/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* predtest . c
* Routines to attempt to prove logical implications between predicate
* expressions .
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / optimizer / util / predtest . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
#include "catalog/pg_proc.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "executor/executor.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "nodes/pathnodes.h"
#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
#include "utils/array.h"
#include "utils/inval.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
/*
* Proof attempts involving large arrays in ScalarArrayOpExpr nodes are
* likely to require O ( N ^ 2 ) time , and more often than not fail anyway .
* So we set an arbitrary limit on the number of array elements that
* we will allow to be treated as an AND or OR clause .
* XXX is it worth exposing this as a GUC knob ?
*/
#define MAX_SAOP_ARRAY_SIZE 100
/*
* To avoid redundant coding in predicate_implied_by_recurse and
* predicate_refuted_by_recurse , we need to abstract out the notion of
* iterating over the components of an expression that is logically an AND
* or OR structure . There are multiple sorts of expression nodes that can
* be treated as ANDs or ORs , and we don ' t want to code each one separately .
* Hence , these types and support routines .
*/
typedef enum
{
CLASS_ATOM, /* expression that's not AND or OR */
CLASS_AND, /* expression with AND semantics */
CLASS_OR, /* expression with OR semantics */
} PredClass;
typedef struct PredIterInfoData *PredIterInfo;
typedef struct PredIterInfoData
{
/* node-type-specific iteration state */
void *state;
List *state_list;
/* initialize to do the iteration */
void (*startup_fn) (Node *clause, PredIterInfo info);
/* next-component iteration function */
Node *(*next_fn) (PredIterInfo info);
/* release resources when done with iteration */
void (*cleanup_fn) (PredIterInfo info);
} PredIterInfoData;
#define iterate_begin(item, clause, info) \
do { \
Node *item; \
(info).startup_fn((clause), &(info)); \
while ((item = (info).next_fn(&(info))) != NULL)
#define iterate_end(info) \
(info).cleanup_fn(&(info)); \
} while (0 )
static bool predicate_implied_by_recurse(Node *clause, Node *predicate,
bool weak);
static bool predicate_refuted_by_recurse(Node *clause, Node *predicate,
bool weak);
static PredClass predicate_classify(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info);
static void list_startup_fn(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info);
static Node *list_next_fn(PredIterInfo info);
static void list_cleanup_fn(PredIterInfo info);
static void boolexpr_startup_fn(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info);
static void arrayconst_startup_fn(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info);
static Node *arrayconst_next_fn(PredIterInfo info);
static void arrayconst_cleanup_fn(PredIterInfo info);
static void arrayexpr_startup_fn(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info);
static Node *arrayexpr_next_fn(PredIterInfo info);
static void arrayexpr_cleanup_fn(PredIterInfo info);
static bool predicate_implied_by_simple_clause(Expr *predicate, Node *clause,
bool weak);
static bool predicate_refuted_by_simple_clause(Expr *predicate, Node *clause,
bool weak);
static Node *extract_not_arg(Node *clause);
static Node *extract_strong_not_arg(Node *clause);
static bool clause_is_strict_for(Node *clause, Node *subexpr, bool allow_false);
static bool operator_predicate_proof(Expr *predicate, Node *clause,
bool refute_it, bool weak);
static bool operator_same_subexprs_proof(Oid pred_op, Oid clause_op,
bool refute_it);
static bool operator_same_subexprs_lookup(Oid pred_op, Oid clause_op,
bool refute_it);
static Oid get_btree_test_op(Oid pred_op, Oid clause_op, bool refute_it);
static void InvalidateOprProofCacheCallBack(Datum arg, int cacheid, uint32 hashvalue);
/*
* predicate_implied_by
* Recursively checks whether the clauses in clause_list imply that the
* given predicate is true .
*
* We support two definitions of implication :
*
* " Strong " implication : A implies B means that truth of A implies truth of B .
* We use this to prove that a row satisfying one WHERE clause or index
* predicate must satisfy another one .
*
* " Weak " implication : A implies B means that non - falsity of A implies
* non - falsity of B ( " non - false " means " either true or NULL " ) . We use this to
* prove that a row satisfying one CHECK constraint must satisfy another one .
*
* Strong implication can also be used to prove that a WHERE clause implies a
* CHECK constraint , although it will fail to prove a few cases where we could
* safely conclude that the implication holds . There ' s no support for proving
* the converse case , since only a few kinds of CHECK constraint would allow
* deducing anything .
*
* The top - level List structure of each list corresponds to an AND list .
* We assume that eval_const_expressions ( ) has been applied and so there
* are no un - flattened ANDs or ORs ( e . g . , no AND immediately within an AND ,
* including AND just below the top - level List structure ) .
* If this is not true we might fail to prove an implication that is
* valid , but no worse consequences will ensue .
*
* We assume the predicate has already been checked to contain only
* immutable functions and operators . ( In many current uses this is known
* true because the predicate is part of an index predicate that has passed
* CheckPredicate ( ) ; otherwise , the caller must check it . ) We dare not make
* deductions based on non - immutable functions , because they might change
* answers between the time we make the plan and the time we execute the plan .
* Immutability of functions in the clause_list is checked here , if necessary .
*/
bool
predicate_implied_by(List *predicate_list, List *clause_list,
bool weak)
{
Node *p,
*c;
if (predicate_list == NIL)
return true ; /* no predicate: implication is vacuous */
if (clause_list == NIL)
return false ; /* no restriction: implication must fail */
/*
* If either input is a single - element list , replace it with its lone
* member ; this avoids one useless level of AND - recursion . We only need
* to worry about this at top level , since eval_const_expressions should
* have gotten rid of any trivial ANDs or ORs below that .
*/
if (list_length(predicate_list) == 1 )
p = (Node *) linitial(predicate_list);
else
p = (Node *) predicate_list;
if (list_length(clause_list) == 1 )
c = (Node *) linitial(clause_list);
else
c = (Node *) clause_list;
/* And away we go ... */
return predicate_implied_by_recurse(c, p, weak);
}
/*
* predicate_refuted_by
* Recursively checks whether the clauses in clause_list refute the given
* predicate ( that is , prove it false ) .
*
* This is NOT the same as ! ( predicate_implied_by ) , though it is similar
* in the technique and structure of the code .
*
* We support two definitions of refutation :
*
* " Strong " refutation : A refutes B means truth of A implies falsity of B .
* We use this to disprove a CHECK constraint given a WHERE clause , i . e . ,
* prove that any row satisfying the WHERE clause would violate the CHECK
* constraint . ( Observe we must prove B yields false , not just not - true . )
*
* " Weak " refutation : A refutes B means truth of A implies non - truth of B
* ( i . e . , B must yield false or NULL ) . We use this to detect mutually
* contradictory WHERE clauses .
*
* Weak refutation can be proven in some cases where strong refutation doesn ' t
* hold , so it ' s useful to use it when possible . We don ' t currently have
* support for disproving one CHECK constraint based on another one , nor for
* disproving WHERE based on CHECK . ( As with implication , the last case
* doesn ' t seem very practical . CHECK - vs - CHECK might be useful , but isn ' t
* currently needed anywhere . )
*
* The top - level List structure of each list corresponds to an AND list .
* We assume that eval_const_expressions ( ) has been applied and so there
* are no un - flattened ANDs or ORs ( e . g . , no AND immediately within an AND ,
* including AND just below the top - level List structure ) .
* If this is not true we might fail to prove an implication that is
* valid , but no worse consequences will ensue .
*
* We assume the predicate has already been checked to contain only
* immutable functions and operators . We dare not make deductions based on
* non - immutable functions , because they might change answers between the
* time we make the plan and the time we execute the plan .
* Immutability of functions in the clause_list is checked here , if necessary .
*/
bool
predicate_refuted_by(List *predicate_list, List *clause_list,
bool weak)
{
Node *p,
*c;
if (predicate_list == NIL)
return false ; /* no predicate: no refutation is possible */
if (clause_list == NIL)
return false ; /* no restriction: refutation must fail */
/*
* If either input is a single - element list , replace it with its lone
* member ; this avoids one useless level of AND - recursion . We only need
* to worry about this at top level , since eval_const_expressions should
* have gotten rid of any trivial ANDs or ORs below that .
*/
if (list_length(predicate_list) == 1 )
p = (Node *) linitial(predicate_list);
else
p = (Node *) predicate_list;
if (list_length(clause_list) == 1 )
c = (Node *) linitial(clause_list);
else
c = (Node *) clause_list;
/* And away we go ... */
return predicate_refuted_by_recurse(c, p, weak);
}
/*----------
* predicate_implied_by_recurse
* Does the predicate implication test for non - NULL restriction and
* predicate clauses .
*
* The logic followed here is ( " = > " means " implies " ) :
* atom A = > atom B iff : predicate_implied_by_simple_clause says so
* atom A = > AND - expr B iff : A = > each of B ' s components
* atom A = > OR - expr B iff : A = > any of B ' s components
* AND - expr A = > atom B iff : any of A ' s components = > B
* AND - expr A = > AND - expr B iff : A = > each of B ' s components
* AND - expr A = > OR - expr B iff : A = > any of B ' s components ,
* * or * any of A ' s components = > B
* OR - expr A = > atom B iff : each of A ' s components = > B
* OR - expr A = > AND - expr B iff : A = > each of B ' s components
* OR - expr A = > OR - expr B iff : each of A ' s components = > any of B ' s
*
* An " atom " is anything other than an AND or OR node . Notice that we don ' t
* have any special logic to handle NOT nodes ; these should have been pushed
* down or eliminated where feasible during eval_const_expressions ( ) .
*
* All of these rules apply equally to strong or weak implication .
*
* We can ' t recursively expand either side first , but have to interleave
* the expansions per the above rules , to be sure we handle all of these
* examples :
* ( x OR y ) = > ( x OR y OR z )
* ( x AND y AND z ) = > ( x AND y )
* ( x AND y ) = > ( ( x AND y ) OR z )
* ( ( x OR y ) AND z ) = > ( x OR y )
* This is still not an exhaustive test , but it handles most normal cases
* under the assumption that both inputs have been AND / OR flattened .
*
* We have to be prepared to handle RestrictInfo nodes in the restrictinfo
* tree , though not in the predicate tree .
* - - - - - - - - - -
*/
static bool
predicate_implied_by_recurse(Node *clause, Node *predicate,
bool weak)
{
PredIterInfoData clause_info;
PredIterInfoData pred_info;
PredClass pclass;
bool result;
/* skip through RestrictInfo */
Assert(clause != NULL);
if (IsA(clause, RestrictInfo))
clause = (Node *) ((RestrictInfo *) clause)->clause;
pclass = predicate_classify(predicate, &pred_info);
switch (predicate_classify(clause, &clause_info))
{
case CLASS_AND:
switch (pclass)
{
case CLASS_AND:
/*
* AND - clause = > AND - clause if A implies each of B ' s items
*/
result = true ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (!predicate_implied_by_recurse(clause, pitem,
weak))
{
result = false ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
return result;
case CLASS_OR:
/*
* AND - clause = > OR - clause if A implies any of B ' s items
*
* Needed to handle ( x AND y ) = > ( ( x AND y ) OR z )
*/
result = false ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (predicate_implied_by_recurse(clause, pitem,
weak))
{
result = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
if (result)
return result;
/*
* Also check if any of A ' s items implies B
*
* Needed to handle ( ( x OR y ) AND z ) = > ( x OR y )
*/
iterate_begin(citem, clause, clause_info)
{
if (predicate_implied_by_recurse(citem, predicate,
weak))
{
result = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(clause_info);
return result;
case CLASS_ATOM:
/*
* AND - clause = > atom if any of A ' s items implies B
*/
result = false ;
iterate_begin(citem, clause, clause_info)
{
if (predicate_implied_by_recurse(citem, predicate,
weak))
{
result = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(clause_info);
return result;
}
break ;
case CLASS_OR:
switch (pclass)
{
case CLASS_OR:
/*
* OR - clause = > OR - clause if each of A ' s items implies any
* of B ' s items . Messy but can ' t do it any more simply .
*/
result = true ;
iterate_begin(citem, clause, clause_info)
{
bool presult = false ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (predicate_implied_by_recurse(citem, pitem,
weak))
{
presult = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
if (!presult)
{
result = false ; /* doesn't imply any of B's */
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(clause_info);
return result;
case CLASS_AND:
case CLASS_ATOM:
/*
* OR - clause = > AND - clause if each of A ' s items implies B
*
* OR - clause = > atom if each of A ' s items implies B
*/
result = true ;
iterate_begin(citem, clause, clause_info)
{
if (!predicate_implied_by_recurse(citem, predicate,
weak))
{
result = false ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(clause_info);
return result;
}
break ;
case CLASS_ATOM:
switch (pclass)
{
case CLASS_AND:
/*
* atom = > AND - clause if A implies each of B ' s items
*/
result = true ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (!predicate_implied_by_recurse(clause, pitem,
weak))
{
result = false ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
return result;
case CLASS_OR:
/*
* atom = > OR - clause if A implies any of B ' s items
*/
result = false ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (predicate_implied_by_recurse(clause, pitem,
weak))
{
result = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
return result;
case CLASS_ATOM:
/*
* atom = > atom is the base case
*/
return
predicate_implied_by_simple_clause((Expr *) predicate,
clause,
weak);
}
break ;
}
/* can't get here */
elog(ERROR, "predicate_classify returned a bogus value" );
return false ;
}
/*----------
* predicate_refuted_by_recurse
* Does the predicate refutation test for non - NULL restriction and
* predicate clauses .
*
* The logic followed here is ( " R = > " means " refutes " ) :
* atom A R = > atom B iff : predicate_refuted_by_simple_clause says so
* atom A R = > AND - expr B iff : A R = > any of B ' s components
* atom A R = > OR - expr B iff : A R = > each of B ' s components
* AND - expr A R = > atom B iff : any of A ' s components R = > B
* AND - expr A R = > AND - expr B iff : A R = > any of B ' s components ,
* * or * any of A ' s components R = > B
* AND - expr A R = > OR - expr B iff : A R = > each of B ' s components
* OR - expr A R = > atom B iff : each of A ' s components R = > B
* OR - expr A R = > AND - expr B iff : each of A ' s components R = > any of B ' s
* OR - expr A R = > OR - expr B iff : A R = > each of B ' s components
*
* All of the above rules apply equally to strong or weak refutation .
*
* In addition , if the predicate is a NOT - clause then we can use
* A R = > NOT B if : A = > B
* This works for several different SQL constructs that assert the non - truth
* of their argument , ie NOT , IS FALSE , IS NOT TRUE , IS UNKNOWN , although some
* of them require that we prove strong implication . Likewise , we can use
* NOT A R = > B if : B = > A
* but here we must be careful about strong vs . weak refutation and make
* the appropriate type of implication proof ( weak or strong respectively ) .
*
* Other comments are as for predicate_implied_by_recurse ( ) .
* - - - - - - - - - -
*/
static bool
predicate_refuted_by_recurse(Node *clause, Node *predicate,
bool weak)
{
PredIterInfoData clause_info;
PredIterInfoData pred_info;
PredClass pclass;
Node *not_arg;
bool result;
/* skip through RestrictInfo */
Assert(clause != NULL);
if (IsA(clause, RestrictInfo))
clause = (Node *) ((RestrictInfo *) clause)->clause;
pclass = predicate_classify(predicate, &pred_info);
switch (predicate_classify(clause, &clause_info))
{
case CLASS_AND:
switch (pclass)
{
case CLASS_AND:
/*
* AND - clause R = > AND - clause if A refutes any of B ' s items
*
* Needed to handle ( x AND y ) R = > ( ( ! x OR ! y ) AND z )
*/
result = false ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (predicate_refuted_by_recurse(clause, pitem,
weak))
{
result = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
if (result)
return result;
/*
* Also check if any of A ' s items refutes B
*
* Needed to handle ( ( x OR y ) AND z ) R = > ( ! x AND ! y )
*/
iterate_begin(citem, clause, clause_info)
{
if (predicate_refuted_by_recurse(citem, predicate,
weak))
{
result = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(clause_info);
return result;
case CLASS_OR:
/*
* AND - clause R = > OR - clause if A refutes each of B ' s items
*/
result = true ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (!predicate_refuted_by_recurse(clause, pitem,
weak))
{
result = false ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
return result;
case CLASS_ATOM:
/*
* If B is a NOT - type clause , A R = > B if A = > B ' s arg
*
* Since , for either type of refutation , we are starting
* with the premise that A is true , we can use a strong
* implication test in all cases . That proves B ' s arg is
* true , which is more than we need for weak refutation if
* B is a simple NOT , but it allows not worrying about
* exactly which kind of negation clause we have .
*/
not_arg = extract_not_arg(predicate);
if (not_arg &&
predicate_implied_by_recurse(clause, not_arg,
false ))
return true ;
/*
* AND - clause R = > atom if any of A ' s items refutes B
*/
result = false ;
iterate_begin(citem, clause, clause_info)
{
if (predicate_refuted_by_recurse(citem, predicate,
weak))
{
result = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(clause_info);
return result;
}
break ;
case CLASS_OR:
switch (pclass)
{
case CLASS_OR:
/*
* OR - clause R = > OR - clause if A refutes each of B ' s items
*/
result = true ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (!predicate_refuted_by_recurse(clause, pitem,
weak))
{
result = false ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
return result;
case CLASS_AND:
/*
* OR - clause R = > AND - clause if each of A ' s items refutes
* any of B ' s items .
*/
result = true ;
iterate_begin(citem, clause, clause_info)
{
bool presult = false ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (predicate_refuted_by_recurse(citem, pitem,
weak))
{
presult = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
if (!presult)
{
result = false ; /* citem refutes nothing */
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(clause_info);
return result;
case CLASS_ATOM:
/*
* If B is a NOT - type clause , A R = > B if A = > B ' s arg
*
* Same logic as for the AND - clause case above .
*/
not_arg = extract_not_arg(predicate);
if (not_arg &&
predicate_implied_by_recurse(clause, not_arg,
false ))
return true ;
/*
* OR - clause R = > atom if each of A ' s items refutes B
*/
result = true ;
iterate_begin(citem, clause, clause_info)
{
if (!predicate_refuted_by_recurse(citem, predicate,
weak))
{
result = false ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(clause_info);
return result;
}
break ;
case CLASS_ATOM:
/*
* If A is a strong NOT - clause , A R = > B if B = > A ' s arg
*
* Since A is strong , we may assume A ' s arg is false ( not just
* not - true ) . If B weakly implies A ' s arg , then B can be neither
* true nor null , so that strong refutation is proven . If B
* strongly implies A ' s arg , then B cannot be true , so that weak
* refutation is proven .
*/
not_arg = extract_strong_not_arg(clause);
if (not_arg &&
predicate_implied_by_recurse(predicate, not_arg,
!weak))
return true ;
switch (pclass)
{
case CLASS_AND:
/*
* atom R = > AND - clause if A refutes any of B ' s items
*/
result = false ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (predicate_refuted_by_recurse(clause, pitem,
weak))
{
result = true ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
return result;
case CLASS_OR:
/*
* atom R = > OR - clause if A refutes each of B ' s items
*/
result = true ;
iterate_begin(pitem, predicate, pred_info)
{
if (!predicate_refuted_by_recurse(clause, pitem,
weak))
{
result = false ;
break ;
}
}
iterate_end(pred_info);
return result;
case CLASS_ATOM:
/*
* If B is a NOT - type clause , A R = > B if A = > B ' s arg
*
* Same logic as for the AND - clause case above .
*/
not_arg = extract_not_arg(predicate);
if (not_arg &&
predicate_implied_by_recurse(clause, not_arg,
false ))
return true ;
/*
* atom R = > atom is the base case
*/
return
predicate_refuted_by_simple_clause((Expr *) predicate,
clause,
weak);
}
break ;
}
/* can't get here */
elog(ERROR, "predicate_classify returned a bogus value" );
return false ;
}
/*
* predicate_classify
* Classify an expression node as AND - type , OR - type , or neither ( an atom ) .
*
* If the expression is classified as AND - or OR - type , then * info is filled
* in with the functions needed to iterate over its components .
*
* This function also implements enforcement of MAX_SAOP_ARRAY_SIZE : if a
* ScalarArrayOpExpr ' s array has too many elements , we just classify it as an
* atom . ( This will result in its being passed as - is to the simple_clause
* functions , many of which will fail to prove anything about it . ) Note that we
* cannot just stop after considering MAX_SAOP_ARRAY_SIZE elements ; in general
* that would result in wrong proofs , rather than failing to prove anything .
*/
static PredClass
predicate_classify(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info)
{
/* Caller should not pass us NULL, nor a RestrictInfo clause */
Assert(clause != NULL);
Assert(!IsA(clause, RestrictInfo));
/*
* If we see a List , assume it ' s an implicit - AND list ; this is the correct
* semantics for lists of RestrictInfo nodes .
*/
if (IsA(clause, List))
{
info->startup_fn = list_startup_fn;
info->next_fn = list_next_fn;
info->cleanup_fn = list_cleanup_fn;
return CLASS_AND;
}
/* Handle normal AND and OR boolean clauses */
if (is_andclause(clause))
{
info->startup_fn = boolexpr_startup_fn;
info->next_fn = list_next_fn;
info->cleanup_fn = list_cleanup_fn;
return CLASS_AND;
}
if (is_orclause(clause))
{
info->startup_fn = boolexpr_startup_fn;
info->next_fn = list_next_fn;
info->cleanup_fn = list_cleanup_fn;
return CLASS_OR;
}
/* Handle ScalarArrayOpExpr */
if (IsA(clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))
{
ScalarArrayOpExpr *saop = (ScalarArrayOpExpr *) clause;
Node *arraynode = (Node *) lsecond(saop->args);
/*
* We can break this down into an AND or OR structure , but only if we
* know how to iterate through expressions for the array ' s elements .
* We can do that if the array operand is a non - null constant or a
* simple ArrayExpr .
*/
if (arraynode && IsA(arraynode, Const ) &&
!((Const *) arraynode)->constisnull)
{
ArrayType *arrayval;
int nelems;
arrayval = DatumGetArrayTypeP(((Const *) arraynode)->constvalue);
nelems = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(arrayval), ARR_DIMS(arrayval));
if (nelems <= MAX_SAOP_ARRAY_SIZE)
{
info->startup_fn = arrayconst_startup_fn;
info->next_fn = arrayconst_next_fn;
info->cleanup_fn = arrayconst_cleanup_fn;
return saop->useOr ? CLASS_OR : CLASS_AND;
}
}
else if (arraynode && IsA(arraynode, ArrayExpr) &&
!((ArrayExpr *) arraynode)->multidims &&
list_length(((ArrayExpr *) arraynode)->elements) <= MAX_SAOP_ARRAY_SIZE)
{
info->startup_fn = arrayexpr_startup_fn;
info->next_fn = arrayexpr_next_fn;
info->cleanup_fn = arrayexpr_cleanup_fn;
return saop->useOr ? CLASS_OR : CLASS_AND;
}
}
/* None of the above, so it's an atom */
return CLASS_ATOM;
}
/*
* PredIterInfo routines for iterating over regular Lists . The iteration
* state variable is the next ListCell to visit .
*/
static void
list_startup_fn(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info)
{
info->state_list = (List *) clause;
info->state = list_head(info->state_list);
}
static Node *
list_next_fn(PredIterInfo info)
{
ListCell *l = (ListCell *) info->state;
Node *n;
if (l == NULL)
return NULL;
n = lfirst(l);
info->state = lnext(info->state_list, l);
return n;
}
static void
list_cleanup_fn(PredIterInfo info)
{
/* Nothing to clean up */
}
/*
* BoolExpr needs its own startup function , but can use list_next_fn and
* list_cleanup_fn .
*/
static void
boolexpr_startup_fn(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info)
{
info->state_list = ((BoolExpr *) clause)->args;
info->state = list_head(info->state_list);
}
/*
* PredIterInfo routines for iterating over a ScalarArrayOpExpr with a
* constant array operand .
*/
typedef struct
{
OpExpr opexpr;
Const const_expr;
int next_elem;
int num_elems;
Datum *elem_values;
bool *elem_nulls;
} ArrayConstIterState;
static void
arrayconst_startup_fn(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info)
{
ScalarArrayOpExpr *saop = (ScalarArrayOpExpr *) clause;
ArrayConstIterState *state;
Const *arrayconst;
ArrayType *arrayval;
int16 elmlen;
bool elmbyval;
char elmalign;
/* Create working state struct */
state = (ArrayConstIterState *) palloc(sizeof (ArrayConstIterState));
info->state = state;
/* Deconstruct the array literal */
arrayconst = (Const *) lsecond(saop->args);
arrayval = DatumGetArrayTypeP(arrayconst->constvalue);
get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(arrayval),
&elmlen, &elmbyval, &elmalign);
deconstruct_array(arrayval,
ARR_ELEMTYPE(arrayval),
elmlen, elmbyval, elmalign,
&state->elem_values, &state->elem_nulls,
&state->num_elems);
/* Set up a dummy OpExpr to return as the per-item node */
state->opexpr.xpr.type = T_OpExpr;
state->opexpr.opno = saop->opno;
state->opexpr.opfuncid = saop->opfuncid;
state->opexpr.opresulttype = BOOLOID;
state->opexpr.opretset = false ;
state->opexpr.opcollid = InvalidOid;
state->opexpr.inputcollid = saop->inputcollid;
state->opexpr.args = list_copy(saop->args);
/* Set up a dummy Const node to hold the per-element values */
state->const_expr.xpr.type = T_Const;
state->const_expr.consttype = ARR_ELEMTYPE(arrayval);
state->const_expr.consttypmod = -1 ;
state->const_expr.constcollid = arrayconst->constcollid;
state->const_expr.constlen = elmlen;
state->const_expr.constbyval = elmbyval;
lsecond(state->opexpr.args) = &state->const_expr;
/* Initialize iteration state */
state->next_elem = 0 ;
}
static Node *
arrayconst_next_fn(PredIterInfo info)
{
ArrayConstIterState *state = (ArrayConstIterState *) info->state;
if (state->next_elem >= state->num_elems)
return NULL;
state->const_expr.constvalue = state->elem_values[state->next_elem];
state->const_expr.constisnull = state->elem_nulls[state->next_elem];
state->next_elem++;
return (Node *) &(state->opexpr);
}
static void
arrayconst_cleanup_fn(PredIterInfo info)
{
ArrayConstIterState *state = (ArrayConstIterState *) info->state;
pfree(state->elem_values);
pfree(state->elem_nulls);
list_free(state->opexpr.args);
pfree(state);
}
/*
* PredIterInfo routines for iterating over a ScalarArrayOpExpr with a
* one - dimensional ArrayExpr array operand .
*/
typedef struct
{
OpExpr opexpr;
ListCell *next;
} ArrayExprIterState;
static void
arrayexpr_startup_fn(Node *clause, PredIterInfo info)
{
ScalarArrayOpExpr *saop = (ScalarArrayOpExpr *) clause;
ArrayExprIterState *state;
ArrayExpr *arrayexpr;
/* Create working state struct */
state = (ArrayExprIterState *) palloc(sizeof (ArrayExprIterState));
info->state = state;
/* Set up a dummy OpExpr to return as the per-item node */
state->opexpr.xpr.type = T_OpExpr;
state->opexpr.opno = saop->opno;
state->opexpr.opfuncid = saop->opfuncid;
state->opexpr.opresulttype = BOOLOID;
state->opexpr.opretset = false ;
state->opexpr.opcollid = InvalidOid;
state->opexpr.inputcollid = saop->inputcollid;
state->opexpr.args = list_copy(saop->args);
/* Initialize iteration variable to first member of ArrayExpr */
arrayexpr = (ArrayExpr *) lsecond(saop->args);
info->state_list = arrayexpr->elements;
state->next = list_head(arrayexpr->elements);
}
static Node *
arrayexpr_next_fn(PredIterInfo info)
{
ArrayExprIterState *state = (ArrayExprIterState *) info->state;
if (state->next == NULL)
return NULL;
lsecond(state->opexpr.args) = lfirst(state->next);
state->next = lnext(info->state_list, state->next);
return (Node *) &(state->opexpr);
}
static void
arrayexpr_cleanup_fn(PredIterInfo info)
{
ArrayExprIterState *state = (ArrayExprIterState *) info->state;
list_free(state->opexpr.args);
pfree(state);
}
/*
* predicate_implied_by_simple_clause
* Does the predicate implication test for a " simple clause " predicate
* and a " simple clause " restriction .
*
* We return true if able to prove the implication , false if not .
*/
static bool
predicate_implied_by_simple_clause(Expr *predicate, Node *clause,
bool weak)
{
/* Allow interrupting long proof attempts */
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
/*
* A simple and general rule is that a clause implies itself , hence we
* check if they are equal ( ) ; this works for any kind of expression , and
* for either implication definition . ( Actually , there is an implied
* assumption that the functions in the expression are immutable - - - but
* this was checked for the predicate by the caller . )
*/
if (equal((Node *) predicate, clause))
return true ;
/* Next we have some clause-type-specific strategies */
switch (nodeTag(clause))
{
case T_OpExpr:
{
OpExpr *op = (OpExpr *) clause;
/*----------
* For boolean x , " x = TRUE " is equivalent to " x " , likewise
* " x = FALSE " is equivalent to " NOT x " . These can be worth
* checking because , while we preferentially simplify boolean
* comparisons down to " x " and " NOT x " , the other form has to
* be dealt with anyway in the context of index conditions .
*
* We could likewise check whether the predicate is boolean
* equality to a constant ; but there are no known use - cases
* for that at the moment , assuming that the predicate has
* been through constant - folding .
* - - - - - - - - - -
*/
if (op->opno == BooleanEqualOperator)
{
Node *rightop;
Assert(list_length(op->args) == 2 );
rightop = lsecond(op->args);
/* We might never see null Consts here, but better check */
if (rightop && IsA(rightop, Const ) &&
!((Const *) rightop)->constisnull)
{
Node *leftop = linitial(op->args);
if (DatumGetBool(((Const *) rightop)->constvalue))
{
/* X = true implies X */
if (equal(predicate, leftop))
return true ;
}
else
{
/* X = false implies NOT X */
if (is_notclause(predicate) &&
equal(get_notclausearg(predicate), leftop))
return true ;
}
}
}
}
break ;
default :
break ;
}
/* ... and some predicate-type-specific ones */
switch (nodeTag(predicate))
{
case T_NullTest:
{
NullTest *predntest = (NullTest *) predicate;
switch (predntest->nulltesttype)
{
case IS_NOT_NULL:
/*
* If the predicate is of the form " foo IS NOT NULL " ,
* and we are considering strong implication , we can
* conclude that the predicate is implied if the
* clause is strict for " foo " , i . e . , it must yield
* false or NULL when " foo " is NULL . In that case
* truth of the clause ensures that " foo " isn ' t NULL .
* ( Again , this is a safe conclusion because " foo "
* must be immutable . ) This doesn ' t work for weak
* implication , though . Also , " row IS NOT NULL " does
* not act in the simple way we have in mind .
*/
if (!weak &&
!predntest->argisrow &&
clause_is_strict_for(clause,
(Node *) predntest->arg,
true ))
return true ;
break ;
case IS_NULL:
break ;
}
}
break ;
default :
break ;
}
/*
* Finally , if both clauses are binary operator expressions , we may be
* able to prove something using the system ' s knowledge about operators ;
* those proof rules are encapsulated in operator_predicate_proof ( ) .
*/
return operator_predicate_proof(predicate, clause, false , weak);
}
/*
* predicate_refuted_by_simple_clause
* Does the predicate refutation test for a " simple clause " predicate
* and a " simple clause " restriction .
*
* We return true if able to prove the refutation , false if not .
*
* The main motivation for covering IS [ NOT ] NULL cases is to support using
* IS NULL / IS NOT NULL as partition - defining constraints .
*/
static bool
predicate_refuted_by_simple_clause(Expr *predicate, Node *clause,
bool weak)
{
/* Allow interrupting long proof attempts */
CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
/*
* A simple clause can ' t refute itself , so unlike the implication case ,
* checking for equal ( ) clauses isn ' t helpful .
*
* But relation_excluded_by_constraints ( ) checks for self - contradictions
* in a list of clauses , so that we may get here with predicate and clause
* being actually pointer - equal , and that is worth eliminating quickly .
*/
if ((Node *) predicate == clause)
return false ;
/* Next we have some clause-type-specific strategies */
switch (nodeTag(clause))
{
case T_NullTest:
{
NullTest *clausentest = (NullTest *) clause;
/* row IS NULL does not act in the simple way we have in mind */
if (clausentest->argisrow)
return false ;
switch (clausentest->nulltesttype)
{
case IS_NULL:
{
switch (nodeTag(predicate))
{
case T_NullTest:
{
NullTest *predntest = (NullTest *) predicate;
/*
* row IS NULL does not act in the
* simple way we have in mind
*/
if (predntest->argisrow)
return false ;
/*
* foo IS NULL refutes foo IS NOT
* NULL , at least in the non - row case ,
* for both strong and weak refutation
*/
if (predntest->nulltesttype == IS_NOT_NULL &&
equal(predntest->arg, clausentest->arg))
return true ;
}
break ;
default :
break ;
}
/*
* foo IS NULL weakly refutes any predicate that
* is strict for foo , since then the predicate
* must yield false or NULL ( and since foo appears
* in the predicate , it ' s known immutable ) .
*/
if (weak &&
clause_is_strict_for((Node *) predicate,
(Node *) clausentest->arg,
true ))
return true ;
return false ; /* we can't succeed below... */
}
break ;
case IS_NOT_NULL:
break ;
}
}
break ;
default :
break ;
}
/* ... and some predicate-type-specific ones */
switch (nodeTag(predicate))
{
case T_NullTest:
{
NullTest *predntest = (NullTest *) predicate;
/* row IS NULL does not act in the simple way we have in mind */
if (predntest->argisrow)
return false ;
switch (predntest->nulltesttype)
{
case IS_NULL:
{
switch (nodeTag(clause))
{
case T_NullTest:
{
NullTest *clausentest = (NullTest *) clause;
/*
* row IS NULL does not act in the
* simple way we have in mind
*/
if (clausentest->argisrow)
return false ;
/*
* foo IS NOT NULL refutes foo IS NULL
* for both strong and weak refutation
*/
if (clausentest->nulltesttype == IS_NOT_NULL &&
equal(clausentest->arg, predntest->arg))
return true ;
}
break ;
default :
break ;
}
/*
* When the predicate is of the form " foo IS
* NULL " , we can conclude that the predicate is
* refuted if the clause is strict for " foo " ( see
* notes for implication case ) . That works for
* either strong or weak refutation .
*/
if (clause_is_strict_for(clause,
(Node *) predntest->arg,
true ))
return true ;
}
break ;
case IS_NOT_NULL:
break ;
}
return false ; /* we can't succeed below... */
}
break ;
default :
break ;
}
/*
* Finally , if both clauses are binary operator expressions , we may be
* able to prove something using the system ' s knowledge about operators .
*/
return operator_predicate_proof(predicate, clause, true , weak);
}
/*
* If clause asserts the non - truth of a subclause , return that subclause ;
* otherwise return NULL .
*/
static Node *
extract_not_arg(Node *clause)
{
if (clause == NULL)
return NULL;
if (IsA(clause, BoolExpr))
{
BoolExpr *bexpr = (BoolExpr *) clause;
if (bexpr->boolop == NOT_EXPR)
return (Node *) linitial(bexpr->args);
}
else if (IsA(clause, BooleanTest))
{
BooleanTest *btest = (BooleanTest *) clause;
if (btest->booltesttype == IS_NOT_TRUE ||
btest->booltesttype == IS_FALSE ||
btest->booltesttype == IS_UNKNOWN)
return (Node *) btest->arg;
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* If clause asserts the falsity of a subclause , return that subclause ;
* otherwise return NULL .
*/
static Node *
extract_strong_not_arg(Node *clause)
{
if (clause == NULL)
return NULL;
if (IsA(clause, BoolExpr))
{
BoolExpr *bexpr = (BoolExpr *) clause;
if (bexpr->boolop == NOT_EXPR)
return (Node *) linitial(bexpr->args);
}
else if (IsA(clause, BooleanTest))
{
BooleanTest *btest = (BooleanTest *) clause;
if (btest->booltesttype == IS_FALSE)
return (Node *) btest->arg;
}
return NULL;
}
/*
* Can we prove that " clause " returns NULL ( or FALSE ) if " subexpr " is
* assumed to yield NULL ?
*
* In most places in the planner , " strictness " refers to a guarantee that
* an expression yields NULL output for a NULL input , and that ' s mostly what
* we ' re looking for here . However , at top level where the clause is known
* to yield boolean , it may be sufficient to prove that it cannot return TRUE
* when " subexpr " is NULL . The caller should pass allow_false = true when
* this weaker property is acceptable . ( When this function recurses
* internally , we pass down allow_false = false since we need to prove actual
* nullness of the subexpression . )
*
* We assume that the caller checked that least one of the input expressions
* is immutable . All of the proof rules here involve matching " subexpr " to
* some portion of " clause " , so that this allows assuming that " subexpr " is
* immutable without a separate check .
*
* The base case is that clause and subexpr are equal ( ) .
*
* We can also report success if the subexpr appears as a subexpression
* of " clause " in a place where it ' d force nullness of the overall result .
*/
static bool
clause_is_strict_for(Node *clause, Node *subexpr, bool allow_false)
{
ListCell *lc;
/* safety checks */
if (clause == NULL || subexpr == NULL)
return false ;
/*
* Look through any RelabelType nodes , so that we can match , say ,
* varcharcol with lower ( varcharcol : : text ) . ( In general we could recurse
* through any nullness - preserving , immutable operation . ) We should not
* see stacked RelabelTypes here .
*/
if (IsA(clause, RelabelType))
clause = (Node *) ((RelabelType *) clause)->arg;
if (IsA(subexpr, RelabelType))
subexpr = (Node *) ((RelabelType *) subexpr)->arg;
/* Base case */
if (equal(clause, subexpr))
return true ;
/*
* If we have a strict operator or function , a NULL result is guaranteed
* if any input is forced NULL by subexpr . This is OK even if the op or
* func isn ' t immutable , since it won ' t even be called on NULL input .
*/
if (is_opclause(clause) &&
op_strict(((OpExpr *) clause)->opno))
{
foreach(lc, ((OpExpr *) clause)->args)
{
if (clause_is_strict_for((Node *) lfirst(lc), subexpr, false ))
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
if (is_funcclause(clause) &&
func_strict(((FuncExpr *) clause)->funcid))
{
foreach(lc, ((FuncExpr *) clause)->args)
{
if (clause_is_strict_for((Node *) lfirst(lc), subexpr, false ))
return true ;
}
return false ;
}
/*
* CoerceViaIO is strict ( whether or not the I / O functions it calls are ) .
* Likewise , ArrayCoerceExpr is strict for its array argument ( regardless
* of what the per - element expression is ) , ConvertRowtypeExpr is strict at
* the row level , and CoerceToDomain is strict too . These are worth
* checking mainly because it saves us having to explain to users why some
* type coercions are known strict and others aren ' t .
*/
if (IsA(clause, CoerceViaIO))
return clause_is_strict_for((Node *) ((CoerceViaIO *) clause)->arg,
subexpr, false );
if (IsA(clause, ArrayCoerceExpr))
return clause_is_strict_for((Node *) ((ArrayCoerceExpr *) clause)->arg,
subexpr, false );
if (IsA(clause, ConvertRowtypeExpr))
return clause_is_strict_for((Node *) ((ConvertRowtypeExpr *) clause)->arg,
subexpr, false );
if (IsA(clause, CoerceToDomain))
return clause_is_strict_for((Node *) ((CoerceToDomain *) clause)->arg,
subexpr, false );
/*
* ScalarArrayOpExpr is a special case . Note that we ' d only reach here
* with a ScalarArrayOpExpr clause if we failed to deconstruct it into an
* AND or OR tree , as for example if it has too many array elements .
*/
if (IsA(clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))
{
ScalarArrayOpExpr *saop = (ScalarArrayOpExpr *) clause;
Node *scalarnode = (Node *) linitial(saop->args);
Node *arraynode = (Node *) lsecond(saop->args);
/*
* If we can prove the scalar input to be null , and the operator is
* strict , then the SAOP result has to be null - - - unless the array is
* empty . For an empty array , we ' d get either false ( for ANY ) or true
* ( for ALL ) . So if allow_false = true then the proof succeeds anyway
* for the ANY case ; otherwise we can only make the proof if we can
* prove the array non - empty .
*/
if (clause_is_strict_for(scalarnode, subexpr, false ) &&
op_strict(saop->opno))
{
int nelems = 0 ;
if (allow_false && saop->useOr)
return true ; /* can succeed even if array is empty */
if (arraynode && IsA(arraynode, Const ))
{
Const *arrayconst = (Const *) arraynode;
ArrayType *arrval;
/*
* If array is constant NULL then we can succeed , as in the
* case below .
*/
if (arrayconst->constisnull)
return true ;
/* Otherwise, we can compute the number of elements. */
arrval = DatumGetArrayTypeP(arrayconst->constvalue);
nelems = ArrayGetNItems(ARR_NDIM(arrval), ARR_DIMS(arrval));
}
else if (arraynode && IsA(arraynode, ArrayExpr) &&
!((ArrayExpr *) arraynode)->multidims)
{
/*
* We can also reliably count the number of array elements if
* the input is a non - multidim ARRAY [ ] expression .
*/
nelems = list_length(((ArrayExpr *) arraynode)->elements);
}
/* Proof succeeds if array is definitely non-empty */
if (nelems > 0 )
return true ;
}
/*
* If we can prove the array input to be null , the proof succeeds in
* all cases , since ScalarArrayOpExpr will always return NULL for a
* NULL array . Otherwise , we ' re done here .
*/
return clause_is_strict_for(arraynode, subexpr, false );
}
/*
* When recursing into an expression , we might find a NULL constant .
* That ' s certainly NULL , whether it matches subexpr or not .
*/
if (IsA(clause, Const ))
return ((Const *) clause)->constisnull;
return false ;
}
/*
* Define " operator implication tables " for index operators ( " cmptypes " ) ,
* and similar tables for refutation .
*
* The row compare numbers defined by indexes ( see access / cmptype . h ) are :
* 1 < 2 < = 3 = 4 > = 5 > 6 < >
* and in addition we use 6 to represent < > . < > is not a btree - indexable
* operator , but we assume here that if an equality operator of a btree
* opfamily has a negator operator , the negator behaves as < > for the opfamily .
* ( This convention is also known to get_op_index_interpretation ( ) . )
*
* RC_implies_table [ ] and RC_refutes_table [ ] are used for cases where we have
* two identical subexpressions and we want to know whether one operator
* expression implies or refutes the other . That is , if the " clause " is
* EXPR1 clause_op EXPR2 and the " predicate " is EXPR1 pred_op EXPR2 for the
* same two ( immutable ) subexpressions :
* RC_implies_table [ clause_op - 1 ] [ pred_op - 1 ]
* is true if the clause implies the predicate
* RC_refutes_table [ clause_op - 1 ] [ pred_op - 1 ]
* is true if the clause refutes the predicate
* where clause_op and pred_op are cmptype numbers ( from 1 to 6 ) in the
* same opfamily . For example , " x < y " implies " x < = y " and refutes
* " x > y " .
*
* RC_implic_table [ ] and RC_refute_table [ ] are used where we have two
* constants that we need to compare . The interpretation of :
*
* test_op = RC_implic_table [ clause_op - 1 ] [ pred_op - 1 ]
*
* where test_op , clause_op and pred_op are cmptypes ( from 1 to 6 )
* of index operators , is as follows :
*
* If you know , for some EXPR , that " EXPR clause_op CONST1 " is true , and you
* want to determine whether " EXPR pred_op CONST2 " must also be true , then
* you can use " CONST2 test_op CONST1 " as a test . If this test returns true ,
* then the predicate expression must be true ; if the test returns false ,
* then the predicate expression may be false .
*
* For example , if clause is " Quantity > 10 " and pred is " Quantity > 5 "
* then we test " 5 < = 10 " which evals to true , so clause implies pred .
*
* Similarly , the interpretation of a RC_refute_table entry is :
*
* If you know , for some EXPR , that " EXPR clause_op CONST1 " is true , and you
* want to determine whether " EXPR pred_op CONST2 " must be false , then
* you can use " CONST2 test_op CONST1 " as a test . If this test returns true ,
* then the predicate expression must be false ; if the test returns false ,
* then the predicate expression may be true .
*
* For example , if clause is " Quantity > 10 " and pred is " Quantity < 5 "
* then we test " 5 < = 10 " which evals to true , so clause refutes pred .
*
* An entry where test_op = = 0 means the implication cannot be determined .
*/
#define RCLT COMPARE_LT
#define RCLE COMPARE_LE
#define RCEQ COMPARE_EQ
#define RCGE COMPARE_GE
#define RCGT COMPARE_GT
#define RCNE COMPARE_NE
/* We use "none" for 0/false to make the tables align nicely */
#define none 0
static const bool RC_implies_table[6 ][6 ] = {
/*
* The predicate operator :
* LT LE EQ GE GT NE
*/
{true , true , none, none, none, true }, /* LT */
{none, true , none, none, none, none}, /* LE */
{none, true , true , true , none, none}, /* EQ */
{none, none, none, true , none, none}, /* GE */
{none, none, none, true , true , true }, /* GT */
{none, none, none, none, none, true } /* NE */
};
static const bool RC_refutes_table[6 ][6 ] = {
/*
* The predicate operator :
* LT LE EQ GE GT NE
*/
{none, none, true , true , true , none}, /* LT */
{none, none, none, none, true , none}, /* LE */
{true , none, none, none, true , true }, /* EQ */
{true , none, none, none, none, none}, /* GE */
{true , true , true , none, none, none}, /* GT */
{none, none, true , none, none, none} /* NE */
};
static const CompareType RC_implic_table[6 ][6 ] = {
/*
* The predicate operator :
* LT LE EQ GE GT NE
*/
{RCGE, RCGE, none, none, none, RCGE}, /* LT */
{RCGT, RCGE, none, none, none, RCGT}, /* LE */
{RCGT, RCGE, RCEQ, RCLE, RCLT, RCNE}, /* EQ */
{none, none, none, RCLE, RCLT, RCLT}, /* GE */
{none, none, none, RCLE, RCLE, RCLE}, /* GT */
{none, none, none, none, none, RCEQ} /* NE */
};
static const CompareType RC_refute_table[6 ][6 ] = {
/*
* The predicate operator :
* LT LE EQ GE GT NE
*/
{none, none, RCGE, RCGE, RCGE, none}, /* LT */
{none, none, RCGT, RCGT, RCGE, none}, /* LE */
{RCLE, RCLT, RCNE, RCGT, RCGE, RCEQ}, /* EQ */
{RCLE, RCLT, RCLT, none, none, none}, /* GE */
{RCLE, RCLE, RCLE, none, none, none}, /* GT */
{none, none, RCEQ, none, none, none} /* NE */
};
/*
* operator_predicate_proof
* Does the predicate implication or refutation test for a " simple clause "
* predicate and a " simple clause " restriction , when both are operator
* clauses using related operators and identical input expressions .
*
* When refute_it = = false , we want to prove the predicate true ;
* when refute_it = = true , we want to prove the predicate false .
* ( There is enough common code to justify handling these two cases
* in one routine . ) We return true if able to make the proof , false
* if not able to prove it .
*
* We mostly need not distinguish strong vs . weak implication / refutation here .
* This depends on the assumption that a pair of related operators ( i . e . ,
* commutators , negators , or btree opfamily siblings ) will not return one NULL
* and one non - NULL result for the same inputs . Then , for the proof types
* where we start with an assumption of truth of the clause , the predicate
* operator could not return NULL either , so it doesn ' t matter whether we are
* trying to make a strong or weak proof . For weak implication , it could be
* that the clause operator returned NULL , but then the predicate operator
* would as well , so that the weak implication still holds . This argument
* doesn ' t apply in the case where we are considering two different constant
* values , since then the operators aren ' t being given identical inputs . But
* we only support that for btree operators , for which we can assume that all
* non - null inputs result in non - null outputs , so that it doesn ' t matter which
* two non - null constants we consider . If either constant is NULL , we have
* to think harder , but sometimes the proof still works , as explained below .
*
* We can make proofs involving several expression forms ( here " foo " and " bar "
* represent subexpressions that are identical according to equal ( ) ) :
* " foo op1 bar " refutes " foo op2 bar " if op1 is op2 ' s negator
* " foo op1 bar " implies " bar op2 foo " if op1 is op2 ' s commutator
* " foo op1 bar " refutes " bar op2 foo " if op1 is negator of op2 ' s commutator
* " foo op1 bar " can imply / refute " foo op2 bar " based on btree semantics
* " foo op1 bar " can imply / refute " bar op2 foo " based on btree semantics
* " foo op1 const1 " can imply / refute " foo op2 const2 " based on btree semantics
*
* For the last three cases , op1 and op2 have to be members of the same btree
* operator family . When both subexpressions are identical , the idea is that ,
* for instance , x < y implies x < = y , independently of exactly what x and y
* are . If we have two different constants compared to the same expression
* foo , we have to execute a comparison between the two constant values
* in order to determine the result ; for instance , foo < c1 implies foo < c2
* if c1 < = c2 . We assume it ' s safe to compare the constants at plan time
* if the comparison operator is immutable .
*
* Note : all the operators and subexpressions have to be immutable for the
* proof to be safe . We assume the predicate expression is entirely immutable ,
* so no explicit check on the subexpressions is needed here , but in some
* cases we need an extra check of operator immutability . In particular ,
* btree opfamilies can contain cross - type operators that are merely stable ,
* and we dare not make deductions with those .
*/
static bool
operator_predicate_proof(Expr *predicate, Node *clause,
bool refute_it, bool weak)
{
OpExpr *pred_opexpr,
*clause_opexpr;
Oid pred_collation,
clause_collation;
Oid pred_op,
clause_op,
test_op;
Node *pred_leftop,
*pred_rightop,
*clause_leftop,
*clause_rightop;
Const *pred_const,
*clause_const;
Expr *test_expr;
ExprState *test_exprstate;
Datum test_result;
bool isNull;
EState *estate;
MemoryContext oldcontext;
/*
* Both expressions must be binary opclauses , else we can ' t do anything .
*
* Note : in future we might extend this logic to other operator - based
* constructs such as DistinctExpr . But the planner isn ' t very smart
* about DistinctExpr in general , and this probably isn ' t the first place
* to fix if you want to improve that .
*/
if (!is_opclause(predicate))
return false ;
pred_opexpr = (OpExpr *) predicate;
if (list_length(pred_opexpr->args) != 2 )
return false ;
if (!is_opclause(clause))
return false ;
clause_opexpr = (OpExpr *) clause;
if (list_length(clause_opexpr->args) != 2 )
return false ;
/*
* If they ' re marked with different collations then we can ' t do anything .
* This is a cheap test so let ' s get it out of the way early .
*/
pred_collation = pred_opexpr->inputcollid;
clause_collation = clause_opexpr->inputcollid;
if (pred_collation != clause_collation)
return false ;
/* Grab the operator OIDs now too. We may commute these below. */
pred_op = pred_opexpr->opno;
clause_op = clause_opexpr->opno;
/*
* We have to match up at least one pair of input expressions .
*/
pred_leftop = (Node *) linitial(pred_opexpr->args);
pred_rightop = (Node *) lsecond(pred_opexpr->args);
clause_leftop = (Node *) linitial(clause_opexpr->args);
clause_rightop = (Node *) lsecond(clause_opexpr->args);
if (equal(pred_leftop, clause_leftop))
{
if (equal(pred_rightop, clause_rightop))
{
/* We have x op1 y and x op2 y */
return operator_same_subexprs_proof(pred_op, clause_op, refute_it);
}
else
{
/* Fail unless rightops are both Consts */
if (pred_rightop == NULL || !IsA(pred_rightop, Const ))
return false ;
pred_const = (Const *) pred_rightop;
if (clause_rightop == NULL || !IsA(clause_rightop, Const ))
return false ;
clause_const = (Const *) clause_rightop;
}
}
else if (equal(pred_rightop, clause_rightop))
{
/* Fail unless leftops are both Consts */
if (pred_leftop == NULL || !IsA(pred_leftop, Const ))
return false ;
pred_const = (Const *) pred_leftop;
if (clause_leftop == NULL || !IsA(clause_leftop, Const ))
return false ;
clause_const = (Const *) clause_leftop;
/* Commute both operators so we can assume Consts are on the right */
pred_op = get_commutator(pred_op);
if (!OidIsValid(pred_op))
return false ;
clause_op = get_commutator(clause_op);
if (!OidIsValid(clause_op))
return false ;
}
else if (equal(pred_leftop, clause_rightop))
{
if (equal(pred_rightop, clause_leftop))
{
/* We have x op1 y and y op2 x */
/* Commute pred_op that we can treat this like a straight match */
pred_op = get_commutator(pred_op);
if (!OidIsValid(pred_op))
return false ;
return operator_same_subexprs_proof(pred_op, clause_op, refute_it);
}
else
{
/* Fail unless pred_rightop/clause_leftop are both Consts */
if (pred_rightop == NULL || !IsA(pred_rightop, Const ))
return false ;
pred_const = (Const *) pred_rightop;
if (clause_leftop == NULL || !IsA(clause_leftop, Const ))
return false ;
clause_const = (Const *) clause_leftop;
/* Commute clause_op so we can assume Consts are on the right */
clause_op = get_commutator(clause_op);
if (!OidIsValid(clause_op))
return false ;
}
}
else if (equal(pred_rightop, clause_leftop))
{
/* Fail unless pred_leftop/clause_rightop are both Consts */
if (pred_leftop == NULL || !IsA(pred_leftop, Const ))
return false ;
pred_const = (Const *) pred_leftop;
if (clause_rightop == NULL || !IsA(clause_rightop, Const ))
return false ;
clause_const = (Const *) clause_rightop;
/* Commute pred_op so we can assume Consts are on the right */
pred_op = get_commutator(pred_op);
if (!OidIsValid(pred_op))
return false ;
}
else
{
/* Failed to match up any of the subexpressions, so we lose */
return false ;
}
/*
* We have two identical subexpressions , and two other subexpressions that
* are not identical but are both Consts ; and we have commuted the
* operators if necessary so that the Consts are on the right . We ' ll need
* to compare the Consts ' values . If either is NULL , we can ' t do that , so
* usually the proof fails . . . but in some cases we can claim success .
*/
if (clause_const->constisnull)
{
/* If clause_op isn't strict, we can't prove anything */
if (!op_strict(clause_op))
return false ;
/*
* At this point we know that the clause returns NULL . For proof
* types that assume truth of the clause , this means the proof is
* vacuously true ( a / k / a " false implies anything " ) . That ' s all proof
* types except weak implication .
*/
if (!(weak && !refute_it))
return true ;
/*
* For weak implication , it ' s still possible for the proof to succeed ,
* if the predicate can also be proven NULL . In that case we ' ve got
* NULL = > NULL which is valid for this proof type .
*/
if (pred_const->constisnull && op_strict(pred_op))
return true ;
/* Else the proof fails */
return false ;
}
if (pred_const->constisnull)
{
/*
* If the pred_op is strict , we know the predicate yields NULL , which
* means the proof succeeds for either weak implication or weak
* refutation .
*/
if (weak && op_strict(pred_op))
return true ;
/* Else the proof fails */
return false ;
}
/*
* Lookup the constant - comparison operator using the system catalogs and
* the operator implication tables .
*/
test_op = get_btree_test_op(pred_op, clause_op, refute_it);
if (!OidIsValid(test_op))
{
/* couldn't find a suitable comparison operator */
return false ;
}
/*
* Evaluate the test . For this we need an EState .
*/
estate = CreateExecutorState();
/* We can use the estate's working context to avoid memory leaks. */
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(estate->es_query_cxt);
/* Build expression tree */
test_expr = make_opclause(test_op,
BOOLOID,
false ,
(Expr *) pred_const,
(Expr *) clause_const,
InvalidOid,
pred_collation);
/* Fill in opfuncids */
fix_opfuncids((Node *) test_expr);
/* Prepare it for execution */
test_exprstate = ExecInitExpr(test_expr, NULL);
/* And execute it. */
test_result = ExecEvalExprSwitchContext(test_exprstate,
GetPerTupleExprContext(estate),
&isNull);
/* Get back to outer memory context */
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
/* Release all the junk we just created */
FreeExecutorState(estate);
if (isNull)
{
/* Treat a null result as non-proof ... but it's a tad fishy ... */
elog(DEBUG2, "null predicate test result" );
return false ;
}
return DatumGetBool(test_result);
}
/*
* operator_same_subexprs_proof
* Assuming that EXPR1 clause_op EXPR2 is true , try to prove or refute
* EXPR1 pred_op EXPR2 .
*
* Return true if able to make the proof , false if not able to prove it .
*/
static bool
operator_same_subexprs_proof(Oid pred_op, Oid clause_op, bool refute_it)
{
/*
* A simple and general rule is that the predicate is proven if clause_op
* and pred_op are the same , or refuted if they are each other ' s negators .
* We need not check immutability since the pred_op is already known
* immutable . ( Actually , by this point we may have the commutator of a
* known - immutable pred_op , but that should certainly be immutable too .
* Likewise we don ' t worry whether the pred_op ' s negator is immutable . )
*
* Note : the " same " case won ' t get here if we actually had EXPR1 clause_op
* EXPR2 and EXPR1 pred_op EXPR2 , because the overall - expression - equality
* test in predicate_implied_by_simple_clause would have caught it . But
* we can see the same operator after having commuted the pred_op .
*/
if (refute_it)
{
if (get_negator(pred_op) == clause_op)
return true ;
}
else
{
if (pred_op == clause_op)
return true ;
}
/*
* Otherwise , see if we can determine the implication by finding the
* operators ' relationship via some btree opfamily .
*/
return operator_same_subexprs_lookup(pred_op, clause_op, refute_it);
}
/*
* We use a lookaside table to cache the result of btree proof operator
* lookups , since the actual lookup is pretty expensive and doesn ' t change
* for any given pair of operators ( at least as long as pg_amop doesn ' t
* change ) . A single hash entry stores both implication and refutation
* results for a given pair of operators ; but note we may have determined
* only one of those sets of results as yet .
*/
typedef struct OprProofCacheKey
{
Oid pred_op; /* predicate operator */
Oid clause_op; /* clause operator */
} OprProofCacheKey;
typedef struct OprProofCacheEntry
{
/* the hash lookup key MUST BE FIRST */
OprProofCacheKey key;
bool have_implic; /* do we know the implication result? */
bool have_refute; /* do we know the refutation result? */
bool same_subexprs_implies; /* X clause_op Y implies X pred_op Y? */
bool same_subexprs_refutes; /* X clause_op Y refutes X pred_op Y? */
Oid implic_test_op; /* OID of the test operator, or 0 if none */
Oid refute_test_op; /* OID of the test operator, or 0 if none */
} OprProofCacheEntry;
static HTAB *OprProofCacheHash = NULL;
/*
* lookup_proof_cache
* Get , and fill in if necessary , the appropriate cache entry .
*/
static OprProofCacheEntry *
lookup_proof_cache(Oid pred_op, Oid clause_op, bool refute_it)
{
OprProofCacheKey key;
OprProofCacheEntry *cache_entry;
bool cfound;
bool same_subexprs = false ;
Oid test_op = InvalidOid;
bool found = false ;
List *pred_op_infos,
*clause_op_infos;
ListCell *lcp,
*lcc;
/*
* Find or make a cache entry for this pair of operators .
*/
if (OprProofCacheHash == NULL)
{
/* First time through: initialize the hash table */
HASHCTL ctl;
ctl.keysize = sizeof (OprProofCacheKey);
ctl.entrysize = sizeof (OprProofCacheEntry);
OprProofCacheHash = hash_create("Btree proof lookup cache" , 256 ,
&ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
/* Arrange to flush cache on pg_amop changes */
CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(AMOPOPID,
InvalidateOprProofCacheCallBack,
(Datum) 0 );
}
key.pred_op = pred_op;
key.clause_op = clause_op;
cache_entry = (OprProofCacheEntry *) hash_search(OprProofCacheHash,
&key,
HASH_ENTER, &cfound);
if (!cfound)
{
/* new cache entry, set it invalid */
cache_entry->have_implic = false ;
cache_entry->have_refute = false ;
}
else
{
/* pre-existing cache entry, see if we know the answer yet */
if (refute_it ? cache_entry->have_refute : cache_entry->have_implic)
return cache_entry;
}
/*
* Try to find a btree opfamily containing the given operators .
*
* We must find a btree opfamily that contains both operators , else the
* implication can ' t be determined . Also , the opfamily must contain a
* suitable test operator taking the operators ' righthand datatypes .
*
* If there are multiple matching opfamilies , assume we can use any one to
* determine the logical relationship of the two operators and the correct
* corresponding test operator . This should work for any logically
* consistent opfamilies .
*
* Note that we can determine the operators ' relationship for
* same - subexprs cases even from an opfamily that lacks a usable test
* operator . This can happen in cases with incomplete sets of cross - type
* comparison operators .
*/
clause_op_infos = get_op_index_interpretation(clause_op);
if (clause_op_infos)
pred_op_infos = get_op_index_interpretation(pred_op);
else /* no point in looking */
pred_op_infos = NIL;
foreach(lcp, pred_op_infos)
{
OpIndexInterpretation *pred_op_info = lfirst(lcp);
Oid opfamily_id = pred_op_info->opfamily_id;
foreach(lcc, clause_op_infos)
{
OpIndexInterpretation *clause_op_info = lfirst(lcc);
CompareType pred_cmptype,
clause_cmptype,
test_cmptype;
/* Must find them in same opfamily */
if (opfamily_id != clause_op_info->opfamily_id)
continue ;
/* Lefttypes should match */
Assert(clause_op_info->oplefttype == pred_op_info->oplefttype);
pred_cmptype = pred_op_info->cmptype;
clause_cmptype = clause_op_info->cmptype;
/*
* Check to see if we can make a proof for same - subexpressions
* cases based on the operators ' relationship in this opfamily .
*/
if (refute_it)
same_subexprs |= RC_refutes_table[clause_cmptype - 1 ][pred_cmptype - 1 ];
else
same_subexprs |= RC_implies_table[clause_cmptype - 1 ][pred_cmptype - 1 ];
/*
* Look up the " test " cmptype number in the implication table
*/
if (refute_it)
test_cmptype = RC_refute_table[clause_cmptype - 1 ][pred_cmptype - 1 ];
else
test_cmptype = RC_implic_table[clause_cmptype - 1 ][pred_cmptype - 1 ];
if (test_cmptype == 0 )
{
/* Can't determine implication using this interpretation */
continue ;
}
/*
* See if opfamily has an operator for the test cmptype and the
* datatypes .
*/
if (test_cmptype == RCNE)
{
test_op = get_opfamily_member_for_cmptype(opfamily_id,
pred_op_info->oprighttype,
clause_op_info->oprighttype,
COMPARE_EQ);
if (OidIsValid(test_op))
test_op = get_negator(test_op);
}
else
{
test_op = get_opfamily_member_for_cmptype(opfamily_id,
pred_op_info->oprighttype,
clause_op_info->oprighttype,
test_cmptype);
}
if (!OidIsValid(test_op))
continue ;
/*
* Last check : test_op must be immutable .
*
* Note that we require only the test_op to be immutable , not the
* original clause_op . ( pred_op is assumed to have been checked
* immutable by the caller . ) Essentially we are assuming that the
* opfamily is consistent even if it contains operators that are
* merely stable .
*/
if (op_volatile(test_op) == PROVOLATILE_IMMUTABLE)
{
found = true ;
break ;
}
}
if (found)
break ;
}
list_free_deep(pred_op_infos);
list_free_deep(clause_op_infos);
if (!found)
{
/* couldn't find a suitable comparison operator */
test_op = InvalidOid;
}
/*
* If we think we were able to prove something about same - subexpressions
* cases , check to make sure the clause_op is immutable before believing
* it completely . ( Usually , the clause_op would be immutable if the
* pred_op is , but it ' s not entirely clear that this must be true in all
* cases , so let ' s check . )
*/
if (same_subexprs &&
op_volatile(clause_op) != PROVOLATILE_IMMUTABLE)
same_subexprs = false ;
/* Cache the results, whether positive or negative */
if (refute_it)
{
cache_entry->refute_test_op = test_op;
cache_entry->same_subexprs_refutes = same_subexprs;
cache_entry->have_refute = true ;
}
else
{
cache_entry->implic_test_op = test_op;
cache_entry->same_subexprs_implies = same_subexprs;
cache_entry->have_implic = true ;
}
return cache_entry;
}
/*
* operator_same_subexprs_lookup
* Convenience subroutine to look up the cached answer for
* same - subexpressions cases .
*/
static bool
operator_same_subexprs_lookup(Oid pred_op, Oid clause_op, bool refute_it)
{
OprProofCacheEntry *cache_entry;
cache_entry = lookup_proof_cache(pred_op, clause_op, refute_it);
if (refute_it)
return cache_entry->same_subexprs_refutes;
else
return cache_entry->same_subexprs_implies;
}
/*
* get_btree_test_op
* Identify the comparison operator needed for a btree - operator
* proof or refutation involving comparison of constants .
*
* Given the truth of a clause " var clause_op const1 " , we are attempting to
* prove or refute a predicate " var pred_op const2 " . The identities of the
* two operators are sufficient to determine the operator ( if any ) to compare
* const2 to const1 with .
*
* Returns the OID of the operator to use , or InvalidOid if no proof is
* possible .
*/
static Oid
get_btree_test_op(Oid pred_op, Oid clause_op, bool refute_it)
{
OprProofCacheEntry *cache_entry;
cache_entry = lookup_proof_cache(pred_op, clause_op, refute_it);
if (refute_it)
return cache_entry->refute_test_op;
else
return cache_entry->implic_test_op;
}
/*
* Callback for pg_amop inval events
*/
static void
InvalidateOprProofCacheCallBack(Datum arg, int cacheid, uint32 hashvalue)
{
HASH_SEQ_STATUS status;
OprProofCacheEntry *hentry;
Assert(OprProofCacheHash != NULL);
/* Currently we just reset all entries; hard to be smarter ... */
hash_seq_init(&status, OprProofCacheHash);
while ((hentry = (OprProofCacheEntry *) hash_seq_search(&status)) != NULL)
{
hentry->have_implic = false ;
hentry->have_refute = false ;
}
}
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