
& \ddots & \\
& & \lambda _{n}
\end{array}\right) .\]
\end_inset
If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most objects don't mind.
\layout Subsection
Selecting Text
\layout Standard
You can select text within Mathed in two different ways.
Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
\family sans
Shift-Arrow
\family default
to select text.
It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
Alternately, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
That text can then be copied or cut by pressing the menubar icons, and
can then be pasted within any math inset (not outside of LyX, or even in
a plain text region in LyX, though).
Selected text from elsewhere in LyX cannot (yet) be pasted into a math
inset, nor can selections from outside of LyX be pasted into a math inset.
\layout Subsection
Exponents and Subscripts
\layout Standard
You can use the
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
menu to add in superscripts (
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
xponent
\family default
on the menu) or subscripts (called
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
ndex
\family default
), but the much easier way is to use the standard TeX method.
To get
\begin_inset Formula \( x^{2} \)
\end_inset
, type (in Mathed)
\family typewriter
x^2
\family default
then
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
The final
\family sans
Space
\family default
puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of
the superscript.
If you type
\family typewriter
x^2y
\family default
, you will get
\begin_inset Formula \( x^{2y} \)
\end_inset
, to get
\begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}y \)
\end_inset
, type
\family typewriter
x^2
\family sans
\family default
then
\family sans
Space
\family default
then
\family sans
\protected_separator
\family typewriter
y
\family default
.
Subscripts are similar, to get
\begin_inset Formula \( a_{1} \)
\end_inset
, type (in Mathed)
\family typewriter
a_1
\family sans
\protected_separator
\family default
then
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
Fractions
\layout Standard
Create a fraction with either
\family typewriter
\backslash
frac
\family sans
\family default
(in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
popup or the
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
menu item
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
raction
\family default
.
You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion
squares top and bottom.
The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction.
To move to the bottom, simply press
\family sans
Down
\family default
.
To move back up, press
\family sans
Up
\family default
.
Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\left[ \frac{1}{\left( \begin{array}{cc}
2 & 3\\
4 & 5
\end{array}\right) }\right] \]
\end_inset
\layout Subsection
Sums and Integrals
\layout Standard
Sum
\begin_inset Formula \( \sum \)
\end_inset
and integral
\begin_inset Formula \( \int \)
\end_inset
signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, which are placed in LyX (as in TeX) as superscripts and subscripts.
Sum will automatically place their
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
over and under the symbol in displaystyle, but will move them to the side
when inlined, such as
\begin_inset Formula \( \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{1}{n!}=e \)
\end_inset
, versus
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln \left( \frac{1}{1-x}\right) .\]
\end_inset
Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly
over and under the integral sign in displaystyle, as in
\begin_inset Formula \( \int _{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x) \)
\end_inset
, versus
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi .\]
\end_inset
Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode.
In display mode , the placement of the limits (directly above and below,
or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor
in front of the sign and hitting
\family sans
M-m l
\family default
.
Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign.
Certain other mathematical expressions have this feature as well, such
as
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\lim _{x\rightarrow \infty }f(x),\]
\end_inset
which will place the
\begin_inset Formula \( x\rightarrow \infty \)
\end_inset
underneath the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
lim
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in display mode, but not in inlined mode,
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim _{x\rightarrow \infty }f(x) \)
\end_inset
.
The
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim \)
\end_inset
, in red, has a special significance.
It is considered as a special object in LaTeX, so that it treats subscripts
that way.
You get it in LyX by typing
\family typewriter
\backslash
lim
\family default
in math-mode, or choosing from the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
functions
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
menu in the
\family sans
Math Panel
\family default
popup.
Other special
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
words
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
are
\begin_inset Formula \( \sin \)
\end_inset
and most other trigonometric functions; described below, see
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions}
\end_inset
.
\layout Subsection
The
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
anel
\family default
popup has a more extensive list of symbols and structures.
As stated earlier, you can keep the
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
open when writing mathematics.
That allows you to have easy access to the less trivial features of
\family typewriter
math-mode
\family default
.
\layout Standard
The first two icons in the
\family sans
Math Panel
\family default
, as indicated, produce square root,
\begin_inset Formula \( \sqrt{2} \)
\end_inset
, or fraction
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{1}{2} \)
\end_inset
regions.
The third icon, with square brackets around an insertion square, pops up
the
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
popup with choices for left and right large delimiters,
\begin_inset Formula \( \left\{ 3\right\rangle \)
\end_inset
.
These will adjust to fit whatever is placed inside them.
The fourth icon calls up the
\family sans
Decoration
\family default
popup, which gives choices for bars, arrows, tildes and braces, placed either
above or below the insertion point,
\begin_inset Formula \( \underbrace{\widehat{V}} \)
\end_inset
.
These also adjust to accommodate any Mathed structure.
The next icon pops up the
\family sans
Math space
\family default
panel, which allows the possible types of protected spaces available in
math mode
\begin_inset Formula \( 2\qquad 3 \)
\end_inset
.
Sixth is the Matrix popup, which has controls for the size of matrix created,
as well as alignment
\begin_inset Formula \( \left[ \begin{array}{clr}
1 & 2 & 3\\
45 & 67 & 89
\end{array}\right] \)
\end_inset
.
The braces around a matrix are added using the
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
popup.
The last icon, if clicked while the cursor is in text mode, creates an
empty math-mode region:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
1+2=3.\]
\end_inset
It will be created in display-math mode.
Clicking this icon while in math-mode will toggle the math-insert between
inlined and display mode.
\layout Standard
In addition, the
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
has several submenus containing math symbols.
We'll outline how to use them in the next section.
\layout Subsection
Other Math Symbols
\layout Standard
Commonly-used symbols, and other menus, can be reached directly from the
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\family default
menu, including
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
raction,
\bar under
S
\bar default
quare
\protected_separator
root,
\bar under
E
\bar default
xponent,
\bar under
I
\bar default
ndex, S
\bar under
u
\bar default
m, In
\bar under
t
\bar default
egral,
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath
\protected_separator
Mode,
\family default
and
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
anel...
\protected_separator
.
\family default
Most math symbols can be found in the
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
popup under one of several categories,
\family sans
Greek
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \Gamma \rho \epsilon \epsilon \kappa \)
\end_inset
,
\family sans
operators
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \pm \times \)
\end_inset
,
\family sans
relations
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \leq \cong \)
\end_inset
,
\family sans
arrows
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \uparrow \Leftrightarrow \)
\end_inset
,
\family sans
large
\protected_separator
operators
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \sum \int \)
\end_inset
, and the dreaded
\family sans
miscellaneous
\family default
\emph on
, Misc
\emph default
.
If you know the standard LaTeX macro for a particular symbol you which
to use, you do not have to use these popups, but they will help for those
symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know.
For a symbol whose LaTeX macro you know, all you need to do is type it,
including the leading
\family typewriter
\backslash
\family default
that LaTeX uses, such as in
\family typewriter
\backslash
alpha
\family default
, and it will be converted automatically to the real symbol as soon as you
type a
\family sans
Space
\family default
, or other non-alphabetical symbol.
The text as type it appears in red, (the
\family typewriter
\backslash
\family default
will not appear) but will change to a blue symbol that tells you visually
that LyX understands what you wanted.
If Mathed is not able to convert the symbol as typed, it will remain in
red (this is called
\emph on
macro mode
\emph default
).
\layout Standard
Not all symbols available in LaTeX can (yet) be displayed WYSIWYM in LyX.
If you try a symbol whose LaTeX name you know, like
\family typewriter
\backslash
oint
\family default
for
\begin_inset Formula \( \oint \)
\end_inset
, when you finish typing that string, and then hit
\family sans
Space
\family default
(or a number, or another non-standard character), LyX will display the
symbol whose macro you typed if it can.
If it can't, it will leave the macro in red, such as
\begin_inset Formula \( A\hookrightarrow B \)
\end_inset
.
If LaTeX can handle that macro, it will print accordingly.
Some of the symbols accessible from the
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
will display in this fashion, as will any that are defined in LaTeX but
not yet in the LyX menus.
This also allows you to define your own shortcut macros (put the command
string in the preamble (see
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble}
\end_inset
).
For example, the string:
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
a}{
\backslash
alpha}
\family sans
\layout Standard
in the preamble will allow you to use
\family typewriter
\backslash
a
\family sans
\family default
in Mathed instead of
\family typewriter
\backslash
alpha
\family sans
\family default
to generate
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha \)
\end_inset
.
One caution, though, is that LyX will not concern itself with whether such
a macro is valid, and if not you will have error messages when you try
to preview or print (or run LaTeX).
For more details, see
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexcodes}
\end_inset
.
\layout Subsection
Math functions
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
\bar under
M
\bar default
ath -> Math
\bar under
P
\bar default
anel...
\family default
menu contains a number of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
functions
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, such as
\begin_inset Formula \( \sin \)
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim \)
\end_inset
,
\emph on
etc
\emph default
.
(you can type them in a Mathed inset by typing
\family typewriter
\backslash
sin
\family default
(
\emph on
etc
\emph default
.).
Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like
\begin_inset Formula \( \sin \)
\end_inset
, should not be italicized.
Entering just the letters
\begin_inset Formula \( sin \)
\end_inset
within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are
available.
they do more, however, to the final output than just change the typeface.
For example, the expression
\begin_inset Formula \( \sin t \)
\end_inset
will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t.
For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim \)
\end_inset
, the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether
the math-inset is inlined or displayed:
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim _{x\rightarrow 0}f(x)=L \)
\end_inset
versus
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\lim _{x\rightarrow 0}f(x)=L.\]
\end_inset
These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro
\family typewriter
\backslash
lim
\family default
(or the menu choice) alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined
version that is altered, to improve linespacing).
\layout Subsection
More symbols
\layout Standard
There are some mathematical symbols that are not accessible from plain LaTeX
(or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical typesetting, such as the
old-German Fraktur font and the stylized
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
blackboard bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers.
Adding these packages is now a menu item, in the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout ->
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument...
\family default
popup there is a radio button marked
\family sans
Use AMS Math
\family default
.
Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available.
You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble,
since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its
own.
The AMS layouts include these packages automatically.
\layout Subsection
Accents
\layout Standard
In math mode you insert accented characters in the same way as in text mode.
This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros.
That is, you can enter
\begin_inset Formula \( \hat{a} \)
\end_inset
to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled.
This is entered by typing
\family typewriter
\backslash
hat{a
\backslash
}
\family default
in Mathed.
These are the equivalences between the text names and math-mode names for
the various accents:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
11 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
text
\newline
math
\newline
example
\newline
circumflex
\newline
hat
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \hat{a} \)
\end_inset
\newline
grave
\newline
grave
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \grave{a} \)
\end_inset
\newline
acute
\newline
acute
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \acute{a} \)
\end_inset
\newline
umlaut
\newline
ddot
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \ddot{a} \)
\end_inset
\newline
tilde
\newline
tilde
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \tilde{a} \)
\end_inset
\newline
dot
\newline
dot
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \dot{a} \)
\end_inset
\newline
breve
\newline
breve
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \breve{a} \)
\end_inset
\newline
caron
\newline
check
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \check{a} \)
\end_inset
\newline
macron
\newline
bar
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \bar{a} \)
\end_inset
\newline
---
\newline
vector
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \vec{a} \)
\end_inset
\layout Section
Brackets and decorations
\layout Standard
There are several brackets available through LyX.
For most purposes, using just the keys
\family typewriter
[{]}()|
\backslash
<>
\family default
should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large
structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers
of brackets, is better using the
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
's
\family sans
Delimiter
\family default
popup [see sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel}
\end_inset
].
For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
matrix such as :
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\left[ \begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4
\end{array}\right] ,\]
\end_inset
and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination
such as:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\frac{1}{\left( 1+\left( \frac{1}{1+\left( \frac{1}{1+x}\right) }\right) \right) }\]
\end_inset
or:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
f\left( g\left( h\left( k\left( l\left( x\right) \right) \right) \right) \right) .\]
\end_inset
The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size
to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX
by
\family typewriter
\backslash
left( blah
\backslash
right)
\family default
).
\layout Standard
It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use.
Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button,
the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by
clicking on the button displaying your choices.
If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print.
\layout Standard
If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure,
like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you
can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside
the parentheses (that is done by holding the
\family sans
Shift
\family default
key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the
mouse).
Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on
\family sans
Apply
\family default
.
The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
\layout Section
Arrays and Multi-line Equations
\layout Standard
Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX.
In the
\family sans
Math
\protected_separator
Panel
\family default
there is a
\family sans
matrix
\family default
icon, which will open a popup for you to choose the number of rows/columns.
Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 2 & 3\\
4 & 5 & 6\\
7 & 8 & 9
\end{array}\right) .\]
\end_inset
The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them with the
\family sans
delimiter
\family default
menu.
Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix
inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the
\family sans
Shift
\family default
key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the
matrix).
You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or
some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
That is that panel which appears as
\family typewriter
ccc
\family default
by default.
You should be careful about determining how many rows and columns you need.
You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting
\family sans
C-Enter
\family default
while in the matrix, and you can delete rows with
\family sans
M-e
\series medium
k
\family default
\series default
, but you can't add or delete columns, yet.
Here's another example, with different alignments on the three columns:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\begin{array}{lcr}
this & this\, column & this\, column\\
column & has & has\, right\\
has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment
\end{array}.\]
\end_inset
There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with
the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as
\family typewriter
\backslash
cases
\family default
and commutative diagrams.
These are not yet supported in LyX (one such array, the
\family typewriter
\backslash
cases
\family default
environment, is now supported in development versions of LyX).
However, it is possible to build these structures from a matrix (which
is exactly what the
\family typewriter
\backslash
cases
\family default
macro is, anyway).
Here is a simple example of how LyX can display cases:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
f(x):=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
\frac{1}{q}, & \mathrm{if}\, x=\frac{p}{q}\, (\mathrm{in}\, \mathrm{lowest}\, \mat
hrm{terms})\\
0, & \mathrm{if}\, x\, \mathrm{is}\, \mathrm{irrational}
\end{array}\right. \]
\end_inset
This was constructed by first choosing delimiters, where the one on the
right is a blank delimiter, then choosing inside the delimiters a
\begin_inset Formula \( 2\times 2 \)
\end_inset
matrix, with both columns left-justified.
The Roman text setting will be explained later.
\layout Standard
Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX.
The display-math mode of Mathed will automatically switch to an
\family typewriter
\series medium
eqnarray
\family default
\series default
format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if, in the displayed-equa
tion box, you hit
\family sans
\series medium
C-E
\series default
nter
\family default
.
The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed
equation, is to insert a new line (with
\family sans
\series medium
C-Enter
\family default
\series default
) immediately.
Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can
move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the
\family sans
\series medium
Tab
\family default
\series default
key.
Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{eqnarray*}
3 & = & 1+2\\
4+5 & = & 9.
\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula
by hitting
\family sans
\series medium
C-Enter
\family default
\series default
while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula.
However, LyX will
\emph on
not
\emph default
try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places
everything in the left side of the line.
To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where
you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit
\family sans
C-Tab.
\family default
It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region
of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math
size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there).
Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit
\family sans
C-Tab
\family default
again.
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
extra
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
insertion points in the line will disappear.
\layout Standard
You can delete a line of a multi-line formula by placing the cursor on the
line and hitting
\family sans
M-e
\series medium
k
\family default
\series default
.
You create new lines with
\family sans
C-Enter
\family default
.
\layout Section
Equation Numbering and Labels
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label}
\end_inset
Equation numbering is very easy in LyX.
All it takes to change a displayed equation like:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
1+2=3\]
\end_inset
into the numbered equation :
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{equation}
\label{mathed:first-eqn}
1+2=3
\end{equation}
\end_inset
is to go to the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\family default
menu, and select the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
abel...
\family default
option.
This opens a popup in which you must enter some string as the label.
There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take
care of re-numbering the equation.
Labels will not appear as such on the final output.
LaTeX will insert appropriate numbers for the equations.
The labels are used internally for cross-referencing.
You can turn on numbering without a specific label by entering
\family typewriter
math-number
\family default
in the minibuffer (the line below the main LyX window, which usually displays
information about the document.
Click on it, and the mini-buffer clears, allowing you to enter commands
such as these.) while the cursor is in the equation, such as:
\layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{equation}
1+1=2.
\end{equation}
\end_inset
This behaves as a toggle.
Entering
\family typewriter
math-number
\family default
in the mini-buffer a second time removes numbering.
You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf.
(
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn}
\end_inset
)) by using the
\family sans
Cross-Reference
\family default
popup, which you open using
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->
\bar under
C
\bar default
ross-Reference...
\family default
\protected_separator
.
Note that you should
\emph on
not
\emph default
use spaces in your labels, since they get deleted and cross-references will
no longer work.
This is a LyX bug, but one that can be dealt with.
\layout Standard
For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all
lines are numbered separately.
One you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines
receive a label of #.
That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line,
like (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn}
\end_inset
) below.
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{eqnarray}
1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation} \\
2 & = & 4-2\\
4 & \leq & 7.
\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
You can turn off numbering of a specific line by entering
\family typewriter
math-nonumber
\family default
in the minibuffer (below the main LyX window) while the cursor is on that
line of a multi-line numbered equation.
This also toggles.
Though it may seem odd, entering
\family typewriter
math-nonumber
\family default
again will turn the numbering back
\emph on
on
\emph default
for that line.
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{eqnarray}
1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn} \\
2 & = & 7-5\\
1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\
16 & \equiv & 2\, (mod\, 7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}
\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
Note that the first equation in this set (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn}
\end_inset
) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered,
and the last (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn}
\end_inset
) is again labelled.
\layout Section
User defined macros in math mode
\layout Standard
LyX allows the user to define macros.
An user defined macro in math mode is not a red colored name that LyX didn't
know how to draw (formerly known as macro mode, now simply TeX mode).
A macro definition box appears on screen as a grayed button with the name
of the macro in blue (math color).
But if you click on it, it will appear as a normal math box to allow you
edit it.
Just try it:
\begin_inset FormulaMacro
\newcommand{\macro}{a+b}
\end_inset
\layout Standard
Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode,
in this case
\family typewriter
\backslash
macro
\family default
, and it will be automatically expanded:
\begin_inset Formula \( c=\macro \)
\end_inset
.
As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro
is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression
is
\family typewriter
c =
\backslash
macro.
\layout Standard
However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have
\emph on
arguments
\emph default
.
In a macro definition box an argument looks like a
\family typewriter
#
\family default
followed by the argument number:
\begin_inset FormulaMacro
\newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1 }}
\end_inset
\layout Standard
Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate
that you can insert there whatever you want:
\family typewriter
\backslash
macrowarg =
\begin_inset Formula \( \macrowarg{} \)
\end_inset
\family default
.
Example:
\begin_inset Formula \( b=\macrowarg{x-2} \)
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command
\family typewriter
\backslash
newcommand.
\layout Subsection
Directions on using macros
\layout Subsubsection
How to create them
\layout Standard
To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer:
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
math-macro <macro name> [number of arguments]
\layout Standard
Par example
\family typewriter
\backslash
macro
\family default
was created with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
math-macro macro
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, and
\family typewriter
\backslash
macrowarg
\family default
was created with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
math-macro macrowarg 1
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) use this:
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
math-macro-arg <number>
\layout Standard
The argument mark in
\family typewriter
\backslash
macrowarg
\family default
was introduced with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
math-macro-arg 1
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9.
An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course
can be edited only once.
A number can't be greater than the number of arguments originally allowed
for the macro.
\layout Subsubsection
How to navigate
\layout Description
With
\protected_separator
the
\protected_separator
arrow
\protected_separator
keys: Opening a macro form the left side will put the cursor in the first
argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key.
Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the
right side of the macro.
\layout Description
With
\protected_separator
the
\protected_separator
mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box.
Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small.
\layout Standard
Currently the user can only define command macros, but internally it's possible
to define also environment macros.
\layout Standard
There are several predefined macros, mainly to allow AMS-LaTeX users to
use AMS macros in a WYSIWYM way, like
\family typewriter
\backslash
cases
\family default
and
\family typewriter
\backslash
binom
\family default
.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
\emph on
LyX 1.0 note:
\family typewriter
\backslash
cases
\family default
are currently disabled because after some simplification and improving
of the macro stuff, the only valid arguments are subparagraphs (neither
tabs nor newlines).
Perhaps they will be again included
\emph default
\emph on
in a later version.
AAS
\end_float
\layout Section
Fine-Tuning
\layout Subsection
Typefaces
\layout Standard
You can enter various typefaces in Mathed, but (at the moment) you have
to use keyboard commands to set them.
Not all appear exactly WYSIWYM, and a few don't appear WYSIWYM at all.
The standard font for text is italic,
\begin_inset Formula \( text \)
\end_inset
, but for numbers the standard is Roman.
To set text in Roman font in math-mode, type
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
r
\family default
once in math-mode
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathrm{text} \)
\end_inset
.
To get bold,
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathbf{text} \)
\end_inset
, type
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
b
\family typewriter
\family default
in math-mode.
To get calligraphic font for capital letters (which looks like Helvetica
italics on-screen, but is fancier on the final output),
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathcal{TEXT} \)
\end_inset
, type
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
i
\family typewriter
\family default
in math-mode.
Here is a table with all the supported fonts:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
6 3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
8 0 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
Text-mode
\newline
Math
\newline
Mathed Keybinding
\newline
\series bold
Bold
\series default
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathbf{Bold} \)
\end_inset
\newline
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
b
\family default
\newline
\emph on
Emphasize
\emph default
\newline
\emph on
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC} \)
\end_inset
\emph default
\newline
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
e
\family default
or
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
i
\family default
\newline
---------
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathrm{Roman} \)
\end_inset
\newline
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
r
\family default
\newline
\family typewriter
Typewriter
\family default
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathtt{Typewriter} \)
\end_inset
\newline
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
p
\family default
\newline
Default
\newline
\begin_inset Formula \( Default \)
\end_inset
\newline
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
Space
\layout Standard
The keyboard command to switch to a particular text font is interpreted
in math-mode as indicated.
Math-mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only letters
will be supported with these font styles; only capital letters for calligraphic
font.
\layout Standard
For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text.
If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that
style after one character.
To be able to type a string in a particular font, make sure there is a
protected-space to the right of the cursor.
Also, entering a protected-space will revert subsequent text to standard
font.
\layout Standard
It is possible (in AMS-LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special
symbols in math-mode.
However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
It will print correctly,
though.
To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha \)
\end_inset
, enter
\family typewriter
\backslash
boldsymbol{
\backslash
alpha}
\family default
in Mathed.
The close-brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening
brace.
This works for all symbols, as well as numbers.
It is also possible to get Fraktur (traditional German) fonts by entering,
say,
\family typewriter
\backslash
mathfrak{g}
\family default
for a Fraktur
\begin_inset Formula \( g \)
\end_inset
, or the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
blackboard-bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
double-line capitals with
\family typewriter
\backslash
mathbb{R}
\family default
.
These symbols will not appear (yet) WYSIWYM in LyX, and the AMS-LaTeX packages
(including
\family typewriter
amsfonts
\family default
) must be used.
Adding these packages is now a menu item, in the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout ->
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument...
\family default
popup there is a radio button marked
\family sans
Use AMS Math
\family default
.
Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available.
\layout Standard
We do not have examples of these fonts in this Guide so that the Guide can
be previewed and printed without these packages, which some people would
not have available.
\layout Subsection
Font Sizes
\layout Standard
There are four (relative) font sizes (or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
styles
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations.
These are called
\emph on
textstyle
\emph default
,
\emph on
displaystyle
\emph default
,
\emph on
scriptstyle
\emph default
, and
\emph on
scriptscriptstyle
\emph default
.
For most characters, textstyle and displaystyle are actually the same size,
but fractions, superscripts and subscripts, and certain other effects,
are set larger or placed differently in displaystyle.
Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various
situations, all text will be set if these various sizes as LaTeX thinks
is appropriate.
These choices can be over-ridden by setting the
\family typewriter
math-size
\family default
in the minibuffer.
For example, you can set
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{1}{2} \)
\end_inset
normally (textstyle), or you can make it larger, which also changes the
linespacing, in displaystyle, by entering
\family typewriter
math-size displaystyle
\family default
in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math-inset,
\begin_inset Formula \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \)
\end_inset
.
Careful, though, if the cursor is on the denominator of that fraction,
only the numerator will be enlarged,
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{1}{2} \)
\end_inset
! This reflects a LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unintended feature
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
That is, a bug.
\end_float
, not a LyX one.
These font-size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output.
Here are some text in the various styles:
\begin_inset Formula \( displaystyle \)
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula \( \textstyle textstyle \)
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula \( \scriptstyle scriptstyle \)
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula \( \scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle \)
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math
inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes
will be adjusted.
Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
will be adjusted to correspond.
\layout Standard
\family roman
\size largest
Here is a paragraph in
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
font, with symbols:
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha \)
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
This applies to math-fonts in Titles,
\emph on
etc.
\emph default
as well.
\layout Chapter
More Tools
\layout Section
Cross-References
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref}
\end_inset
Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in
it, right before the beginning of this sentence.
This is a
\family sans
Label
\family default
.
Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference.
The other half is the
\family sans
Reference
\family default
proper, and it looks like this:
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
\end_inset
.
Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a red box with red
text in it.
Those reading printed versions, however, will see a number --- in this
case, the number of this section.
There's also another variety of cross-reference:
\begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref}
\end_inset
.
This is the page number containing the location of the label.
That's what cross-references do: they let you reference other parts of
your document.
You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX
will do that for you! All you need to do is use a
\family sans
Label
\family default
to mark a section, figure, table, equation, etc., and then refer to it via
a
\family sans
Reference
\family default
.
\layout Standard
To insert a label, use
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\protected_separator
->
\protected_separator
\bar under
L
\bar default
abel
\family default
.
A box will appear where you can enter your label.
You can't change labels once you've created them [at least, not yet].
You'd have to delete the old label, make a new one, then remove all of
the old references to the now-defunct label and insert new references.
Yes, it's a pain, which is why you should choose label names carefully.
\layout Standard
To insert a reference, select
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\protected_separator
->
\protected_separator
\bar under
C
\bar default
ross
\protected_separator
Reference
\family default
.
The
\family sans
Insert
\protected_separator
Cross-Reference
\family default
popup appears with a list of labels.
Double-clicking on a list item inserts a reference into the text, as does
the two different
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert
\protected_separator
Reference
\family default
buttons.
Lastly, the
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
pdate
\family default
button is there in case you decide to leave this popup open and add labels
in the meantime.
\layout Standard
Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a
\family sans
Label
\family default
or
\family sans
Reference
\family default
, or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain:
\layout Quote
\family typewriter
LaTeX Warning: Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z.
\newline
LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references.
\layout Standard
You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference.
\layout Standard
There are a few more comments we need to make about the
\family sans
Labels
\family default
.
They always print the number of the section heading closest to them.
So --- if you want to put a label on a
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
, but a
\family sans
Section
\family default
heading immediately follows it, you need to put the
\family sans
Label
\family default
\emph on
into
\emph default
the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
environment.
It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen.
However, you need to do this if you want to label the
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
separately from the
\family sans
Section
\family default
.
The same goes for all other section headings.
If plain text follows a section heading you want to label, then and only
then can you put the
\family sans
Label
\family default
in the text without worrying.
You have been warned.
\layout Standard
Also, a
\family sans
Label
\family default
\emph on
only
\emph default
makes sense in
\emph on
numbered
\emph default
section headings and table and figure floats.
Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings,
you can't really use a
\family sans
Label
\family default
on it.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Well, you
\emph on
can
\emph default
, but only if you use the
\family sans
Page
\protected_separator
number
\family default
reference.
The regular
\family sans
Reference
\family default
--- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work,
because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare-
\family sans
Label
\family default
s as page markers, then refer back to them using the
\family sans
Page
\protected_separator
number
\family default
reference.
Once again, the regular
\family sans
Reference
\family default
won't work very well.
It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number
of the previous numbered section heading.
\end_float
See sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float}
\end_inset
, and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label}
\end_inset
for details on using a
\family sans
Label
\family default
with figures, tables, and equations, respectively.
\layout Section
Manual Fine-Tuning
\layout Subsection
Extra Horizontal Space
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace}
\end_inset
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion.
An
\family sans
HFill
\family default
is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining
space between the left and right margins.
If there is more than one
\family sans
HFill
\family default
on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves.
\layout Standard
Note: if you put an
\family sans
HFill
\family default
at the beginning of a line, and it's
\emph on
not
\emph default
the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
This prevents
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
\layout Standard
\family sans
HFill
\family roman
s
\family default
can be inserted with
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->
\bar under
S
\bar default
pecial
\protected_separator
Character->
\bar under
H
\bar default
Fill
\family default
.
Here a few examples what you can do with them:
\layout Quote
\noindent
This is on the left side
\hfill
This is on the right
\layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\hfill
Middle
\hfill
Right
\layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\hfill
1/3 Left
\hfill
\hfill
Right
\layout Standard
That was an example in the
\family sans
Quote
\family default
environment.
Here:
\hfill
:is one in a standard paragraph.
It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
\emph on
is
\emph default
sitting in-between the two
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
Remember that we said that an
\family sans
HFill
\family default
always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more
than one set of margins on a line.
Here's an example with the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
one
\hfill
two :three
\hfill
four
\hfill
five
\hfill
six
\layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
marks the beginning of the item.
[There is actually a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
hidden
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\family sans
HFill
\family default
inside of the label of the
\family sans
List
\family default
environment; it's put at the end of the label automagically.]
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s work similarly in other
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
multimargin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
situations, like two-column mode.
\layout Subsection
Extra Vertical Space
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace}
\end_inset
To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout->
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraph
\family default
to open the
\family sans
Paragraph
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
\layout Standard
We're not going to provide an example of a
\family sans
VFill
\family default
, as it's a waste of paper.
They work the same as any other type of filler, including
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
If there are several
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
You can therefore use
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4,
and so on.
\layout Subsection
Changing Paragraph Alignment
\layout Standard
You can also change the paragraph alignment with the
\family sans
Paragraph
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
There are four possibilities:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
B
\bar default
lock
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
eft
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
ight
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
enter
\layout Standard
The default in most cases is block alignment, in which the inter-word spacing
is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between the left
and right margins.
The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
\layout Standard
\align right
This paragraph is right aligned,
\layout Standard
\align center
this one is centered,
\layout Standard
\align left
this one is left aligned.
\layout Standard
In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than block
alignment.
\layout Subsection
Forcing Page Breaks
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak}
\end_inset
If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you
can force a pagebreak where you want one.
In general, this will
\emph on
not
\emph default
be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned
in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows}
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we
\emph on
strongly
\emph default
recommend
\emph on
not
\emph default
to use it until the text is
\emph on
really
\emph default
finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you
\emph on
really
\emph default
have to change the pagebreaking.
\emph on
Only
\emph default
in those cases, you can force a pagebreak above or below a paragraph in
the
\family sans
Paragraph
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup by selecting
\family sans
Pagebreak-Ab
\bar under
o
\bar default
ve
\family default
or
\family sans
B
\bar under
e
\bar default
low
\family default
.
\layout Standard
You might want to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears
at the top of a page.
This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
appear at the top of a page [or the bottom, or on their own page] without
having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
See sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
\end_inset
and read about
\family sans
Floats
\family default
to learn more.
\layout Subsection
Other Tools
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
\end_inset
This section describes briefly how some features well known by the LaTeX
user can be generated with LyX.
\layout Itemize
The protected blank: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
line at that point.
This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in:
\begin_deeper
\layout Quote
A good documentation should weight no more than 1
\newline
kg.
\layout Standard
Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected blank between
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
kg
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
A protected blank is set with
\family sans
Insert->Special Character->Protected Blank
\family default
or with
\family sans
C-Space.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
The linebreak: You can force linebreaks within a paragraph by selecting
\family sans
Insert->Special Character->Linebreak
\family default
or with
\family sans
C-Return.
\family default
You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX
is
\emph on
very
\emph default
good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{}
(see section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak}
\end_inset
).
There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
set a linebreak, e.g.
in a poem or for an Address (see sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote}
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:verse}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:adress_usage}
\end_inset
).
\layout Itemize
\line_bottom
Horizontal lines above or below a paragraph: These can be useful for headlines.
You get them in the
\family sans
Paragraph
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup.
Here:
\begin_deeper
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
is one.
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Section
Spellchecking
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking}
\end_inset
LyX itself has no built-in spell checker.
Rather it uses the external
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
program as a backend
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
the latest version can be found at the ispell WWW page
\family typewriter
http://ficus-www.cs.ucla.edu/ficus-members/geoff/ispell.html
\end_float
or the newer and supposedly better
\family typewriter
aspell
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
http://metalab.unc.edu/kevina/aspell/
\end_float
\family typewriter
.
\layout Standard
For installation notes and where to find dictionaries, see the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
documentation included with the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
distribution.
After installing
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
you can use the menu entry
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
S
\bar default
pellchecker...
\family default
\shape default
from the
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
\shape default
menu (make sure that the
\family typewriter
\shape up
ispell
\family default
\shape default
binary is somewhere in your
\family typewriter
PATH
\family default
.
If you have version
\family typewriter
4.*
\family default
of
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
, it may be a good idea to replace it with the current version,
\family typewriter
3.1.20
\family default
.
Version 4 was a short-lived GNU release of ispell, and had numerous problems.)
\layout Standard
To start spellchecking, select the item
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
S
\bar default
pellchecker
\family default
\emph on
...
\emph default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
\shape default
menu.
Checking will start just after the current cursor position.
A popup window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found
by
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
in the first line and allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line.
Whenever
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
reports an unknown word, the word is highlighted and the view in your text
buffer is updated to make the word visible.
In the
\family sans
Spellchecker
\family default
popup, there is also a box showing
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
near misses
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, if
\family typewriter
\shape up
ispell
\family default
\shape default
can find any.
Clicking to one of the near misses will copy the near miss into the replace
input field (double-click to invoke replace).
The buttons in the
\family sans
Spellchecker
\family default
popup are quite self-explanatory:
\layout Description
\family sans
\shape up
Start
\protected_separator
spellchecking
\family default
\shape default
begins to verify the spellings of words, beginning at the cursor position
in the document.
\layout Description
\family sans
Insert
\protected_separator
in
\protected_separator
personal
\protected_separator
dictionary
\family default
inserts the word in an ispell dictionary such that the word is recognized
forever and forever.
\layout Description
\family sans
\shape up
Accept
\protected_separator
word
\protected_separator
in
\protected_separator
this
\protected_separator
session
\family default
\shape default
accepts the word rejected by
\family typewriter
\shape up
ispell
\family default
\shape default
for the rest of this spellchecking session, but does not add the word to
your personal dictionary.
\layout Description
\family sans
\shape up
Ignore
\protected_separator
word
\family typewriter
\family default
\shape default
does not change the word caught by
\family typewriter
\shape up
ispell
\family default
\shape default
, but it will catch the word again if it appears later in the document.
\layout Description
\family sans
\shape up
Replace
\family default
\shape default
\protected_separator
\family sans
\shape up
word
\family default
\shape default
replaces the word by what you have typed to the replace input field.
\layout Description
\family sans
\shape up
Stop
\protected_separator
spellchecking
\family default
\shape default
stops the operation of
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
, but does not close the spell\SpecialChar \-
check\SpecialChar \-
er popup.
Note that you can cancel spellchecking at any time, not only after an incorrect
word has been found.
\layout Description
\family sans
\shape up
Spellchecker
\protected_separator
Options...
\family default
\shape default
opens up another popup that allows you to alter the options fed to
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
.
\layout Description
\family sans
\shape up
Close
\protected_separator
Spellchecker
\family default
\shape default
does what you might expect.
\layout Standard
Finally, there is a slider informing you about the progress of spell checking.
\layout Description
Note: If you want to spellcheck footnotes, margin notes, or captions in
table- and figure-floats, you
\emph on
must
\emph default
open them first.
This is easy to do with the
\family sans
Edit->Floats
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Insets->Open
\protected_separator
All
\family default
commands.
\layout Subsection
Spellchecker Options
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt}
\end_inset
The following options can be set in the
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
pellchecker
\protected_separator
Options
\family default
popup (which you can also access from the
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
ptions
\family default
menu):
\layout Subsubsection
Dictionary
\layout Standard
By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of
the document you're checking, which is set in the
\family sans
\shape up
Layout
\family default
\shape default
->
\family sans
\shape up
Document
\family default
\shape default
popup.
If you do not have a dictionary for the document language,
\family typewriter
\shape up
ispell
\family default
\shape default
will exit immediately after invocation.
There will be a message on your stderr saying something like:
\layout Quote
\family typewriter
Can't find file /usr/lib/ispell/xyz.hash
\layout Standard
and a popup window will inform you about the failure.
In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
pellchecker
\protected_separator
\bar under
O
\bar default
ptions
\family default
popup, by typing in the name in the space provided, and checking the
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
se
\protected_separator
alternate
\protected_separator
language..
\family default
.
box, or change the
\family sans
\shape up
Language
\family default
\shape default
option in the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup (opened using
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
\shape default
->
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument)
\family default
\shape default
.
\layout Standard
A different solution is to make a link from say
\family typewriter
deutsch.(aff|hash)
\family default
to
\family typewriter
german.(aff|hash)
\family default
or whatever applies to your language.
This is because these ispell-files normally have the native language name
(
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
deutsch
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
) whereas
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
, when started from lyx, searches for the English version of the name used
with the LaTeX babel package (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
german
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
\layout Standard
You may also have problems if the font encoding is not correct for that
dictionary.
If you use a language with latin1 encoding and set the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
ncoding
\family default
option in the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup to
\family sans
latin1
\family default
(or other than
\family sans
default
\family default
), you must have this option in your language-dictionary as well.
If your dictionary doesn't support the
\family sans
Encoding
\family default
you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr:
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1'
\layout Standard
The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file.
\layout Standard
There are four solutions to this problem.
The easiest is to try the
\family sans
Input
\protected_separator
Encoding
\protected_separator
switch
\protected_separator
to
\protected_separator
ispell
\family default
option.
If that does not help, you can set
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
ncoding
\family default
to
\family sans
default
\family default
when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying).
The third is to add the
\family typewriter
latin1
\family default
option to your dictionary
\family typewriter
\emph on
<
\family default
language
\family typewriter
>
\emph default
.aff
\family default
file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed
the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory
of the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
sources).
Read the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma
intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question
and ask him to solve your problem.
\layout Subsubsection
Personal dictionary
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
uses a personal dictionary file where words not found in the main dictionary
can be saved so you don't get the same words reported every time you check
a document.
The name of this file is usually formed as
\family typewriter
$HOME/.ispell_
\family default
\emph on
dictionary
\family typewriter
\emph default
,
\family default
where
\emph on
dictionary
\emph default
is the name of the global dictionary used.
Often the file (for the default dictionary) is simply
\family typewriter
$HOME/.ispell_words
\family default
.
If you want to use another file as your personal dictionary, you can also
set this in the
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
pellchecker
\protected_separator
Options
\family default
popup.
Note that the directory in which
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
will put your file is your home directory, not the directory the file you're
editing is in! Specifying a filename which does not already exist will
result in an error message on stderr which you can ignore (
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
will create the file at the end of your spell checking).
\layout Subsubsection
Further Options
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
pellchecker
\protected_separator
Options
\family default
popup has some additional options which are fairly self-explanatory:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
T
\bar default
reat run-together words as legal
\family default
\newline
Keeps
\family sans
ispell
\family default
from reporting compound words as misspelled.
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Use alternate
\bar under
p
\bar default
ersonal dictionary
\newline
\family default
You can give a filename to a personal dictionary here.
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
xtra characters allowed in words
\family default
\newline
Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what
\family typewriter
\shape up
ispell
\family default
\shape default
considers words, e.g.
German umlauts.
This should not normally be needed.
\layout Subsection
Problems
\layout Standard
If you can't spellcheck international characters, try the
\family sans
Input
\protected_separator
Encoding
\protected_separator
switch
\protected_separator
to
\protected_separator
ispell
\family default
option.
\layout Subsection
Limitations
\layout Standard
Even though your
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
program may correctly check contractions, it doesn't seem to when used
through LyX.
In addition, it is not at all clear that the options to allow runtogether
words, or to include extra characters, or to allow extra affixes, work
as they are supposed to.
\layout Standard
Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling
of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately
for each occurrence of the word.
That feature will be considered for later versions of LyX.
\layout Section
International Support
\layout Standard
This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language
on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S.
paper size and the spell checker set to U.S.
English.
You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make
the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new
default configuration.
\layout Standard
If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example,
a german keyboard for writing in German), and you have correctly configured
your X environment, all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language,
the character encoding, and desired paper size.
Refer to
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay}
\end_inset
for more information.
\layout Standard
If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different
language than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
you should configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
Refer to
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey}
\end_inset
for details.
\layout Standard
Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
one to support the characters you want.
\layout Standard
The details of how to customize LyX to your own language is
\emph on
way
\emph default
beyond the scope of this manual.
You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names
of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language.
If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX
to your native tongue, please see the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual for details.
\layout Subsection
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
-
\family sans
>
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\family default
Language Options
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout->
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\family default
menu lets you set
\family roman
the language, papersize, and character encoding for your language.
\layout Standard
Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t
\family roman
he
\family sans
Language
\family roman
box
\family default
of the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout->
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\family default
menu.
The default is U.S.
English.
Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice.
The language name appears in the window.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support.
If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions
for it.
\end_float
\layout Standard
Click on the
\family sans
Papersi
\bar under
z
\bar default
e
\family default
popup to see your choices in paper size.
The default is the U.S.
Letter paper size.
Click on the one you want and it appears in the window.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
ncoding
\family default
box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use.
The default is the
\family typewriter
ASCII
\family default
encoding which is typically sufficient for U.S.
English.
A superset of the
\family typewriter
ASCII
\family default
encoding is the
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western
European languages.
The third choice,
\family typewriter
Latin2
\family default
, is for support of Eastern European languages.
Click on the popup and then click on the encoding you want to use, and
it appears in the window.
(Refer to
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:keytab}
\end_inset
for the character encodings.)
\layout Standard
To use any language, papersize, or encoding change you made, click on the
\family sans
OK
\family default
button.
Your new configuration will now be used as long as you are in the current
LyX session.
\layout Subsection
The
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
ptions
\family default
-
\family sans
>
\bar under
K
\bar default
eyboard
\family default
Keymap Configuration
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey}
\end_inset
The
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
ptions
\family default
-
\family sans
>
\bar under
K
\bar default
eyboard
\family default
menu allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U.S.-style keyboard.
You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
which one you want to use.
\layout Standard
Click on the down arrow for
\family sans
Primary
\family default
and choose the language keymap you want by clicking on it.
The name them appears in the
\family sans
Primary
\family default
window.
Do the same in the
\family sans
Secondary
\family default
window for a secondary language if you want one.
You can then select either your primary or secondary keymap in the
\family sans
Mapping
\family default
section of the menu, or select
\family sans
\shape up
No
\protected_separator
key
\protected_separator
mapping
\family default
\shape default
if you do not want to use an alternate keymap.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
\shape up
C
\bar under
h
\bar default
aracter set
\family roman
window allows you to use different character sets if your language uses
more than one.
Greek, for example, uses two, and a Greek user can enter
\family typewriter
iso-8859-7
\family roman
in this window and the appropriate character map (a
\family typewriter
.cdef
\family sans
\family roman
file), if available, is loaded.
\layout Standard
Note that one of the choices for both primary and secondary keymaps is
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
O
\bar default
ther
\family default
\shape default
.
You can use this to select a custom keymap which you've created yourself.
For example, current distributions of LyX provide
\family roman
an
\family typewriter
american-2
\family roman
keymap f
\family default
ile in the
\family typewriter
$LYX_DIR/kbd
\family default
directory.
This keymapping supports some accented characters for other languages in
addition to the U.S.
keymap.
To use the
\family typewriter
american-2
\family default
keymap, select the
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
ptions-
\bar under
K
\bar default
eyboard
\family default
menu, select
\family sans
other
\family default
in t
\family roman
he primary selec
\family default
tion box, enter the name of the k
\family roman
eymap (
\family typewriter
american-2
\family roman
) and cli
\family default
ck on
\family sans
\shape up
OK
\family default
\shape default
.
You should now be able to enter accent characters using the new keymap.
\layout Subsection
Character Tables
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab}
\end_inset
Here is a table with all the characters in the
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
character set.
You should be able to print all these characters directly from the keyboard
without using too many modifier keys (if your keyboard is set up correctly,
that is).
Note that you must set your font encoding in
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout->
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument->
\bar under
E
\bar default
ncoding
\family default
for
\family sans
latin1
\family default
to use this keyset, and for
\family sans
latin2
\family default
to use the
\family typewriter
Latin2
\family default
keyset.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol5
17 17 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 1 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 0 "" ""
8 1 1 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 0 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
0 8 1 1 0 0 0 "" ""
\newline
\size tiny
00
\newline
10
\newline
20
\newline
30
\newline
40
\newline
50
\newline
60
\newline
70
\newline
80
\newline
90
\newline
A0
\newline
B0
\newline
C0
\newline
D0
\newline
E0
\newline
F0
\size default
\newline
\size tiny
00
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
\newline
0
\newline
@
\newline
P
\newline
'
\newline
p
\newline
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
01
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
!
\newline
1
\newline
A
\newline
Q
\newline
a
\newline
q
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
02
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\newline
2
\newline
B
\newline
R
\newline
b
\newline
r
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
03
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
#
\newline
3
\newline
C
\newline
S
\newline
c
\newline
s
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
04
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
$
\newline
4
\newline
D
\newline
T
\newline
d
\newline
t
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
05
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
%
\newline
5
\newline
E
\newline
U
\newline
e
\newline
u
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
06
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
&
\newline
6
\newline
F
\newline
V
\newline
f
\newline
v
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
07
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
`
\newline
7
\newline
G
\newline
W
\newline
g
\newline
w
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
08
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
(
\newline
8
\newline
H
\newline
X
\newline
h
\newline
x
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
09
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
)
\newline
9
\newline
I
\newline
Y
\newline
i
\newline
y
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
0A
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
*
\newline
:
\newline
J
\newline
Z
\newline
j
\newline
z
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
0B
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
+
\newline
;
\newline
K
\newline
[
\newline
k
\newline
{
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
0C
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
,
\newline
<
\newline
L
\newline
\backslash
\newline
l
\newline
|
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
0D
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
-
\newline
=
\newline
M
\newline
]
\newline
m
\newline
}
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
0E
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
.
\newline
>
\newline
N
\newline
^
\newline
n
\newline
~
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
\size tiny
0F
\size default
\newline
\newline
\newline
/
\newline
?
\newline
O
\newline
_
\newline
o
\newline
\newline
\newline
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\newline
�
\layout Standard
There are a few things you need to know about this table.
This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character
s.
That ain't the default.
Nowhere near, in fact.
Here are some of the detail you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
from the
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
character set:
\layout Itemize
The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the
generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar, and the short dash --
are just plain missing in the default encodings.
We don't know where they are or why this is the case.
\layout Itemize
Even if you've selected
\family sans
latin1
\family default
in the
\family sans
Document
\protected_separator
Layout
\family default
popup, users who have only the
\family typewriter
OT1
\family default
-fonts for LaTeX [or who have the
\family typewriter
T1
\family default
-fonts but aren't using them] will still be missing a few characters: D0,
F0, DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and
the french quotes -- won't show up.
\layout Itemize
Users of
\family typewriter
OT1
\family default
-fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they
include the either the package
\family typewriter
umlaute.sty
\family default
or
\family typewriter
german.sty
\family default
in their documents.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself.
The automatic quote feature described in Section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes}
\end_inset
, will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and
packages.
\end_float
\layout Standard
The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
directly.
It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
also the characters from
\family typewriter
ISO8859--2
\family default
through
\family typewriter
4
\family default
.
\layout Itemize
From
\family typewriter
ISO8859--1
\family default
:
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
� � � � � � � � � � � �
\hfill
diaeresis
\layout Standard
^ � � � � � � � � � �
\hfill
circumflex
\layout Standard
` � � � � � � � � � �
\hfill
grave
\layout Standard
� � � � � � � � � � � � �
\hfill
acute
\layout Standard
~ � � � � � �
\hfill
tilde
\layout Standard
���
\hfill
cedilla
\layout Standard
�
\hfill
macron
\begin_float footnote
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
The dead macron in usually not needed, as you will use a non--dead key for
this instead.
For example, S-M-minus, or if
\family typewriter
\shape up
.Xmodmap
\family default
\shape default
is correct, S-M-macron.
\end_float
\layout Itemize
From
\family typewriter
ISO8859--2
\family default
through
\family typewriter
4
\family default
:
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
\i \^{H}
\i \^{J}
\i \^{h}
\i \^{\j}
\i \^{C}
\i \^{G}
\i \^{S}
\i \^{c}
\i \^{g}
\i \^{s}
\hfill
circumflex
\layout Standard
\i \'{S}
\i \'{Z}
\i \'{s}
\i \'{z}
\i \'{R}
\i \'{L}
\i \'{C}
\i \'{N}
\i \'{r}
\i \'{l}
\i \'{c}
\i \'{n}
\hfill
acute
\layout Standard
\i \~{I}
\i \~{\i}
\i \~{U}
\i \~{u}
\hfill
tilde
\layout Standard
\i \c{S}
\i \c{s}
\i \c{T}
\i \c{t}
\i \c{R}
\i \c{L}
\i \c{G}
\i \c{r}
\i \c{l}
\i \c{g}
\i \c{N}
\i \c{K}
\i \c{n}
\i \c{k}
\hfill
cedilla
\begin_float footnote
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just
fine when run through LaTeX and printed.
\end_float
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
\i \={E}
\i \={e}
\i \={A}
\i \={I}
\i \={O}
\i \={U}
\i \={a}
\i \={\i}
\i \={o}
\i \={u}
\hfill
macron
\layout Standard
\i \H{O}
\i \H{U}
\i \H{o}
\i \H{u}
\hfill
hungarian umlaut
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters .
This is also supported in LyX
\family roman
\shape up
, by enabling
\family sans
\bar under
O
\shape default
\bar default
ptions->
\shape up
\bar under
L
\shape default
\bar default
aTeX->Allo
\bar under
w
\bar default
\protected_separator
accents
\protected_separator
on
\protected_separator
ALL
\protected_separator
chars.
\family default
Also make sure you're using the
\family typewriter
T1
\family default
font-encoding and have the package
\family typewriter
umlaute.sty
\family default
with the definition file
\family typewriter
iso.def
\family default
installed.
\layout Subsection
International Spellcheck Support
\layout Standard
LyX uses the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
spelling checker.
You should configure
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
to work with your system if it does not already.
To get the appropriate language dictionary, refer to the
\family typewriter
Where
\family default
file included with the
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
package.
Note that some dictionaries do not support the
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
encoding.
If you have selected
\family sans
\shape up
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout->
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument->
\bar under
E
\bar default
ncoding
\family default
\shape default
as
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
with one of these dictionaries, the spellchecker will not work for some
people.
Refer to section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:spellchecking}
\end_inset
for more details about international spellchecking.
\layout Chapter
LyX and LaTeX
\layout Section
How LyX Uses LaTeX
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxandlatex}
\end_inset
This chapter is for both TeX-nicians and the LaTeX-curious.
In it, we'll explain how LyX and LaTeX work together to produce printable
output.
This is the only place in any of the manuals where we assume you know something
about LaTeX.
\layout Standard
At one time, we called LyX a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
WYSIWYM frontend to LaTeX,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
but that's no longer true.
There are frontends to LaTeX out there.
They are basically editors with the ability to run LaTeX and mark any errors
in the file you're editing.
Although LyX
\emph on
is
\emph default
an editor, and it
\emph on
does
\emph default
run LaTeX, and it also marks errors in the file, it also does much, much
more.
Thanks to the WYSIWYM concept,
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
What You See Is What You Mean
\end_float
you don't need LaTeX to use LyX effectively.
LyX has also added a few extensions to LaTeX.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
The Team did this for parsing/coding reasons.
The new macros allow LyX to more easily produce LaTeX code and ensure that
the resulting code is correct.
Nothing that you, the user, need worry about.
\end_float
Try the following sometime: select
\family sans
Export->as
\protected_separator
LaTeX...
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu, then look at the preamble of the resulting
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file.
You'll notice a variety of new macros defined specifically by LyX.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
A little bit of history: at one time, all of these macros were in a
\family typewriter
lyx.sty
\family default
file.
The Team has since decided that
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
files generated by LyX should be more portable.
So, now the macros are in the preamble.
\end_float
This is all transparent to the user, however.
\layout Standard
There are five commands that automatically invoke LaTeX.
They are:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
View
\protected_separator
\bar under
d
\bar default
vi
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew
\protected_separator
PostScript
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
pdate
\protected_separator
dvi
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Updat
\bar under
e
\bar default
\protected_separator
Postscript
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rint...
\layout Standard
All of these are in the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu.
They will only invoke LaTeX if the file has changed since the last time
LaTeX was run.
\layout Standard
When you run LaTeX on the file you're editing, LyX performs these steps:
\layout Enumerate
Convert the document to LaTeX and save to a file with the extension
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
in place of
\family typewriter
.lyx
\family default
.
\layout Enumerate
Run LaTeX on the
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file (maybe several times).
\layout Enumerate
If there are any errors, mark them in the document.
\layout Standard
If you've run LaTeX using
\family sans
View
\protected_separator
dvi
\family default
, LyX then executes
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
on the Dvi file.
If you've used
\family sans
View
\protected_separator
PostScript
\family default
or
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rint...
\family default
\protected_separator
, LyX performs two more steps:
\layout Itemize
Run
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
to convert the Dvi file to PostScript�:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
For
\family sans
View
\protected_separator
PostScript
\family default
, the output file has the extension
\family typewriter
.ps_tmp
\layout Itemize
For
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rint...
\family default
\protected_separator
, the output file has the extension
\family typewriter
.ps
\family default
, as expected.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
Execute
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
or send the PostScript� file to the printer.
\layout Section
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Help! LyX generated an unreadable
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\layout Standard
Die-hard LaTeX users will scream and howl this into the night, then declare
LyX useless, simply because they didn't RTFM.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
: I know a certain faculty member who actually did complain to me that LyX
doesn't generate LaTeX files.
Ain't it funny how, sometimes, faculty are the worst at reading instructions?
\end_float
\layout Standard
We're going to set the record straight.
LyX produces two kinds of LaTeX files.
One is human readable.
The other is LyX readable.
Every time LyX executes LaTeX, it produces a LaTeX file that it can easily
scan for errors.
The resulting
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file is not human readable.
Don't even try to read it.
If you want a
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file that you can send to a colleague, select
\family sans
Export->as
\protected_separator
LaTeX...
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu.
\layout Standard
We'll say that again, specially separated for the particularly clue-impaired:
\layout Quote
\added_space_top 0.23cm \added_space_bottom 0.23cm
If you want a
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file that you can send to a colleague, select
\family sans
Export->as
\protected_separator
LaTeX...
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu.
\layout Section
Translating LaTeX files into LyX
\layout Standard
You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile->Import->LaTeX
\family default
command in LyX.
This will call a Perl script call
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
---which will create a file
\family typewriter
foo.lyx
\family default
from the file
\family typewriter
foo.tex
\family default
---and then open that file.
If the translation doesn't work, you can try calling
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
from the command line
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
When LyX is installed, a separate executable called
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
will be placed in the same folder as the
\family typewriter
lyx
\family default
executable (e.g.,
\family typewriter
/usr/local/bin/reLyX
\family default
).
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
requires Perl (version 5.002 as of this writing).
\end_float
, possibly using fancier options.
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
will translate most legal LaTeX, but not everything.
It will leave things it doesn't understand in TeX mode, so after translating
a file with
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
, you can look for red text and hand-edit it to look right.
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
has its own manpage, which you should read to find out about what LaTeX
isn't supported, bugs (and how to get around them), and how to use the
various options.
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
is relatively new, and still under development.
The bad news is, there are still bugs and some missing features.
The good news is that these may have been fixed by the time you read this.
New versions of
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
(which can be installed without reinstalling LyX) will be made available
at the developers' web site
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
http://www.devel.lyx.org
\end_float
as they are written.
\layout Standard
If you can't get
\family typewriter
reLyX
\family default
to work, or you just want to put a piece of LaTeX code into a LyX file,
see Section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexcodes}
\end_inset
.
\layout Section
Inserting LaTeX Code into LyX Documents
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:latexcodes}
\end_inset
This is a rather important point: You can always insert LaTeX code into
any LyX document.
LyX simply cannot, and will probably never be able to, display every possible
LaTeX construction.
If ever you need to insert LaTeX commands into your LyX document, you have
two options:
\layout Description
Inline: Mark a block of text as LaTeX anywhere, anytime.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
There are three ways to access this command:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Menu:
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout->
\bar under
T
\bar default
eX
\protected_separator
Style
\layout Itemize
Toolbar Button: The button with the red word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
TeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
on it.
\layout Itemize
Keybinding:
\family sans
M-c
\protected_separator
t
\layout Standard
It works just like a character style.
You can toggle TeX Style on or off.
When on, everything you type will be in TeX mode.
You can also select a block of text and [for example] hit the TeX button
to mark it as TeX code.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
Best used for brief or small bits of LaTeX code.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
We've already encountered some of the uses of TeX Style in sections
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:abbrev}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ligatures}
\end_inset
.
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Description
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
\protected_separator
Environment: We've already encountered this one, too, in section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:LaTeXlayout}
\end_inset
.
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
The
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
paragraph environment is for large blocks of LaTeX code.
Using it is pretty simple if you follow a guideline or two:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Break lines using
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
A plain
\family sans
Return
\family default
will reset the paragraph environment to
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
\layout Itemize
Don't begin lines with a
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
LyX has a bug that gags on such lines.
[I know, that means you can't indent your LaTeX code to make it look pretty.]
\layout Itemize
You
\emph on
CAN
\emph default
nest the
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
environment inside of others.
For example, suppose you wanted to do the following:
\begin_deeper
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
begin{itemize}
\newline
\backslash
item .....
\newline
.
\newline
.
\newline
.
\newline
%Your LaTeX Code to do something
\newline
%
\newline
.
\newline
.
\newline
.
\newline
\backslash
end{itemize}
\layout Standard
You can just nest a
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
environment inside of an
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
environment to achieve the same thing.
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
Here's an example of code in the
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
paragraph environment.
The code looks like this:
\begin_deeper
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
begin{tabular}{ll}
\newline
\backslash
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline
This is an example for a minipage environment.
You
\newline
can put nearly everything in it, even (non-floating)
\newline
figures and tables.
\newline
\backslash
end{minipage}
\newline
&
\newline
\backslash
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline
\backslash
begin{verbatim}
\newline
\backslash
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline
This ...
\newline
\backslash
end{minipage}
\newline
\backslash
end{verbatim}
\newline
\backslash
end{minipage}
\newline
\backslash
end{tabular}
\layout Standard
What follows is the
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
environment proper.
Those of you reading the manual online will only see a bunch of funky text
in red.
Those reading a printed version of the manuals will see the actual results:
\layout LaTeX
\backslash
begin{tabular}{ll}
\newline
\backslash
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline
This is an example for a minipage environment.
You can put nearly everything in it, even (non-floating) figures and tables.
\newline
\backslash
end{minipage}
\newline
&
\newline
\backslash
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline
\backslash
begin{verbatim}
\newline
\backslash
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline
This ...
\newline
\backslash
end{minipage}
\newline
\backslash
end{verbatim}
\newline
\backslash
end{minipage}
\newline
\backslash
end{tabular}
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
In addition to these two methods, you can also create a separate file containing
some complex LaTeX structure.
You can then use either the
\family sans
TeX
\protected_separator
Style
\family default
or the
\family sans
LaTeX
\family default
paragraph environment to put the LaTeX command
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
\backslash
input{myfile}
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
into your document.
LaTeX will then include the file
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
myfile.tex
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[note the addition of the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
suffix] into your document.
We recommend that you only do this if you have a
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file which you
\emph on
know
\emph default
works already.
Otherwise, you'll have a big job tracking down LaTeX errors\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\layout Standard
There are a few last notes to emphasize:
\layout Itemize
Inside of LyX, LaTeX code appears
\emph on
in red.
\layout Itemize
LyX
\emph on
does not
\emph default
check if your LaTeX code is correct.
\layout Itemize
Beware reinventing the wheel.
\layout Standard
That last note refers to two things.
First, LyX does have quite a few features tucked into it, and more are
coming.
Be sure to check the manuals to make sure that LyX doesn't have such-and-such
feature before you go off merrily coding LaTeX.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
: I seem to do this an awful lot.
Sat down and merrily began coding something to print out labels, only to
learn that there were already 2 different LaTeX packages to do this.
Worse yet - I had them already!
\end_float
Second, there are numerous LaTeX packages out there to do all sorts of
things, from labels to envelopes to fancy multipage tables.
Check out a CTAN site for details.
\layout Standard
If you do need to do some wild and fancy things within your document, be
sure to check out a good LaTeX book for assistance.
There are a number of them listed in the bibliography of this manual.
\layout Standard
There are a number of LaTeX commands which have to be placed before the
beginning of the actual text.
They go into the preamble, and this is explained in the next section.
\layout Section
LyX and the LaTeX Preamble
\layout Subsection
About the LaTeX Preamble
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:preamble}
\end_inset
If you already know LaTeX, there is no need to explain here what the preamble
is good for.
If you don't, the following will give you some ideas --- we recommend again
that you consult a LaTeX book for further information.
In any case, you should read the points below, because they explain what
you can do and what you don't need to do in the LaTeX preamble of a LyX
document.
\layout Standard
The LaTeX preamble comes at the very beginning of a document,
\emph on
before
\emph default
the text.
It serves to:
\layout Itemize
declare the document class.
LyX already does this for you.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
If you're a seasoned LaTeX-nicians, and you have some custom document class
you want to use, check out the
\emph on
Customization Manual
\emph default
for info how to make LyX interface to it.
Be sure to submit your efforts to the LyX Team for inclusion in future
versions!
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
declare the usage of packages.
LaTeX packages provide special commands, which are only available within
a document when the package has been declared in the preamble.
For example, the
\family typewriter
\family default
package
\family typewriter
indentfirst
\family default
forces all paragraphs to be indented.
There are other packages for labels, envelopes, margins, etc.
\layout Itemize
set counters, variables, lengths and widths.
There are several LaTeX counters and variables which
\emph on
must
\emph default
be set globally from within the preamble in order to have the desired effect.
[There are other variables which you can set and reset inside the document,
too.] Margins are a good example of something which must be set in the preamble.
Another example is the label format for lists.
You can actually set these just about anywhere, but it's best to do it
just once, inside the preamble.
\layout Itemize
declare user defined commands [with
\family typewriter
\backslash
newcommand
\family default
or
\family typewriter
\backslash
renewcommand
\family default
], mostly abbreviations for LaTeX commands which appear very often inside
a document.
Although the preamble is a good place to declare such commands, they
\emph on
can
\emph default
be declared anywhere else [but
\emph on
before
\emph default
they are used for the first time, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{}
].
This can be useful if there is a lot of raw LaTeX code in your document,
which normally should not be the case.
\layout Standard
LyX adds its own set of definitions to the preamble of the
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
file it produces.
This makes LaTeX files generated by LyX portable.
\layout Subsection
Changing the Preamble
\layout Standard
The commands which LyX adds to the preamble of a LaTeX file are fixed; you
can't change them without patching LyX itself.
You can, however, add your own stuff to the preamble.
There are two ways to do this:
\layout Enumerate
Select
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
aTeX
\protected_separator
preamble
\family default
from the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu.
This opens an editing popup in which you can put your favorite commands.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
The editing behavior of this popup is toolkit-dependent, so don't expect
the LyX keybindings to work in it.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Set this in your default template (see
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:setup}
\end_inset
), so that it will be the default preamble for any file you create.
\layout Standard
LyX adds anything in the
\family sans
LaTeX
\protected_separator
preamble
\family default
popup to its own built-in preamble.
Before adding your own declarations in the preamble, you should make sure
that LyX doesn't already support what you want to do [remember what we
said about reinventing the wheel?].
Also
\emph on
make sure your preamble code is correct
\emph default
.
LyX doesn't check it.
\layout Subsection
Examples
\layout Standard
Here are some examples of what you can add to a preamble, and what they
do:
\layout Subsubsection
Example #1: Offsets
\layout Standard
There are two variables under LaTeX that control page position:
\family typewriter
\backslash
hoffset
\family default
and
\family typewriter
\backslash
voffset
\family default
.
Their names should be self-explanatory.
These variables are useful if you think for a moment about computer labels.
Sometimes, the size of a print medium and the area of the medium that you
can actually print on aren't the same.
This is where
\family typewriter
\backslash
hoffset
\family default
and
\family typewriter
\backslash
voffset
\family default
come in.
\layout Standard
The default values for
\family typewriter
\backslash
hoffset
\family default
and
\family typewriter
\backslash
voffset
\family default
are both 0 pt.,
\protected_separator
i.
\protected_separator
e.
\protected_separator
the page isn't shifted.
\layout Standard
Unfortunately, some DVI drivers always seem to shift the page.
We have no idea why, or why the sysadmin hasn't fixed such behavior.
If you're using LyX on a system that you don't personally maintain, and
your sysadmin is a doofus,
\family typewriter
\backslash
hoffset
\family default
and
\family typewriter
\backslash
voffset
\family default
can save the day.
Suppose you're left and top margins are always 0.5 inches too big.
You can add this to the preamble:
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
hoffset}{-0.5 in}
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
voffset}{-0.5 in}
\layout Standard
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
and your margins should now be correct.
\layout Subsubsection
Example #2: Labels
\layout Standard
Speaking of labels, suppose you wanted to print out a bunch of address labels.
There's a rather nice package, available at your nearest CTAN archive,
for printing sheets of labels, called
\family typewriter
labels.sty
\family default
.
Now, your system may not have this package installed by default.
We leave that up to you to check.
You'll also want to read the documentation for it; we're not going to do
that for you.
Since this is an example, however, we'll give you an example of how you
use this package.
\layout Standard
First, make sure you're using the
\family sans
article
\family default
document class.
Next, you need to put the following in your preamble:
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
usepackage{labels}
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
LabelCols=3
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
LabelRows=7
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
LeftBorder=8mm
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
RightBorder=8mm
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
TopBorder=9mm
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
BottomBorder=2mm
\layout Standard
This sets things up for Avery� label sheets, stock #5360.
You're now ready to print labels, but you'll need to insert LaTeX code,
placing the commands
\family typewriter
\backslash
begin{labels}
\family default
and
\family typewriter
\backslash
end{labels}
\family default
around each label text.
This and other special features of
\family typewriter
labels.sty
\family default
are explained in its documentation.
\layout Standard
Someday, someone may write a LyX layout file to support this package directly.
Maybe that someone is you.
\layout Subsubsection
Example #3: Paragraph Indentation
\layout Standard
Americans are trained to indent the first line of
\emph on
every
\emph default
paragraph.
As with all of their other weird quirks, most Americans will whine and
moan until they can have their way and indent the first line of all paragraphs.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
: This was written by an American ---
\emph on
me
\emph default
! It's my perception of my fellow countrymen.
Tough if you don't like it.
Thpbpbpbpbpbpbpbp!
\end_float
\layout Standard
Of course, this behavior isn't standard typography.
In books, you typically only indent the first line of a paragraph
\emph on
if
\emph default
it follows another one.
The idea behind indenting the first line of a paragraph is to distinguish
neighboring paragraphs from one another.
If there is no previous paragraph, for example, it follows a figure, or
is the first paragraph in a section, then there is no special indentation.
\layout Standard
If you're a typical American, though, you don't care about such esoteric
things; you want your indentation! Add this to the preamble:
\layout LyX-Code
\backslash
usepackage{indentfirst}
\layout Standard
If your TeX distribution isn't a braindead one, you'll have this package,
and all of your paragraphs will get the indentation you think they deserve.
\layout Subsubsection
Example #4: This Document
\layout Standard
You can also check out the preamble of this document to get an idea of some
of the advanced things you can do.
You'll probably need to make the
\family sans
LaTeX
\protected_separator
preamble
\family default
popup full-screen to see most of it.
Also, there are more examples and an assortment of LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
dirty tricks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
given in the
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
manual.
\layout Section
LyX and LaTeX Errors
\layout Standard
When LyX calls LaTeX, it tells LaTeX to blithely ignore any errors and keep
going.
It then uses the log-file from the LaTeX run to do a post-mortem.
As we stated earlier in the chapter, LyX generates two kinds of
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
files, one of which it uses to locate errors in the document.
If there was an error someplace, LyX will put a box with the word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Error
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
at the appropriate place in the document.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
LyX will occasionally misguess where the error was.
This will typically happen with tables, figures, math, and the preamble.
\end_float
It will also display a message popup alerting you to the fact that there
were errors.
\layout Standard
You can navigate through the errors by using
\family sans
Go
\protected_separator
to
\protected_separator
\bar under
E
\bar default
rror
\family default
in the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
menu.
You can
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
open
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the error-boxes and view the error message LaTeX produced by clicking on
it.
\layout Standard
Some folks also like to look at the log file directly, accessible from
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit->
\bar under
V
\bar default
iew LaTeX log file
\family default
.
There are some fairly common error messages an warnings.
We'll cover those here.
You should look at a good LaTeX book for a complete listing.
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
LaTeX Warning:
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Anything beginning with these word is a warning message for the purpose
of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
debugging
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
the LaTeX code itself.
You'll get messages like this if you added or changed cross-references
or bibliography entries, in which case, LaTeX is trying to tell you that
you need to make another run.
\layout Standard
You can by-and-large ignore these.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
LaTeX Font Warning:
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Another warning message, this time about fonts which LaTeX couldn't find.
The rest of the message will often say something about a replacement font
that LaTeX used.
\layout Standard
You can safely ignore these.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Overfull
\backslash
hbox
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
LaTeX absolutely
\emph on
loves
\emph default
to spew these out.
They are warning you about lines that were too long and run past the right
margin.
Almost always, this is unnoticeable in the final output.
Or, only one or two characters extend past the margin.
LaTeX seems to generate at least one of these messages for just about any
document you write.
\layout Standard
You can ignore these stupid messages.
Your eyes will tell you if there's a problem with something that's too
wide; just look at the output.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Underfull
\backslash
hbox
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Not quite as common as its cousin.
LaTeX seems to like to print lines that are a bit too wide as opposed to
ones that are a bit too narrow.
We have no idea why.
\layout Standard
You can ignore these, too.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Overfull
\backslash
vbox
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Underfull
\backslash
vbox
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Warnings about troubles breaking the page.
Once again, just look at the output.
Your eyes will tell you where something has gone wrong.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
LaTeX Error: File
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset
Xxxx
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset
not found
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
The file
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Xxxx
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
isn't installed on this system.
This usually appears because some package your document needs isn't installed.
If you didn't touch the preamble or didn't use the
\family typewriter
\backslash
usepackage{}
\family default
command, then one of the packages LyX tried to load is missing.
Use
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp->L
\bar under
a
\bar default
TeX Configuration
\family default
, to get a list of packages that LyX knows about.
This file is updated whenever you reconfigure LyX (using
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
ption->
\bar under
R
\bar default
econfigure
\family default
) and tells you which packages have been detected and what they do.
\layout Standard
If you
\emph on
did
\emph default
use the
\family typewriter
\backslash
usepackage{}
\family default
command, and the package in question isn't installed, you'll need to install
it yourself.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
LaTeX Error: Unknown option
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Error messages beginning with this are trying to tell you that you specified
a bad or undefined option to a package.
Check the package's documentation.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Undefined control sequence
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
If you've inserted LaTeX code into your document, but made a typo, you'll
get one of these.
You may have forgotten to load a package.
In any case, this error message usually means that you used an undefined
command.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
There are other error and warning messages.
Some are self-explanatory.
These are usually LaTeX messages.
Others are downright cryptic.
These are actually TeX error messages, and we really have
\emph on
no clue
\emph default
what they mean or how to decipher them.
\layout Standard
There's a general sequence you should follow if you get error messages:
\layout Enumerate
Look at the LaTeX code you inserted for typos.
\layout Enumerate
If there are no typos, check and see that you used the command(s) correctly.
\layout Enumerate
If you get a bunch of error boxes piled up at the very top of the document,
it means that there are errors in the preamble.
Start debugging your preamble.
\layout Enumerate
If you didn't add anything to the preamble and didn't add any LaTeX code
to the document, the first suspect is your LaTeX distribution itself.
Check for missing packages and install them.
\layout Enumerate
Okay, so there are no missing packages.
Did you use any of the fine-tuning options in LyX? Specifically, did you
\emph on
misuse
\emph default
any of them, like trying to manually insert lots of
\family sans
Protected
\protected_separator
Blank
\family default
s,
\family sans
Linebreak
\family default
s, or
\family sans
Pagebreak
\family default
s? Did you try to kludge something together with these instead of using
the appropriate paragraph environment?
\layout Enumerate
All right, you didn't use any of the fine-tuning options, you played by
the rules.
Did you try to pull a fancy maneuver? Did you do something funky inside
a table or an equation, like inserting a graphic into a table cell?
\layout Enumerate
Did you go overboard with the nesting? LyX [currently] doesn't check to
make sure you're in the limits for nesting environments.
If you nested a bunch of environments to the
\begin_inset Formula \( 17^{\mathrm{th}} \)
\end_inset
level, that's the problem.
\layout Enumerate
Okay, you didn't get any error messages, but your output looks whacked.
If you have a table or figure that's too wide or long for the page, you
need to:
\begin_deeper
\layout Enumerate
rescale the figure so it fits.
\layout Enumerate
trim down the table so it fits.
\layout Standard
If something else is wrong with the output, and you didn't try to pull anything
fancy or kludge the fine-tuning options, we're not sure what's wrong.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
If all this doesn't help --- well, then
\emph on
perhaps
\emph default
you might have found a bug in LyX\SpecialChar \ldots{}
\layout Chapter
Credits
\layout Standard
The documentation is something of an exercise in stone-soup.
There are lots of hands that have contributed something to the pot.
\layout Standard
First, we need to give due credit to those who came before us.
They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built, and some continue
to provide information:
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default
wrote the original documentation, from which this manual is built, as well
as the introduction to this manual [or the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LyX Manifesto,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as some of us call it].
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Lars Gullik Bj�nnes
\noun default
wrote several minidocs, including some of the information about international
support in LyX.
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Ivan Schreter
\noun default
also wrote a minidoc about international support, specifically about internatio
nal keyboard maps and customization.
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Pascal Andr�
\noun default
originally documented the LinuxDoc SGML interface.
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
\noun default
originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions
in
\family typewriter
Reference.lyx
\layout Itemize
Special thanks to the LyX Team
\protected_separator
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit}
\end_inset
for help and answers to questions.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Next, it's time to give credit to the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LyX Documentation Team,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form
it had after ver.
0.10:
\layout Itemize
\noun on
David Johnson
\noun default
:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Contributor to the FAQ and the old
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
HowDoI-.lyx
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[now defunct].
\layout Itemize
General editing assistance.
\layout Itemize
Documentation of:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
math mode
\layout Itemize
tables
\layout Itemize
spellchecking
\layout Standard
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Rich Fields
\noun default
:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Primary contributor to
\family typewriter
Reference.lyx
\layout Itemize
Documentation of the basic LyX interface in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Paul Evans
\noun default
:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Maintainer of the FAQ and the old
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
HowDoI-.lyx
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[now defunct].
\layout Itemize
Documentation of LinuxDoc in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Paul Russel:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Documentation of figures and imported graphics in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\noun on
John Raithel
\noun default
:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Documentation of internationalization features in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Robin Socha:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Documentation of:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
footnotes
\layout Itemize
margin notes
\layout Itemize
table of contents
\layout Itemize
cross-references
\layout Standard
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Amir Karger
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Primary contributor to
\family typewriter
Tutorial.lyx
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\noun on
Matthias Zenker:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Documentation of
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
manual fine-tuning
\layout Itemize
using LaTeX from within LyX
\layout Standard
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
General organization and format of the documents.
\layout Itemize
Documentation of :
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
LyX setup
\layout Itemize
paragraph environments, document layout, nesting, typography notes, fonts
\layout Standard
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
with some minor changes to
\noun on
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default
's introduction section in
\family typewriter
UserGuide.lyx
\family default
.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
Also responsible for Introduction in
\family typewriter
Tutorial.lyx
\layout Itemize
Editor of the documents.
[from 6/96-fall 1997]
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
After fall of 1997, the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the
documentation.
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {lyxcredit}
The LyX source tree.
File: CREDITS.
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {latexbook}
Leslie Lamport.
\emph on
LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.
\emph default
Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {latexcompanion}
Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin:
\emph on
The
\latex latex
\latex default
LaTeX Companion.
\emph default
Addison-Wesley, 1994
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {latexguide}
A Guide to LaTeX2e, Kopka and Daly.
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {texbook}
Donald E.
Knuth.
\emph on
The TeXbook
\the_end