/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* gistbuild . c
* build algorithm for GiST indexes implementation .
*
* There are two different strategies :
*
* 1 . Sort all input tuples , pack them into GiST leaf pages in the sorted
* order , and create downlinks and internal pages as we go . This builds
* the index from the bottom up , similar to how B - tree index build
* works .
*
* 2 . Start with an empty index , and insert all tuples one by one .
*
* The sorted method is used if the operator classes for all columns have
* a ' sortsupport ' defined . Otherwise , we resort to the second strategy .
*
* The second strategy can optionally use buffers at different levels of
* the tree to reduce I / O , see " Buffering build algorithm " in the README
* for a more detailed explanation . It initially calls insert over and
* over , but switches to the buffered algorithm after a certain number of
* tuples ( unless buffering mode is disabled ) .
*
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / access / gist / gistbuild . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include <math.h>
#include "access/genam.h"
#include "access/gist_private.h"
#include "access/tableam.h"
#include "access/xloginsert.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/execnodes.h"
#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/bulk_write.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/tuplesort.h"
/* Step of index tuples for check whether to switch to buffering build mode */
#define BUFFERING_MODE_SWITCH_CHECK_STEP 256
/*
* Number of tuples to process in the slow way before switching to buffering
* mode , when buffering is explicitly turned on . Also , the number of tuples
* to process between readjusting the buffer size parameter , while in
* buffering mode .
*/
#define BUFFERING_MODE_TUPLE_SIZE_STATS_TARGET 4096
/*
* Strategy used to build the index . It can change between the
* GIST_BUFFERING_ * modes on the fly , but if the Sorted method is used ,
* that needs to be decided up - front and cannot be changed afterwards .
*/
typedef enum
{
GIST_SORTED_BUILD, /* bottom-up build by sorting */
GIST_BUFFERING_DISABLED, /* in regular build mode and aren't going to
* switch */
GIST_BUFFERING_AUTO, /* in regular build mode, but will switch to
* buffering build mode if the index grows too
* big */
GIST_BUFFERING_STATS, /* gathering statistics of index tuple size
* before switching to the buffering build
* mode */
GIST_BUFFERING_ACTIVE, /* in buffering build mode */
} GistBuildMode;
/* Working state for gistbuild and its callback */
typedef struct
{
Relation indexrel;
Relation heaprel;
GISTSTATE *giststate;
Size freespace; /* amount of free space to leave on pages */
GistBuildMode buildMode;
int64 indtuples; /* number of tuples indexed */
/*
* Extra data structures used during a buffering build . ' gfbb ' contains
* information related to managing the build buffers . ' parentMap ' is a
* lookup table of the parent of each internal page .
*/
int64 indtuplesSize; /* total size of all indexed tuples */
GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb;
HTAB *parentMap;
/*
* Extra data structures used during a sorting build .
*/
Tuplesortstate *sortstate; /* state data for tuplesort.c */
BlockNumber pages_allocated;
BulkWriteState *bulkstate;
} GISTBuildState;
#define GIST_SORTED_BUILD_PAGE_NUM 4
/*
* In sorted build , we use a stack of these structs , one for each level ,
* to hold an in - memory buffer of last pages at the level .
*
* Sorting GiST build requires good linearization of the sort opclass . This is
* not always the case in multidimensional data . To tackle the anomalies , we
* buffer index tuples and apply picksplit that can be multidimension - aware .
*/
typedef struct GistSortedBuildLevelState
{
int current_page;
BlockNumber last_blkno;
struct GistSortedBuildLevelState *parent; /* Upper level, if any */
Page pages[GIST_SORTED_BUILD_PAGE_NUM];
} GistSortedBuildLevelState;
/* prototypes for private functions */
static void gistSortedBuildCallback(Relation index, ItemPointer tid,
Datum *values, bool *isnull,
bool tupleIsAlive, void *state);
static void gist_indexsortbuild(GISTBuildState *state);
static void gist_indexsortbuild_levelstate_add(GISTBuildState *state,
GistSortedBuildLevelState *levelstate,
IndexTuple itup);
static void gist_indexsortbuild_levelstate_flush(GISTBuildState *state,
GistSortedBuildLevelState *levelstate);
static void gistInitBuffering(GISTBuildState *buildstate);
static int calculatePagesPerBuffer(GISTBuildState *buildstate, int levelStep);
static void gistBuildCallback(Relation index,
ItemPointer tid,
Datum *values,
bool *isnull,
bool tupleIsAlive,
void *state);
static void gistBufferingBuildInsert(GISTBuildState *buildstate,
IndexTuple itup);
static bool gistProcessItup(GISTBuildState *buildstate, IndexTuple itup,
BlockNumber startblkno, int startlevel);
static BlockNumber gistbufferinginserttuples(GISTBuildState *buildstate,
Buffer buffer, int level,
IndexTuple *itup, int ntup, OffsetNumber oldoffnum,
BlockNumber parentblk, OffsetNumber downlinkoffnum);
static Buffer gistBufferingFindCorrectParent(GISTBuildState *buildstate,
BlockNumber childblkno, int level,
BlockNumber *parentblkno,
OffsetNumber *downlinkoffnum);
static void gistProcessEmptyingQueue(GISTBuildState *buildstate);
static void gistEmptyAllBuffers(GISTBuildState *buildstate);
static int gistGetMaxLevel(Relation index);
static void gistInitParentMap(GISTBuildState *buildstate);
static void gistMemorizeParent(GISTBuildState *buildstate, BlockNumber child,
BlockNumber parent);
static void gistMemorizeAllDownlinks(GISTBuildState *buildstate,
Buffer parentbuf);
static BlockNumber gistGetParent(GISTBuildState *buildstate, BlockNumber child);
/*
* Main entry point to GiST index build .
*/
IndexBuildResult *
gistbuild(Relation heap, Relation index, IndexInfo *indexInfo)
{
IndexBuildResult *result;
double reltuples;
GISTBuildState buildstate;
MemoryContext oldcxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
int fillfactor;
Oid SortSupportFnOids[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
GiSTOptions *options = (GiSTOptions *) index->rd_options;
/*
* We expect to be called exactly once for any index relation . If that ' s
* not the case , big trouble ' s what we have .
*/
if (RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(index) != 0 )
elog(ERROR, "index \" %s\" already contains data" ,
RelationGetRelationName(index));
buildstate.indexrel = index;
buildstate.heaprel = heap;
buildstate.sortstate = NULL;
buildstate.giststate = initGISTstate(index);
/*
* Create a temporary memory context that is reset once for each tuple
* processed . ( Note : we don ' t bother to make this a child of the
* giststate ' s scanCxt , so we have to delete it separately at the end . )
*/
buildstate.giststate->tempCxt = createTempGistContext();
/*
* Choose build strategy . First check whether the user specified to use
* buffering mode . ( The use - case for that in the field is somewhat
* questionable perhaps , but it ' s important for testing purposes . )
*/
if (options)
{
if (options->buffering_mode == GIST_OPTION_BUFFERING_ON)
buildstate.buildMode = GIST_BUFFERING_STATS;
else if (options->buffering_mode == GIST_OPTION_BUFFERING_OFF)
buildstate.buildMode = GIST_BUFFERING_DISABLED;
else /* must be "auto" */
buildstate.buildMode = GIST_BUFFERING_AUTO;
}
else
{
buildstate.buildMode = GIST_BUFFERING_AUTO;
}
/*
* Unless buffering mode was forced , see if we can use sorting instead .
*/
if (buildstate.buildMode != GIST_BUFFERING_STATS)
{
bool hasallsortsupports = true ;
int keyscount = IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(index);
for (int i = 0 ; i < keyscount; i++)
{
SortSupportFnOids[i] = index_getprocid(index, i + 1 ,
GIST_SORTSUPPORT_PROC);
if (!OidIsValid(SortSupportFnOids[i]))
{
hasallsortsupports = false ;
break ;
}
}
if (hasallsortsupports)
buildstate.buildMode = GIST_SORTED_BUILD;
}
/*
* Calculate target amount of free space to leave on pages .
*/
fillfactor = options ? options->fillfactor : GIST_DEFAULT_FILLFACTOR;
buildstate.freespace = BLCKSZ * (100 - fillfactor) / 100 ;
/*
* Build the index using the chosen strategy .
*/
buildstate.indtuples = 0 ;
buildstate.indtuplesSize = 0 ;
if (buildstate.buildMode == GIST_SORTED_BUILD)
{
/*
* Sort all data , build the index from bottom up .
*/
buildstate.sortstate = tuplesort_begin_index_gist(heap,
index,
maintenance_work_mem,
NULL,
TUPLESORT_NONE);
/* Scan the table, adding all tuples to the tuplesort */
reltuples = table_index_build_scan(heap, index, indexInfo, true , true ,
gistSortedBuildCallback,
&buildstate, NULL);
/*
* Perform the sort and build index pages .
*/
tuplesort_performsort(buildstate.sortstate);
gist_indexsortbuild(&buildstate);
tuplesort_end(buildstate.sortstate);
}
else
{
/*
* Initialize an empty index and insert all tuples , possibly using
* buffers on intermediate levels .
*/
Buffer buffer;
Page page;
/* initialize the root page */
buffer = gistNewBuffer(index, heap);
Assert(BufferGetBlockNumber(buffer) == GIST_ROOT_BLKNO);
page = BufferGetPage(buffer);
START_CRIT_SECTION();
GISTInitBuffer(buffer, F_LEAF);
MarkBufferDirty(buffer);
PageSetLSN(page, GistBuildLSN);
UnlockReleaseBuffer(buffer);
END_CRIT_SECTION();
/* Scan the table, inserting all the tuples to the index. */
reltuples = table_index_build_scan(heap, index, indexInfo, true , true ,
gistBuildCallback,
&buildstate, NULL);
/*
* If buffering was used , flush out all the tuples that are still in
* the buffers .
*/
if (buildstate.buildMode == GIST_BUFFERING_ACTIVE)
{
elog(DEBUG1, "all tuples processed, emptying buffers" );
gistEmptyAllBuffers(&buildstate);
gistFreeBuildBuffers(buildstate.gfbb);
}
/*
* We didn ' t write WAL records as we built the index , so if
* WAL - logging is required , write all pages to the WAL now .
*/
if (RelationNeedsWAL(index))
{
log_newpage_range(index, MAIN_FORKNUM,
0 , RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(index),
true );
}
}
/* okay, all heap tuples are indexed */
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
MemoryContextDelete(buildstate.giststate->tempCxt);
freeGISTstate(buildstate.giststate);
/*
* Return statistics
*/
result = (IndexBuildResult *) palloc(sizeof (IndexBuildResult));
result->heap_tuples = reltuples;
result->index_tuples = (double ) buildstate.indtuples;
return result;
}
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Routines for sorted build
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
/*
* Per - tuple callback for table_index_build_scan .
*/
static void
gistSortedBuildCallback(Relation index,
ItemPointer tid,
Datum *values,
bool *isnull,
bool tupleIsAlive,
void *state)
{
GISTBuildState *buildstate = (GISTBuildState *) state;
MemoryContext oldCtx;
Datum compressed_values[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(buildstate->giststate->tempCxt);
/* Form an index tuple and point it at the heap tuple */
gistCompressValues(buildstate->giststate, index,
values, isnull,
true , compressed_values);
tuplesort_putindextuplevalues(buildstate->sortstate,
buildstate->indexrel,
tid,
compressed_values, isnull);
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
MemoryContextReset(buildstate->giststate->tempCxt);
/* Update tuple count. */
buildstate->indtuples += 1 ;
}
/*
* Build GiST index from bottom up from pre - sorted tuples .
*/
static void
gist_indexsortbuild(GISTBuildState *state)
{
IndexTuple itup;
GistSortedBuildLevelState *levelstate;
BulkWriteBuffer rootbuf;
/* Reserve block 0 for the root page */
state->pages_allocated = 1 ;
state->bulkstate = smgr_bulk_start_rel(state->indexrel, MAIN_FORKNUM);
/* Allocate a temporary buffer for the first leaf page batch. */
levelstate = palloc0(sizeof (GistSortedBuildLevelState));
levelstate->pages[0 ] = palloc(BLCKSZ);
levelstate->parent = NULL;
gistinitpage(levelstate->pages[0 ], F_LEAF);
/*
* Fill index pages with tuples in the sorted order .
*/
while ((itup = tuplesort_getindextuple(state->sortstate, true )) != NULL)
{
gist_indexsortbuild_levelstate_add(state, levelstate, itup);
MemoryContextReset(state->giststate->tempCxt);
}
/*
* Write out the partially full non - root pages .
*
* Keep in mind that flush can build a new root . If number of pages is > 1
* then new root is required .
*/
while (levelstate->parent != NULL || levelstate->current_page != 0 )
{
GistSortedBuildLevelState *parent;
gist_indexsortbuild_levelstate_flush(state, levelstate);
parent = levelstate->parent;
for (int i = 0 ; i < GIST_SORTED_BUILD_PAGE_NUM; i++)
if (levelstate->pages[i])
pfree(levelstate->pages[i]);
pfree(levelstate);
levelstate = parent;
}
/* Write out the root */
PageSetLSN(levelstate->pages[0 ], GistBuildLSN);
rootbuf = smgr_bulk_get_buf(state->bulkstate);
memcpy(rootbuf, levelstate->pages[0 ], BLCKSZ);
smgr_bulk_write(state->bulkstate, GIST_ROOT_BLKNO, rootbuf, true );
pfree(levelstate);
smgr_bulk_finish(state->bulkstate);
}
/*
* Add tuple to a page . If the pages are full , write them out and re - initialize
* a new page first .
*/
static void
gist_indexsortbuild_levelstate_add(GISTBuildState *state,
GistSortedBuildLevelState *levelstate,
IndexTuple itup)
{
Size sizeNeeded;
/* Check if tuple can be added to the current page */
sizeNeeded = IndexTupleSize(itup) + sizeof (ItemIdData); /* fillfactor ignored */
if (PageGetFreeSpace(levelstate->pages[levelstate->current_page]) < sizeNeeded)
{
Page newPage;
Page old_page = levelstate->pages[levelstate->current_page];
uint16 old_page_flags = GistPageGetOpaque(old_page)->flags;
if (levelstate->current_page + 1 == GIST_SORTED_BUILD_PAGE_NUM)
{
gist_indexsortbuild_levelstate_flush(state, levelstate);
}
else
levelstate->current_page++;
if (levelstate->pages[levelstate->current_page] == NULL)
levelstate->pages[levelstate->current_page] = palloc0(BLCKSZ);
newPage = levelstate->pages[levelstate->current_page];
gistinitpage(newPage, old_page_flags);
}
gistfillbuffer(levelstate->pages[levelstate->current_page], &itup, 1 , InvalidOffsetNumber);
}
static void
gist_indexsortbuild_levelstate_flush(GISTBuildState *state,
GistSortedBuildLevelState *levelstate)
{
GistSortedBuildLevelState *parent;
BlockNumber blkno;
MemoryContext oldCtx;
IndexTuple union_tuple;
SplitPageLayout *dist;
IndexTuple *itvec;
int vect_len;
bool isleaf = GistPageIsLeaf(levelstate->pages[0 ]);
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(state->giststate->tempCxt);
/* Get index tuples from first page */
itvec = gistextractpage(levelstate->pages[0 ], &vect_len);
if (levelstate->current_page > 0 )
{
/* Append tuples from each page */
for (int i = 1 ; i < levelstate->current_page + 1 ; i++)
{
int len_local;
IndexTuple *itvec_local = gistextractpage(levelstate->pages[i], &len_local);
itvec = gistjoinvector(itvec, &vect_len, itvec_local, len_local);
pfree(itvec_local);
}
/* Apply picksplit to list of all collected tuples */
dist = gistSplit(state->indexrel, levelstate->pages[0 ], itvec, vect_len, state->giststate);
}
else
{
/* Create split layout from single page */
dist = (SplitPageLayout *) palloc0(sizeof (SplitPageLayout));
union_tuple = gistunion(state->indexrel, itvec, vect_len,
state->giststate);
dist->itup = union_tuple;
dist->list = gistfillitupvec(itvec, vect_len, &(dist->lenlist));
dist->block.num = vect_len;
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
/* Reset page counter */
levelstate->current_page = 0 ;
/* Create pages for all partitions in split result */
for (; dist != NULL; dist = dist->next)
{
char *data;
BulkWriteBuffer buf;
Page target;
/* check once per page */
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
/* Create page and copy data */
data = (char *) (dist->list);
buf = smgr_bulk_get_buf(state->bulkstate);
target = (Page) buf;
gistinitpage(target, isleaf ? F_LEAF : 0 );
for (int i = 0 ; i < dist->block.num; i++)
{
IndexTuple thistup = (IndexTuple) data;
if (PageAddItem(target, (Item) data, IndexTupleSize(thistup), i + FirstOffsetNumber, false , false ) == InvalidOffsetNumber)
elog(ERROR, "failed to add item to index page in \" %s\"" , RelationGetRelationName(state->indexrel));
data += IndexTupleSize(thistup);
}
union_tuple = dist->itup;
/*
* Set the right link to point to the previous page . This is just for
* debugging purposes : GiST only follows the right link if a page is
* split concurrently to a scan , and that cannot happen during index
* build .
*
* It ' s a bit counterintuitive that we set the right link on the new
* page to point to the previous page , not the other way around . But
* GiST pages are not ordered like B - tree pages are , so as long as the
* right - links form a chain through all the pages at the same level ,
* the order doesn ' t matter .
*/
if (levelstate->last_blkno)
GistPageGetOpaque(target)->rightlink = levelstate->last_blkno;
/*
* The page is now complete . Assign a block number to it , and pass it
* to the bulk writer .
*/
blkno = state->pages_allocated++;
PageSetLSN(target, GistBuildLSN);
smgr_bulk_write(state->bulkstate, blkno, buf, true );
ItemPointerSetBlockNumber(&(union_tuple->t_tid), blkno);
levelstate->last_blkno = blkno;
/*
* Insert the downlink to the parent page . If this was the root ,
* create a new page as the parent , which becomes the new root .
*/
parent = levelstate->parent;
if (parent == NULL)
{
parent = palloc0(sizeof (GistSortedBuildLevelState));
parent->pages[0 ] = palloc(BLCKSZ);
parent->parent = NULL;
gistinitpage(parent->pages[0 ], 0 );
levelstate->parent = parent;
}
gist_indexsortbuild_levelstate_add(state, parent, union_tuple);
}
}
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Routines for non - sorted build
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
/*
* Attempt to switch to buffering mode .
*
* If there is not enough memory for buffering build , sets bufferingMode
* to GIST_BUFFERING_DISABLED , so that we don ' t bother to try the switch
* anymore . Otherwise initializes the build buffers , and sets bufferingMode to
* GIST_BUFFERING_ACTIVE .
*/
static void
gistInitBuffering(GISTBuildState *buildstate)
{
Relation index = buildstate->indexrel;
int pagesPerBuffer;
Size pageFreeSpace;
Size itupAvgSize,
itupMinSize;
double avgIndexTuplesPerPage,
maxIndexTuplesPerPage;
int i;
int levelStep;
/* Calc space of index page which is available for index tuples */
pageFreeSpace = BLCKSZ - SizeOfPageHeaderData - sizeof (GISTPageOpaqueData)
- sizeof (ItemIdData)
- buildstate->freespace;
/*
* Calculate average size of already inserted index tuples using gathered
* statistics .
*/
itupAvgSize = (double ) buildstate->indtuplesSize /
(double ) buildstate->indtuples;
/*
* Calculate minimal possible size of index tuple by index metadata .
* Minimal possible size of varlena is VARHDRSZ .
*
* XXX : that ' s not actually true , as a short varlen can be just 2 bytes .
* And we should take padding into account here .
*/
itupMinSize = (Size) MAXALIGN(sizeof (IndexTupleData));
for (i = 0 ; i < index->rd_att->natts; i++)
{
CompactAttribute *attr = TupleDescCompactAttr(index->rd_att, i);
if (attr->attlen < 0 )
itupMinSize += VARHDRSZ;
else
itupMinSize += attr->attlen;
}
/* Calculate average and maximal number of index tuples which fit to page */
avgIndexTuplesPerPage = pageFreeSpace / itupAvgSize;
maxIndexTuplesPerPage = pageFreeSpace / itupMinSize;
/*
* We need to calculate two parameters for the buffering algorithm :
* levelStep and pagesPerBuffer .
*
* levelStep determines the size of subtree that we operate on , while
* emptying a buffer . A higher value is better , as you need fewer buffer
* emptying steps to build the index . However , if you set it too high , the
* subtree doesn ' t fit in cache anymore , and you quickly lose the benefit
* of the buffers .
*
* In Arge et al ' s paper , levelStep is chosen as logB ( M / 4 B ) , where B is
* the number of tuples on page ( ie . fanout ) , and M is the amount of
* internal memory available . Curiously , they doesn ' t explain * why * that
* setting is optimal . We calculate it by taking the highest levelStep so
* that a subtree still fits in cache . For a small B , our way of
* calculating levelStep is very close to Arge et al ' s formula . For a
* large B , our formula gives a value that is 2 x higher .
*
* The average size ( in pages ) of a subtree of depth n can be calculated
* as a geometric series :
*
* B ^ 0 + B ^ 1 + B ^ 2 + . . . + B ^ n = ( 1 - B ^ ( n + 1 ) ) / ( 1 - B )
*
* where B is the average number of index tuples on page . The subtree is
* cached in the shared buffer cache and the OS cache , so we choose
* levelStep so that the subtree size is comfortably smaller than
* effective_cache_size , with a safety factor of 4 .
*
* The estimate on the average number of index tuples on page is based on
* average tuple sizes observed before switching to buffered build , so the
* real subtree size can be somewhat larger . Also , it would selfish to
* gobble the whole cache for our index build . The safety factor of 4
* should account for those effects .
*
* The other limiting factor for setting levelStep is that while
* processing a subtree , we need to hold one page for each buffer at the
* next lower buffered level . The max . number of buffers needed for that
* is maxIndexTuplesPerPage ^ levelStep . This is very conservative , but
* hopefully maintenance_work_mem is set high enough that you ' re
* constrained by effective_cache_size rather than maintenance_work_mem .
*
* XXX : the buffer hash table consumes a fair amount of memory too per
* buffer , but that is not currently taken into account . That scales on
* the total number of buffers used , ie . the index size and on levelStep .
* Note that a higher levelStep * reduces * the amount of memory needed for
* the hash table .
*/
levelStep = 1 ;
for (;;)
{
double subtreesize;
double maxlowestlevelpages;
/* size of an average subtree at this levelStep (in pages). */
subtreesize =
(1 - pow(avgIndexTuplesPerPage, (double ) (levelStep + 1 ))) /
(1 - avgIndexTuplesPerPage);
/* max number of pages at the lowest level of a subtree */
maxlowestlevelpages = pow(maxIndexTuplesPerPage, (double ) levelStep);
/* subtree must fit in cache (with safety factor of 4) */
if (subtreesize > effective_cache_size / 4 )
break ;
/* each node in the lowest level of a subtree has one page in memory */
if (maxlowestlevelpages > ((double ) maintenance_work_mem * 1024 ) / BLCKSZ)
break ;
/* Good, we can handle this levelStep. See if we can go one higher. */
levelStep++;
}
/*
* We just reached an unacceptable value of levelStep in previous loop .
* So , decrease levelStep to get last acceptable value .
*/
levelStep--;
/*
* If there ' s not enough cache or maintenance_work_mem , fall back to plain
* inserts .
*/
if (levelStep <= 0 )
{
elog(DEBUG1, "failed to switch to buffered GiST build" );
buildstate->buildMode = GIST_BUFFERING_DISABLED;
return ;
}
/*
* The second parameter to set is pagesPerBuffer , which determines the
* size of each buffer . We adjust pagesPerBuffer also during the build ,
* which is why this calculation is in a separate function .
*/
pagesPerBuffer = calculatePagesPerBuffer(buildstate, levelStep);
/* Initialize GISTBuildBuffers with these parameters */
buildstate->gfbb = gistInitBuildBuffers(pagesPerBuffer, levelStep,
gistGetMaxLevel(index));
gistInitParentMap(buildstate);
buildstate->buildMode = GIST_BUFFERING_ACTIVE;
elog(DEBUG1, "switched to buffered GiST build; level step = %d, pagesPerBuffer = %d" ,
levelStep, pagesPerBuffer);
}
/*
* Calculate pagesPerBuffer parameter for the buffering algorithm .
*
* Buffer size is chosen so that assuming that tuples are distributed
* randomly , emptying half a buffer fills on average one page in every buffer
* at the next lower level .
*/
static int
calculatePagesPerBuffer(GISTBuildState *buildstate, int levelStep)
{
double pagesPerBuffer;
double avgIndexTuplesPerPage;
double itupAvgSize;
Size pageFreeSpace;
/* Calc space of index page which is available for index tuples */
pageFreeSpace = BLCKSZ - SizeOfPageHeaderData - sizeof (GISTPageOpaqueData)
- sizeof (ItemIdData)
- buildstate->freespace;
/*
* Calculate average size of already inserted index tuples using gathered
* statistics .
*/
itupAvgSize = (double ) buildstate->indtuplesSize /
(double ) buildstate->indtuples;
avgIndexTuplesPerPage = pageFreeSpace / itupAvgSize;
/*
* Recalculate required size of buffers .
*/
pagesPerBuffer = 2 * pow(avgIndexTuplesPerPage, levelStep);
return (int ) rint(pagesPerBuffer);
}
/*
* Per - tuple callback for table_index_build_scan .
*/
static void
gistBuildCallback(Relation index,
ItemPointer tid,
Datum *values,
bool *isnull,
bool tupleIsAlive,
void *state)
{
GISTBuildState *buildstate = (GISTBuildState *) state;
IndexTuple itup;
MemoryContext oldCtx;
oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(buildstate->giststate->tempCxt);
/* form an index tuple and point it at the heap tuple */
itup = gistFormTuple(buildstate->giststate, index,
values, isnull,
true );
itup->t_tid = *tid;
/* Update tuple count and total size. */
buildstate->indtuples += 1 ;
buildstate->indtuplesSize += IndexTupleSize(itup);
/*
* XXX In buffering builds , the tempCxt is also reset down inside
* gistProcessEmptyingQueue ( ) . This is not great because it risks
* confusion and possible use of dangling pointers ( for example , itup
* might be already freed when control returns here ) . It ' s generally
* better that a memory context be " owned " by only one function . However ,
* currently this isn ' t causing issues so it doesn ' t seem worth the amount
* of refactoring that would be needed to avoid it .
*/
if (buildstate->buildMode == GIST_BUFFERING_ACTIVE)
{
/* We have buffers, so use them. */
gistBufferingBuildInsert(buildstate, itup);
}
else
{
/*
* There ' s no buffers ( yet ) . Since we already have the index relation
* locked , we call gistdoinsert directly .
*/
gistdoinsert(index, itup, buildstate->freespace,
buildstate->giststate, buildstate->heaprel, true );
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
MemoryContextReset(buildstate->giststate->tempCxt);
if (buildstate->buildMode == GIST_BUFFERING_ACTIVE &&
buildstate->indtuples % BUFFERING_MODE_TUPLE_SIZE_STATS_TARGET == 0 )
{
/* Adjust the target buffer size now */
buildstate->gfbb->pagesPerBuffer =
calculatePagesPerBuffer(buildstate, buildstate->gfbb->levelStep);
}
/*
* In ' auto ' mode , check if the index has grown too large to fit in cache ,
* and switch to buffering mode if it has .
*
* To avoid excessive calls to smgrnblocks ( ) , only check this every
* BUFFERING_MODE_SWITCH_CHECK_STEP index tuples .
*
* In ' stats ' state , switch as soon as we have seen enough tuples to have
* some idea of the average tuple size .
*/
if ((buildstate->buildMode == GIST_BUFFERING_AUTO &&
buildstate->indtuples % BUFFERING_MODE_SWITCH_CHECK_STEP == 0 &&
effective_cache_size < smgrnblocks(RelationGetSmgr(index),
MAIN_FORKNUM)) ||
(buildstate->buildMode == GIST_BUFFERING_STATS &&
buildstate->indtuples >= BUFFERING_MODE_TUPLE_SIZE_STATS_TARGET))
{
/*
* Index doesn ' t fit in effective cache anymore . Try to switch to
* buffering build mode .
*/
gistInitBuffering(buildstate);
}
}
/*
* Insert function for buffering index build .
*/
static void
gistBufferingBuildInsert(GISTBuildState *buildstate, IndexTuple itup)
{
/* Insert the tuple to buffers. */
gistProcessItup(buildstate, itup, 0 , buildstate->gfbb->rootlevel);
/* If we filled up (half of a) buffer, process buffer emptying. */
gistProcessEmptyingQueue(buildstate);
}
/*
* Process an index tuple . Runs the tuple down the tree until we reach a leaf
* page or node buffer , and inserts the tuple there . Returns true if we have
* to stop buffer emptying process ( because one of child buffers can ' t take
* index tuples anymore ) .
*/
static bool
gistProcessItup(GISTBuildState *buildstate, IndexTuple itup,
BlockNumber startblkno, int startlevel)
{
GISTSTATE *giststate = buildstate->giststate;
GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb = buildstate->gfbb;
Relation indexrel = buildstate->indexrel;
BlockNumber childblkno;
Buffer buffer;
bool result = false ;
BlockNumber blkno;
int level;
OffsetNumber downlinkoffnum = InvalidOffsetNumber;
BlockNumber parentblkno = InvalidBlockNumber;
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
/*
* Loop until we reach a leaf page ( level = = 0 ) or a level with buffers
* ( not including the level we start at , because we would otherwise make
* no progress ) .
*/
blkno = startblkno;
level = startlevel;
for (;;)
{
ItemId iid;
IndexTuple idxtuple,
newtup;
Page page;
OffsetNumber childoffnum;
/* Have we reached a level with buffers? */
if (LEVEL_HAS_BUFFERS(level, gfbb) && level != startlevel)
break ;
/* Have we reached a leaf page? */
if (level == 0 )
break ;
/*
* Nope . Descend down to the next level then . Choose a child to
* descend down to .
*/
buffer = ReadBuffer(indexrel, blkno);
LockBuffer(buffer, GIST_EXCLUSIVE);
page = (Page) BufferGetPage(buffer);
childoffnum = gistchoose(indexrel, page, itup, giststate);
iid = PageGetItemId(page, childoffnum);
idxtuple = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, iid);
childblkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(idxtuple->t_tid));
if (level > 1 )
gistMemorizeParent(buildstate, childblkno, blkno);
/*
* Check that the key representing the target child node is consistent
* with the key we ' re inserting . Update it if it ' s not .
*/
newtup = gistgetadjusted(indexrel, idxtuple, itup, giststate);
if (newtup)
{
blkno = gistbufferinginserttuples(buildstate,
buffer,
level,
&newtup,
1 ,
childoffnum,
InvalidBlockNumber,
InvalidOffsetNumber);
/* gistbufferinginserttuples() released the buffer */
}
else
UnlockReleaseBuffer(buffer);
/* Descend to the child */
parentblkno = blkno;
blkno = childblkno;
downlinkoffnum = childoffnum;
Assert(level > 0 );
level--;
}
if (LEVEL_HAS_BUFFERS(level, gfbb))
{
/*
* We ' ve reached level with buffers . Place the index tuple to the
* buffer , and add the buffer to the emptying queue if it overflows .
*/
GISTNodeBuffer *childNodeBuffer;
/* Find the buffer or create a new one */
childNodeBuffer = gistGetNodeBuffer(gfbb, giststate, blkno, level);
/* Add index tuple to it */
gistPushItupToNodeBuffer(gfbb, childNodeBuffer, itup);
if (BUFFER_OVERFLOWED(childNodeBuffer, gfbb))
result = true ;
}
else
{
/*
* We ' ve reached a leaf page . Place the tuple here .
*/
Assert(level == 0 );
buffer = ReadBuffer(indexrel, blkno);
LockBuffer(buffer, GIST_EXCLUSIVE);
gistbufferinginserttuples(buildstate, buffer, level,
&itup, 1 , InvalidOffsetNumber,
parentblkno, downlinkoffnum);
/* gistbufferinginserttuples() released the buffer */
}
return result;
}
/*
* Insert tuples to a given page .
*
* This is analogous with gistinserttuples ( ) in the regular insertion code .
*
* Returns the block number of the page where the ( first ) new or updated tuple
* was inserted . Usually that ' s the original page , but might be a sibling page
* if the original page was split .
*
* Caller should hold a lock on ' buffer ' on entry . This function will unlock
* and unpin it .
*/
static BlockNumber
gistbufferinginserttuples(GISTBuildState *buildstate, Buffer buffer, int level,
IndexTuple *itup, int ntup, OffsetNumber oldoffnum,
BlockNumber parentblk, OffsetNumber downlinkoffnum)
{
GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb = buildstate->gfbb;
List *splitinfo;
bool is_split;
BlockNumber placed_to_blk = InvalidBlockNumber;
is_split = gistplacetopage(buildstate->indexrel,
buildstate->freespace,
buildstate->giststate,
buffer,
itup, ntup, oldoffnum, &placed_to_blk,
InvalidBuffer,
&splitinfo,
false ,
buildstate->heaprel, true );
/*
* If this is a root split , update the root path item kept in memory . This
* ensures that all path stacks are always complete , including all parent
* nodes up to the root . That simplifies the algorithm to re - find correct
* parent .
*/
if (is_split && BufferGetBlockNumber(buffer) == GIST_ROOT_BLKNO)
{
Page page = BufferGetPage(buffer);
OffsetNumber off;
OffsetNumber maxoff;
Assert(level == gfbb->rootlevel);
gfbb->rootlevel++;
elog(DEBUG2, "splitting GiST root page, now %d levels deep" , gfbb->rootlevel);
/*
* All the downlinks on the old root page are now on one of the child
* pages . Visit all the new child pages to memorize the parents of the
* grandchildren .
*/
if (gfbb->rootlevel > 1 )
{
maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
for (off = FirstOffsetNumber; off <= maxoff; off++)
{
ItemId iid = PageGetItemId(page, off);
IndexTuple idxtuple = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, iid);
BlockNumber childblkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(idxtuple->t_tid));
Buffer childbuf = ReadBuffer(buildstate->indexrel, childblkno);
LockBuffer(childbuf, GIST_SHARE);
gistMemorizeAllDownlinks(buildstate, childbuf);
UnlockReleaseBuffer(childbuf);
/*
* Also remember that the parent of the new child page is the
* root block .
*/
gistMemorizeParent(buildstate, childblkno, GIST_ROOT_BLKNO);
}
}
}
if (splitinfo)
{
/*
* Insert the downlinks to the parent . This is analogous with
* gistfinishsplit ( ) in the regular insertion code , but the locking is
* simpler , and we have to maintain the buffers on internal nodes and
* the parent map .
*/
IndexTuple *downlinks;
int ndownlinks,
i;
Buffer parentBuffer;
ListCell *lc;
/* Parent may have changed since we memorized this path. */
parentBuffer =
gistBufferingFindCorrectParent(buildstate,
BufferGetBlockNumber(buffer),
level,
&parentblk,
&downlinkoffnum);
/*
* If there ' s a buffer associated with this page , that needs to be
* split too . gistRelocateBuildBuffersOnSplit ( ) will also adjust the
* downlinks in ' splitinfo ' , to make sure they ' re consistent not only
* with the tuples already on the pages , but also the tuples in the
* buffers that will eventually be inserted to them .
*/
gistRelocateBuildBuffersOnSplit(gfbb,
buildstate->giststate,
buildstate->indexrel,
level,
buffer, splitinfo);
/* Create an array of all the downlink tuples */
ndownlinks = list_length(splitinfo);
downlinks = (IndexTuple *) palloc(sizeof (IndexTuple) * ndownlinks);
i = 0 ;
foreach(lc, splitinfo)
{
GISTPageSplitInfo *splitinfo = lfirst(lc);
/*
* Remember the parent of each new child page in our parent map .
* This assumes that the downlinks fit on the parent page . If the
* parent page is split , too , when we recurse up to insert the
* downlinks , the recursive gistbufferinginserttuples ( ) call will
* update the map again .
*/
if (level > 0 )
gistMemorizeParent(buildstate,
BufferGetBlockNumber(splitinfo->buf),
BufferGetBlockNumber(parentBuffer));
/*
* Also update the parent map for all the downlinks that got moved
* to a different page . ( actually this also loops through the
* downlinks that stayed on the original page , but it does no
* harm ) .
*/
if (level > 1 )
gistMemorizeAllDownlinks(buildstate, splitinfo->buf);
/*
* Since there ' s no concurrent access , we can release the lower
* level buffers immediately . This includes the original page .
*/
UnlockReleaseBuffer(splitinfo->buf);
downlinks[i++] = splitinfo->downlink;
}
/* Insert them into parent. */
gistbufferinginserttuples(buildstate, parentBuffer, level + 1 ,
downlinks, ndownlinks, downlinkoffnum,
InvalidBlockNumber, InvalidOffsetNumber);
list_free_deep(splitinfo); /* we don't need this anymore */
}
else
UnlockReleaseBuffer(buffer);
return placed_to_blk;
}
/*
* Find the downlink pointing to a child page .
*
* ' childblkno ' indicates the child page to find the parent for . ' level ' is
* the level of the child . On entry , * parentblkno and * downlinkoffnum can
* point to a location where the downlink used to be - we will check that
* location first , and save some cycles if it hasn ' t moved . The function
* returns a buffer containing the downlink , exclusively - locked , and
* * parentblkno and * downlinkoffnum are set to the real location of the
* downlink .
*
* If the child page is a leaf ( level = = 0 ) , the caller must supply a correct
* parentblkno . Otherwise we use the parent map hash table to find the parent
* block .
*
* This function serves the same purpose as gistFindCorrectParent ( ) during
* normal index inserts , but this is simpler because we don ' t need to deal
* with concurrent inserts .
*/
static Buffer
gistBufferingFindCorrectParent(GISTBuildState *buildstate,
BlockNumber childblkno, int level,
BlockNumber *parentblkno,
OffsetNumber *downlinkoffnum)
{
BlockNumber parent;
Buffer buffer;
Page page;
OffsetNumber maxoff;
OffsetNumber off;
if (level > 0 )
parent = gistGetParent(buildstate, childblkno);
else
{
/*
* For a leaf page , the caller must supply a correct parent block
* number .
*/
if (*parentblkno == InvalidBlockNumber)
elog(ERROR, "no parent buffer provided of child %u" , childblkno);
parent = *parentblkno;
}
buffer = ReadBuffer(buildstate->indexrel, parent);
page = BufferGetPage(buffer);
LockBuffer(buffer, GIST_EXCLUSIVE);
gistcheckpage(buildstate->indexrel, buffer);
maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
/* Check if it was not moved */
if (parent == *parentblkno && *parentblkno != InvalidBlockNumber &&
*downlinkoffnum != InvalidOffsetNumber && *downlinkoffnum <= maxoff)
{
ItemId iid = PageGetItemId(page, *downlinkoffnum);
IndexTuple idxtuple = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, iid);
if (ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(idxtuple->t_tid)) == childblkno)
{
/* Still there */
return buffer;
}
}
/*
* Downlink was not at the offset where it used to be . Scan the page to
* find it . During normal gist insertions , it might ' ve moved to another
* page , to the right , but during a buffering build , we keep track of the
* parent of each page in the lookup table so we should always know what
* page it ' s on .
*/
for (off = FirstOffsetNumber; off <= maxoff; off = OffsetNumberNext(off))
{
ItemId iid = PageGetItemId(page, off);
IndexTuple idxtuple = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, iid);
if (ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(idxtuple->t_tid)) == childblkno)
{
/* yes!!, found it */
*downlinkoffnum = off;
return buffer;
}
}
elog(ERROR, "failed to re-find parent for block %u" , childblkno);
return InvalidBuffer; /* keep compiler quiet */
}
/*
* Process buffers emptying stack . Emptying of one buffer can cause emptying
* of other buffers . This function iterates until this cascading emptying
* process finished , e . g . until buffers emptying stack is empty .
*/
static void
gistProcessEmptyingQueue(GISTBuildState *buildstate)
{
GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb = buildstate->gfbb;
/* Iterate while we have elements in buffers emptying stack. */
while (gfbb->bufferEmptyingQueue != NIL)
{
GISTNodeBuffer *emptyingNodeBuffer;
/* Get node buffer from emptying stack. */
emptyingNodeBuffer = (GISTNodeBuffer *) linitial(gfbb->bufferEmptyingQueue);
gfbb->bufferEmptyingQueue = list_delete_first(gfbb->bufferEmptyingQueue);
emptyingNodeBuffer->queuedForEmptying = false ;
/*
* We are going to load last pages of buffers where emptying will be
* to . So let ' s unload any previously loaded buffers .
*/
gistUnloadNodeBuffers(gfbb);
/*
* Pop tuples from the buffer and run them down to the buffers at
* lower level , or leaf pages . We continue until one of the lower
* level buffers fills up , or this buffer runs empty .
*
* In Arge et al ' s paper , the buffer emptying is stopped after
* processing 1 / 2 node buffer worth of tuples , to avoid overfilling
* any of the lower level buffers . However , it ' s more efficient to
* keep going until one of the lower level buffers actually fills up ,
* so that ' s what we do . This doesn ' t need to be exact , if a buffer
* overfills by a few tuples , there ' s no harm done .
*/
while (true )
{
IndexTuple itup;
/* Get next index tuple from the buffer */
if (!gistPopItupFromNodeBuffer(gfbb, emptyingNodeBuffer, &itup))
break ;
/*
* Run it down to the underlying node buffer or leaf page .
*
* Note : it ' s possible that the buffer we ' re emptying splits as a
* result of this call . If that happens , our emptyingNodeBuffer
* points to the left half of the split . After split , it ' s very
* likely that the new left buffer is no longer over the half - full
* threshold , but we might as well keep flushing tuples from it
* until we fill a lower - level buffer .
*/
if (gistProcessItup(buildstate, itup, emptyingNodeBuffer->nodeBlocknum, emptyingNodeBuffer->level))
{
/*
* A lower level buffer filled up . Stop emptying this buffer ,
* to avoid overflowing the lower level buffer .
*/
break ;
}
/* Free all the memory allocated during index tuple processing */
MemoryContextReset(buildstate->giststate->tempCxt);
}
}
}
/*
* Empty all node buffers , from top to bottom . This is done at the end of
* index build to flush all remaining tuples to the index .
*
* Note : This destroys the buffersOnLevels lists , so the buffers should not
* be inserted to after this call .
*/
static void
gistEmptyAllBuffers(GISTBuildState *buildstate)
{
GISTBuildBuffers *gfbb = buildstate->gfbb;
MemoryContext oldCtx;
int i;
oldCtx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(buildstate->giststate->tempCxt);
/*
* Iterate through the levels from top to bottom .
*/
for (i = gfbb->buffersOnLevelsLen - 1 ; i >= 0 ; i--)
{
/*
* Empty all buffers on this level . Note that new buffers can pop up
* in the list during the processing , as a result of page splits , so a
* simple walk through the list won ' t work . We remove buffers from the
* list when we see them empty ; a buffer can ' t become non - empty once
* it ' s been fully emptied .
*/
while (gfbb->buffersOnLevels[i] != NIL)
{
GISTNodeBuffer *nodeBuffer;
nodeBuffer = (GISTNodeBuffer *) linitial(gfbb->buffersOnLevels[i]);
if (nodeBuffer->blocksCount != 0 )
{
/*
* Add this buffer to the emptying queue , and proceed to empty
* the queue .
*/
if (!nodeBuffer->queuedForEmptying)
{
MemoryContextSwitchTo(gfbb->context);
nodeBuffer->queuedForEmptying = true ;
gfbb->bufferEmptyingQueue =
lcons(nodeBuffer, gfbb->bufferEmptyingQueue);
MemoryContextSwitchTo(buildstate->giststate->tempCxt);
}
gistProcessEmptyingQueue(buildstate);
}
else
gfbb->buffersOnLevels[i] =
list_delete_first(gfbb->buffersOnLevels[i]);
}
elog(DEBUG2, "emptied all buffers at level %d" , i);
}
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldCtx);
}
/*
* Get the depth of the GiST index .
*/
static int
gistGetMaxLevel(Relation index)
{
int maxLevel;
BlockNumber blkno;
/*
* Traverse down the tree , starting from the root , until we hit the leaf
* level .
*/
maxLevel = 0 ;
blkno = GIST_ROOT_BLKNO;
while (true )
{
Buffer buffer;
Page page;
IndexTuple itup;
buffer = ReadBuffer(index, blkno);
/*
* There ' s no concurrent access during index build , so locking is just
* pro forma .
*/
LockBuffer(buffer, GIST_SHARE);
page = (Page) BufferGetPage(buffer);
if (GistPageIsLeaf(page))
{
/* We hit the bottom, so we're done. */
UnlockReleaseBuffer(buffer);
break ;
}
/*
* Pick the first downlink on the page , and follow it . It doesn ' t
* matter which downlink we choose , the tree has the same depth
* everywhere , so we just pick the first one .
*/
itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page,
PageGetItemId(page, FirstOffsetNumber));
blkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(itup->t_tid));
UnlockReleaseBuffer(buffer);
/*
* We ' re going down on the tree . It means that there is yet one more
* level in the tree .
*/
maxLevel++;
}
return maxLevel;
}
/*
* Routines for managing the parent map .
*
* Whenever a page is split , we need to insert the downlinks into the parent .
* We need to somehow find the parent page to do that . In normal insertions ,
* we keep a stack of nodes visited when we descend the tree . However , in
* buffering build , we can start descending the tree from any internal node ,
* when we empty a buffer by cascading tuples to its children . So we don ' t
* have a full stack up to the root available at that time .
*
* So instead , we maintain a hash table to track the parent of every internal
* page . We don ' t need to track the parents of leaf nodes , however . Whenever
* we insert to a leaf , we ' ve just descended down from its parent , so we know
* its immediate parent already . This helps a lot to limit the memory used
* by this hash table .
*
* Whenever an internal node is split , the parent map needs to be updated .
* the parent of the new child page needs to be recorded , and also the
* entries for all page whose downlinks are moved to a new page at the split
* needs to be updated .
*
* We also update the parent map whenever we descend the tree . That might seem
* unnecessary , because we maintain the map whenever a downlink is moved or
* created , but it is needed because we switch to buffering mode after
* creating a tree with regular index inserts . Any pages created before
* switching to buffering mode will not be present in the parent map initially ,
* but will be added there the first time we visit them .
*/
typedef struct
{
BlockNumber childblkno; /* hash key */
BlockNumber parentblkno;
} ParentMapEntry;
static void
gistInitParentMap(GISTBuildState *buildstate)
{
HASHCTL hashCtl;
hashCtl.keysize = sizeof (BlockNumber);
hashCtl.entrysize = sizeof (ParentMapEntry);
hashCtl.hcxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
buildstate->parentMap = hash_create("gistbuild parent map" ,
1024 ,
&hashCtl,
HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS | HASH_CONTEXT);
}
static void
gistMemorizeParent(GISTBuildState *buildstate, BlockNumber child, BlockNumber parent)
{
ParentMapEntry *entry;
bool found;
entry = (ParentMapEntry *) hash_search(buildstate->parentMap,
&child,
HASH_ENTER,
&found);
entry->parentblkno = parent;
}
/*
* Scan all downlinks on a page , and memorize their parent .
*/
static void
gistMemorizeAllDownlinks(GISTBuildState *buildstate, Buffer parentbuf)
{
OffsetNumber maxoff;
OffsetNumber off;
BlockNumber parentblkno = BufferGetBlockNumber(parentbuf);
Page page = BufferGetPage(parentbuf);
Assert(!GistPageIsLeaf(page));
maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
for (off = FirstOffsetNumber; off <= maxoff; off++)
{
ItemId iid = PageGetItemId(page, off);
IndexTuple idxtuple = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(page, iid);
BlockNumber childblkno = ItemPointerGetBlockNumber(&(idxtuple->t_tid));
gistMemorizeParent(buildstate, childblkno, parentblkno);
}
}
static BlockNumber
gistGetParent(GISTBuildState *buildstate, BlockNumber child)
{
ParentMapEntry *entry;
bool found;
/* Find node buffer in hash table */
entry = (ParentMapEntry *) hash_search(buildstate->parentMap,
&child,
HASH_FIND,
&found);
if (!found)
elog(ERROR, "could not find parent of block %u in lookup table" , child);
return entry->parentblkno;
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=94 H=94 G=93
¤ Diese beiden folgenden Angebotsgruppen bietet das Unternehmen0.37Angebot
(Wie Sie bei der Firma Beratungs- und Dienstleistungen beauftragen können 2026-08-08)
¤
*Eine klare Vorstellung vom Zielzustand