Quelle mcv.c
Sprache: C
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* mcv . c
* POSTGRES multivariate MCV lists
*
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / statistics / mcv . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include <math.h>
#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "catalog/pg_statistic_ext.h"
#include "catalog/pg_statistic_ext_data.h"
#include "fmgr.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "statistics/extended_stats_internal.h"
#include "statistics/statistics.h"
#include "utils/array.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/fmgrprotos.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/selfuncs.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/typcache.h"
/*
* Computes size of a serialized MCV item , depending on the number of
* dimensions ( columns ) the statistic is defined on . The datum values are
* stored in a separate array ( deduplicated , to minimize the size ) , and
* so the serialized items only store uint16 indexes into that array .
*
* Each serialized item stores ( in this order ) :
*
* - indexes to values ( ndim * sizeof ( uint16 ) )
* - null flags ( ndim * sizeof ( bool ) )
* - frequency ( sizeof ( double ) )
* - base_frequency ( sizeof ( double ) )
*
* There is no alignment padding within an MCV item .
* So in total each MCV item requires this many bytes :
*
* ndim * ( sizeof ( uint16 ) + sizeof ( bool ) ) + 2 * sizeof ( double )
*/
#define ITEM_SIZE(ndims) \
((ndims) * (sizeof (uint16) + sizeof (bool )) + 2 * sizeof (double ))
/*
* Used to compute size of serialized MCV list representation .
*/
#define MinSizeOfMCVList \
(VARHDRSZ + sizeof (uint32) * 3 + sizeof (AttrNumber))
/*
* Size of the serialized MCV list , excluding the space needed for
* deduplicated per - dimension values . The macro is meant to be used
* when it ' s not yet safe to access the serialized info about amount
* of data for each column .
*/
#define SizeOfMCVList(ndims,nitems) \
((MinSizeOfMCVList + sizeof (Oid) * (ndims)) + \
((ndims) * sizeof (DimensionInfo)) + \
((nitems) * ITEM_SIZE(ndims)))
static MultiSortSupport build_mss(StatsBuildData *data);
static SortItem *build_distinct_groups(int numrows, SortItem *items,
MultiSortSupport mss, int *ndistinct);
static SortItem **build_column_frequencies(SortItem *groups, int ngroups,
MultiSortSupport mss, int *ncounts);
static int count_distinct_groups(int numrows, SortItem *items,
MultiSortSupport mss);
/*
* Compute new value for bitmap item , considering whether it ' s used for
* clauses connected by AND / OR .
*/
#define RESULT_MERGE(value, is_or, match) \
((is_or) ? ((value) || (match)) : ((value) && (match)))
/*
* When processing a list of clauses , the bitmap item may get set to a value
* such that additional clauses can ' t change it . For example , when processing
* a list of clauses connected to AND , as soon as the item gets set to ' false '
* then it ' ll remain like that . Similarly clauses connected by OR and ' true ' .
*
* Returns true when the value in the bitmap can ' t change no matter how the
* remaining clauses are evaluated .
*/
#define RESULT_IS_FINAL(value, is_or) ((is_or) ? (value) : (!(value)))
/*
* get_mincount_for_mcv_list
* Determine the minimum number of times a value needs to appear in
* the sample for it to be included in the MCV list .
*
* We want to keep only values that appear sufficiently often in the
* sample that it is reasonable to extrapolate their sample frequencies to
* the entire table . We do this by placing an upper bound on the relative
* standard error of the sample frequency , so that any estimates the
* planner generates from the MCV statistics can be expected to be
* reasonably accurate .
*
* Since we are sampling without replacement , the sample frequency of a
* particular value is described by a hypergeometric distribution . A
* common rule of thumb when estimating errors in this situation is to
* require at least 10 instances of the value in the sample , in which case
* the distribution can be approximated by a normal distribution , and
* standard error analysis techniques can be applied . Given a sample size
* of n , a population size of N , and a sample frequency of p = cnt / n , the
* standard error of the proportion p is given by
* SE = sqrt ( p * ( 1 - p ) / n ) * sqrt ( ( N - n ) / ( N - 1 ) )
* where the second term is the finite population correction . To get
* reasonably accurate planner estimates , we impose an upper bound on the
* relative standard error of 20 % - - i . e . , SE / p < 0 . 2 . This 20 % relative
* error bound is fairly arbitrary , but has been found empirically to work
* well . Rearranging this formula gives a lower bound on the number of
* instances of the value seen :
* cnt > n * ( N - n ) / ( N - n + 0 . 04 * n * ( N - 1 ) )
* This bound is at most 25 , and approaches 0 as n approaches 0 or N . The
* case where n approaches 0 cannot happen in practice , since the sample
* size is at least 300 . The case where n approaches N corresponds to
* sampling the whole table , in which case it is reasonable to keep
* the whole MCV list ( have no lower bound ) , so it makes sense to apply
* this formula for all inputs , even though the above derivation is
* technically only valid when the right hand side is at least around 10 .
*
* An alternative way to look at this formula is as follows - - assume that
* the number of instances of the value seen scales up to the entire
* table , so that the population count is K = N * cnt / n . Then the distribution
* in the sample is a hypergeometric distribution parameterised by N , n
* and K , and the bound above is mathematically equivalent to demanding
* that the standard deviation of that distribution is less than 20 % of
* its mean . Thus the relative errors in any planner estimates produced
* from the MCV statistics are likely to be not too large .
*/
static double
get_mincount_for_mcv_list(int samplerows, double totalrows)
{
double n = samplerows;
double N = totalrows;
double numer,
denom;
numer = n * (N - n);
denom = N - n + 0 .04 * n * (N - 1 );
/* Guard against division by zero (possible if n = N = 1) */
if (denom == 0 .0 )
return 0 .0 ;
return numer / denom;
}
/*
* Builds MCV list from the set of sampled rows .
*
* The algorithm is quite simple :
*
* ( 1 ) sort the data ( default collation , ' < ' for the data type )
*
* ( 2 ) count distinct groups , decide how many to keep
*
* ( 3 ) build the MCV list using the threshold determined in ( 2 )
*
* ( 4 ) remove rows represented by the MCV from the sample
*
*/
MCVList *
statext_mcv_build(StatsBuildData *data, double totalrows, int stattarget)
{
int i,
numattrs,
numrows,
ngroups,
nitems;
double mincount;
SortItem *items;
SortItem *groups;
MCVList *mcvlist = NULL;
MultiSortSupport mss;
/* comparator for all the columns */
mss = build_mss(data);
/* sort the rows */
items = build_sorted_items(data, &nitems, mss,
data->nattnums, data->attnums);
if (!items)
return NULL;
/* for convenience */
numattrs = data->nattnums;
numrows = data->numrows;
/* transform the sorted rows into groups (sorted by frequency) */
groups = build_distinct_groups(nitems, items, mss, &ngroups);
/*
* The maximum number of MCV items to store , based on the statistics
* target we computed for the statistics object ( from the target set for
* the object itself , attributes and the system default ) . In any case , we
* can ' t keep more groups than we have available .
*/
nitems = stattarget;
if (nitems > ngroups)
nitems = ngroups;
/*
* Decide how many items to keep in the MCV list . We can ' t use the same
* algorithm as per - column MCV lists , because that only considers the
* actual group frequency - but we ' re primarily interested in how the
* actual frequency differs from the base frequency ( product of simple
* per - column frequencies , as if the columns were independent ) .
*
* Using the same algorithm might exclude items that are close to the
* " average " frequency of the sample . But that does not say whether the
* observed frequency is close to the base frequency or not . We also need
* to consider unexpectedly uncommon items ( again , compared to the base
* frequency ) , and the single - column algorithm does not have to .
*
* We simply decide how many items to keep by computing the minimum count
* using get_mincount_for_mcv_list ( ) and then keep all items that seem to
* be more common than that .
*/
mincount = get_mincount_for_mcv_list(numrows, totalrows);
/*
* Walk the groups until we find the first group with a count below the
* mincount threshold ( the index of that group is the number of groups we
* want to keep ) .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < nitems; i++)
{
if (groups[i].count < mincount)
{
nitems = i;
break ;
}
}
/*
* At this point , we know the number of items for the MCV list . There
* might be none ( for uniform distribution with many groups ) , and in that
* case , there will be no MCV list . Otherwise , construct the MCV list .
*/
if (nitems > 0 )
{
int j;
SortItem key;
MultiSortSupport tmp;
/* frequencies for values in each attribute */
SortItem **freqs;
int *nfreqs;
/* used to search values */
tmp = (MultiSortSupport) palloc(offsetof(MultiSortSupportData, ssup)
+ sizeof (SortSupportData));
/* compute frequencies for values in each column */
nfreqs = (int *) palloc0(sizeof (int ) * numattrs);
freqs = build_column_frequencies(groups, ngroups, mss, nfreqs);
/*
* Allocate the MCV list structure , set the global parameters .
*/
mcvlist = (MCVList *) palloc0(offsetof(MCVList, items) +
sizeof (MCVItem) * nitems);
mcvlist->magic = STATS_MCV_MAGIC;
mcvlist->type = STATS_MCV_TYPE_BASIC;
mcvlist->ndimensions = numattrs;
mcvlist->nitems = nitems;
/* store info about data type OIDs */
for (i = 0 ; i < numattrs; i++)
mcvlist->types[i] = data->stats[i]->attrtypid;
/* Copy the first chunk of groups into the result. */
for (i = 0 ; i < nitems; i++)
{
/* just point to the proper place in the list */
MCVItem *item = &mcvlist->items[i];
item->values = (Datum *) palloc(sizeof (Datum) * numattrs);
item->isnull = (bool *) palloc(sizeof (bool ) * numattrs);
/* copy values for the group */
memcpy(item->values, groups[i].values, sizeof (Datum) * numattrs);
memcpy(item->isnull, groups[i].isnull, sizeof (bool ) * numattrs);
/* groups should be sorted by frequency in descending order */
Assert((i == 0 ) || (groups[i - 1 ].count >= groups[i].count));
/* group frequency */
item->frequency = (double ) groups[i].count / numrows;
/* base frequency, if the attributes were independent */
item->base_frequency = 1 .0 ;
for (j = 0 ; j < numattrs; j++)
{
SortItem *freq;
/* single dimension */
tmp->ndims = 1 ;
tmp->ssup[0 ] = mss->ssup[j];
/* fill search key */
key.values = &groups[i].values[j];
key.isnull = &groups[i].isnull[j];
freq = (SortItem *) bsearch_arg(&key, freqs[j], nfreqs[j],
sizeof (SortItem),
multi_sort_compare, tmp);
item->base_frequency *= ((double ) freq->count) / numrows;
}
}
pfree(nfreqs);
pfree(freqs);
}
pfree(items);
pfree(groups);
return mcvlist;
}
/*
* build_mss
* Build a MultiSortSupport for the given StatsBuildData .
*/
static MultiSortSupport
build_mss(StatsBuildData *data)
{
int i;
int numattrs = data->nattnums;
/* Sort by multiple columns (using array of SortSupport) */
MultiSortSupport mss = multi_sort_init(numattrs);
/* prepare the sort functions for all the attributes */
for (i = 0 ; i < numattrs; i++)
{
VacAttrStats *colstat = data->stats[i];
TypeCacheEntry *type;
type = lookup_type_cache(colstat->attrtypid, TYPECACHE_LT_OPR);
if (type->lt_opr == InvalidOid) /* shouldn't happen */
elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for ordering operator for type %u" ,
colstat->attrtypid);
multi_sort_add_dimension(mss, i, type->lt_opr, colstat->attrcollid);
}
return mss;
}
/*
* count_distinct_groups
* Count distinct combinations of SortItems in the array .
*
* The array is assumed to be sorted according to the MultiSortSupport .
*/
static int
count_distinct_groups(int numrows, SortItem *items, MultiSortSupport mss)
{
int i;
int ndistinct;
ndistinct = 1 ;
for (i = 1 ; i < numrows; i++)
{
/* make sure the array really is sorted */
Assert(multi_sort_compare(&items[i], &items[i - 1 ], mss) >= 0 );
if (multi_sort_compare(&items[i], &items[i - 1 ], mss) != 0 )
ndistinct += 1 ;
}
return ndistinct;
}
/*
* compare_sort_item_count
* Comparator for sorting items by count ( frequencies ) in descending
* order .
*/
static int
compare_sort_item_count(const void *a, const void *b, void *arg)
{
SortItem *ia = (SortItem *) a;
SortItem *ib = (SortItem *) b;
if (ia->count == ib->count)
return 0 ;
else if (ia->count > ib->count)
return -1 ;
return 1 ;
}
/*
* build_distinct_groups
* Build an array of SortItems for distinct groups and counts matching
* items .
*
* The ' items ' array is assumed to be sorted .
*/
static SortItem *
build_distinct_groups(int numrows, SortItem *items, MultiSortSupport mss,
int *ndistinct)
{
int i,
j;
int ngroups = count_distinct_groups(numrows, items, mss);
SortItem *groups = (SortItem *) palloc(ngroups * sizeof (SortItem));
j = 0 ;
groups[0 ] = items[0 ];
groups[0 ].count = 1 ;
for (i = 1 ; i < numrows; i++)
{
/* Assume sorted in ascending order. */
Assert(multi_sort_compare(&items[i], &items[i - 1 ], mss) >= 0 );
/* New distinct group detected. */
if (multi_sort_compare(&items[i], &items[i - 1 ], mss) != 0 )
{
groups[++j] = items[i];
groups[j].count = 0 ;
}
groups[j].count++;
}
/* ensure we filled the expected number of distinct groups */
Assert(j + 1 == ngroups);
/* Sort the distinct groups by frequency (in descending order). */
qsort_interruptible(groups, ngroups, sizeof (SortItem),
compare_sort_item_count, NULL);
*ndistinct = ngroups;
return groups;
}
/* compare sort items (single dimension) */
static int
sort_item_compare(const void *a, const void *b, void *arg)
{
SortSupport ssup = (SortSupport) arg;
SortItem *ia = (SortItem *) a;
SortItem *ib = (SortItem *) b;
return ApplySortComparator(ia->values[0 ], ia->isnull[0 ],
ib->values[0 ], ib->isnull[0 ],
ssup);
}
/*
* build_column_frequencies
* Compute frequencies of values in each column .
*
* This returns an array of SortItems for each attribute the MCV is built
* on , with a frequency ( number of occurrences ) for each value . This is
* then used to compute " base " frequency of MCV items .
*
* All the memory is allocated in a single chunk , so that a single pfree
* is enough to release it . We do not allocate space for values / isnull
* arrays in the SortItems , because we can simply point into the input
* groups directly .
*/
static SortItem **
build_column_frequencies(SortItem *groups, int ngroups,
MultiSortSupport mss, int *ncounts)
{
int i,
dim;
SortItem **result;
char *ptr;
Assert(groups);
Assert(ncounts);
/* allocate arrays for all columns as a single chunk */
ptr = palloc(MAXALIGN(sizeof (SortItem *) * mss->ndims) +
mss->ndims * MAXALIGN(sizeof (SortItem) * ngroups));
/* initial array of pointers */
result = (SortItem **) ptr;
ptr += MAXALIGN(sizeof (SortItem *) * mss->ndims);
for (dim = 0 ; dim < mss->ndims; dim++)
{
SortSupport ssup = &mss->ssup[dim];
/* array of values for a single column */
result[dim] = (SortItem *) ptr;
ptr += MAXALIGN(sizeof (SortItem) * ngroups);
/* extract data for the dimension */
for (i = 0 ; i < ngroups; i++)
{
/* point into the input groups */
result[dim][i].values = &groups[i].values[dim];
result[dim][i].isnull = &groups[i].isnull[dim];
result[dim][i].count = groups[i].count;
}
/* sort the values, deduplicate */
qsort_interruptible(result[dim], ngroups, sizeof (SortItem),
sort_item_compare, ssup);
/*
* Identify distinct values , compute frequency ( there might be
* multiple MCV items containing this value , so we need to sum counts
* from all of them .
*/
ncounts[dim] = 1 ;
for (i = 1 ; i < ngroups; i++)
{
if (sort_item_compare(&result[dim][i - 1 ], &result[dim][i], ssup) == 0 )
{
result[dim][ncounts[dim] - 1 ].count += result[dim][i].count;
continue ;
}
result[dim][ncounts[dim]] = result[dim][i];
ncounts[dim]++;
}
}
return result;
}
/*
* statext_mcv_load
* Load the MCV list for the indicated pg_statistic_ext_data tuple .
*/
MCVList *
statext_mcv_load(Oid mvoid, bool inh)
{
MCVList *result;
bool isnull;
Datum mcvlist;
HeapTuple htup = SearchSysCache2(STATEXTDATASTXOID,
ObjectIdGetDatum(mvoid), BoolGetDatum(inh));
if (!HeapTupleIsValid(htup))
elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for statistics object %u" , mvoid);
mcvlist = SysCacheGetAttr(STATEXTDATASTXOID, htup,
Anum_pg_statistic_ext_data_stxdmcv, &isnull);
if (isnull)
elog(ERROR,
"requested statistics kind \" %c\" is not yet built for statistics object %u" ,
STATS_EXT_MCV, mvoid);
result = statext_mcv_deserialize(DatumGetByteaP(mcvlist));
ReleaseSysCache(htup);
return result;
}
/*
* statext_mcv_serialize
* Serialize MCV list into a pg_mcv_list value .
*
* The MCV items may include values of various data types , and it ' s reasonable
* to expect redundancy ( values for a given attribute , repeated for multiple
* MCV list items ) . So we deduplicate the values into arrays , and then replace
* the values by indexes into those arrays .
*
* The overall structure of the serialized representation looks like this :
*
* + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - +
* | header fields | dimension info | deduplicated values | items |
* + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - +
*
* Where dimension info stores information about the type of the K - th
* attribute ( e . g . typlen , typbyval and length of deduplicated values ) .
* Deduplicated values store deduplicated values for each attribute . And
* items store the actual MCV list items , with values replaced by indexes into
* the arrays .
*
* When serializing the items , we use uint16 indexes . The number of MCV items
* is limited by the statistics target ( which is capped to 10 k at the moment ) .
* We might increase this to 65 k and still fit into uint16 , so there ' s a bit of
* slack . Furthermore , this limit is on the number of distinct values per column ,
* and we usually have few of those ( and various combinations of them for the
* those MCV list ) . So uint16 seems fine for now .
*
* We don ' t really expect the serialization to save as much space as for
* histograms , as we are not doing any bucket splits ( which is the source
* of high redundancy in histograms ) .
*
* TODO : Consider packing boolean flags ( NULL ) for each item into a single char
* ( or a longer type ) instead of using an array of bool items .
*/
bytea *
statext_mcv_serialize(MCVList *mcvlist, VacAttrStats **stats)
{
int i;
int dim;
int ndims = mcvlist->ndimensions;
SortSupport ssup;
DimensionInfo *info;
Size total_length;
/* serialized items (indexes into arrays, etc.) */
bytea *raw;
char *ptr;
char *endptr PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY;
/* values per dimension (and number of non-NULL values) */
Datum **values = (Datum **) palloc0(sizeof (Datum *) * ndims);
int *counts = (int *) palloc0(sizeof (int ) * ndims);
/*
* We ' ll include some rudimentary information about the attribute types
* ( length , by - val flag ) , so that we don ' t have to look them up while
* deserializing the MCV list ( we already have the type OID in the
* header ) . This is safe because when changing the type of the attribute
* the statistics gets dropped automatically . We need to store the info
* about the arrays of deduplicated values anyway .
*/
info = (DimensionInfo *) palloc0(sizeof (DimensionInfo) * ndims);
/* sort support data for all attributes included in the MCV list */
ssup = (SortSupport) palloc0(sizeof (SortSupportData) * ndims);
/* collect and deduplicate values for each dimension (attribute) */
for (dim = 0 ; dim < ndims; dim++)
{
int ndistinct;
TypeCacheEntry *typentry;
/*
* Lookup the LT operator ( can ' t get it from stats extra_data , as we
* don ' t know how to interpret that - scalar vs . array etc . ) .
*/
typentry = lookup_type_cache(stats[dim]->attrtypid, TYPECACHE_LT_OPR);
/* copy important info about the data type (length, by-value) */
info[dim].typlen = stats[dim]->attrtype->typlen;
info[dim].typbyval = stats[dim]->attrtype->typbyval;
/* allocate space for values in the attribute and collect them */
values[dim] = (Datum *) palloc0(sizeof (Datum) * mcvlist->nitems);
for (i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->nitems; i++)
{
/* skip NULL values - we don't need to deduplicate those */
if (mcvlist->items[i].isnull[dim])
continue ;
/* append the value at the end */
values[dim][counts[dim]] = mcvlist->items[i].values[dim];
counts[dim] += 1 ;
}
/* if there are just NULL values in this dimension, we're done */
if (counts[dim] == 0 )
continue ;
/* sort and deduplicate the data */
ssup[dim].ssup_cxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
ssup[dim].ssup_collation = stats[dim]->attrcollid;
ssup[dim].ssup_nulls_first = false ;
PrepareSortSupportFromOrderingOp(typentry->lt_opr, &ssup[dim]);
qsort_interruptible(values[dim], counts[dim], sizeof (Datum),
compare_scalars_simple, &ssup[dim]);
/*
* Walk through the array and eliminate duplicate values , but keep the
* ordering ( so that we can do a binary search later ) . We know there ' s
* at least one item as ( counts [ dim ] ! = 0 ) , so we can skip the first
* element .
*/
ndistinct = 1 ; /* number of distinct values */
for (i = 1 ; i < counts[dim]; i++)
{
/* expect sorted array */
Assert(compare_datums_simple(values[dim][i - 1 ], values[dim][i], &ssup[dim]) <= 0 );
/* if the value is the same as the previous one, we can skip it */
if (!compare_datums_simple(values[dim][i - 1 ], values[dim][i], &ssup[dim]))
continue ;
values[dim][ndistinct] = values[dim][i];
ndistinct += 1 ;
}
/* we must not exceed PG_UINT16_MAX, as we use uint16 indexes */
Assert(ndistinct <= PG_UINT16_MAX);
/*
* Store additional info about the attribute - number of deduplicated
* values , and also size of the serialized data . For fixed - length data
* types this is trivial to compute , for varwidth types we need to
* actually walk the array and sum the sizes .
*/
info[dim].nvalues = ndistinct;
if (info[dim].typbyval) /* by-value data types */
{
info[dim].nbytes = info[dim].nvalues * info[dim].typlen;
/*
* We copy the data into the MCV item during deserialization , so
* we don ' t need to allocate any extra space .
*/
info[dim].nbytes_aligned = 0 ;
}
else if (info[dim].typlen > 0 ) /* fixed-length by-ref */
{
/*
* We don ' t care about alignment in the serialized data , so we
* pack the data as much as possible . But we also track how much
* data will be needed after deserialization , and in that case we
* need to account for alignment of each item .
*
* Note : As the items are fixed - length , we could easily compute
* this during deserialization , but we do it here anyway .
*/
info[dim].nbytes = info[dim].nvalues * info[dim].typlen;
info[dim].nbytes_aligned = info[dim].nvalues * MAXALIGN(info[dim].typlen);
}
else if (info[dim].typlen == -1 ) /* varlena */
{
info[dim].nbytes = 0 ;
info[dim].nbytes_aligned = 0 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < info[dim].nvalues; i++)
{
Size len;
/*
* For varlena values , we detoast the values and store the
* length and data separately . We don ' t bother with alignment
* here , which means that during deserialization we need to
* copy the fields and only access the copies .
*/
values[dim][i] = PointerGetDatum(PG_DETOAST_DATUM(values[dim][i]));
/* serialized length (uint32 length + data) */
len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(values[dim][i]);
info[dim].nbytes += sizeof (uint32); /* length */
info[dim].nbytes += len; /* value (no header) */
/*
* During deserialization we ' ll build regular varlena values
* with full headers , and we need to align them properly .
*/
info[dim].nbytes_aligned += MAXALIGN(VARHDRSZ + len);
}
}
else if (info[dim].typlen == -2 ) /* cstring */
{
info[dim].nbytes = 0 ;
info[dim].nbytes_aligned = 0 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < info[dim].nvalues; i++)
{
Size len;
/*
* cstring is handled similar to varlena - first we store the
* length as uint32 and then the data . We don ' t care about
* alignment , which means that during deserialization we need
* to copy the fields and only access the copies .
*/
/* c-strings include terminator, so +1 byte */
len = strlen(DatumGetCString(values[dim][i])) + 1 ;
info[dim].nbytes += sizeof (uint32); /* length */
info[dim].nbytes += len; /* value */
/* space needed for properly aligned deserialized copies */
info[dim].nbytes_aligned += MAXALIGN(len);
}
}
/* we know (count>0) so there must be some data */
Assert(info[dim].nbytes > 0 );
}
/*
* Now we can finally compute how much space we ' ll actually need for the
* whole serialized MCV list ( varlena header , MCV header , dimension info
* for each attribute , deduplicated values and items ) .
*/
total_length = (3 * sizeof (uint32)) /* magic + type + nitems */
+ sizeof (AttrNumber) /* ndimensions */
+ (ndims * sizeof (Oid)); /* attribute types */
/* dimension info */
total_length += ndims * sizeof (DimensionInfo);
/* add space for the arrays of deduplicated values */
for (i = 0 ; i < ndims; i++)
total_length += info[i].nbytes;
/*
* And finally account for the items ( those are fixed - length , thanks to
* replacing values with uint16 indexes into the deduplicated arrays ) .
*/
total_length += mcvlist->nitems * ITEM_SIZE(dim);
/*
* Allocate space for the whole serialized MCV list ( we ' ll skip bytes , so
* we set them to zero to make the result more compressible ) .
*/
raw = (bytea *) palloc0(VARHDRSZ + total_length);
SET_VARSIZE(raw, VARHDRSZ + total_length);
ptr = VARDATA(raw);
endptr = ptr + total_length;
/* copy the MCV list header fields, one by one */
memcpy(ptr, &mcvlist->magic, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
memcpy(ptr, &mcvlist->type, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
memcpy(ptr, &mcvlist->nitems, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
memcpy(ptr, &mcvlist->ndimensions, sizeof (AttrNumber));
ptr += sizeof (AttrNumber);
memcpy(ptr, mcvlist->types, sizeof (Oid) * ndims);
ptr += (sizeof (Oid) * ndims);
/* store information about the attributes (data amounts, ...) */
memcpy(ptr, info, sizeof (DimensionInfo) * ndims);
ptr += sizeof (DimensionInfo) * ndims;
/* Copy the deduplicated values for all attributes to the output. */
for (dim = 0 ; dim < ndims; dim++)
{
/* remember the starting point for Asserts later */
char *start PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = ptr;
for (i = 0 ; i < info[dim].nvalues; i++)
{
Datum value = values[dim][i];
if (info[dim].typbyval) /* passed by value */
{
Datum tmp;
/*
* For byval types , we need to copy just the significant bytes
* - we can ' t use memcpy directly , as that assumes
* little - endian behavior . store_att_byval does almost what
* we need , but it requires a properly aligned buffer - the
* output buffer does not guarantee that . So we simply use a
* local Datum variable ( which guarantees proper alignment ) ,
* and then copy the value from it .
*/
store_att_byval(&tmp, value, info[dim].typlen);
memcpy(ptr, &tmp, info[dim].typlen);
ptr += info[dim].typlen;
}
else if (info[dim].typlen > 0 ) /* passed by reference */
{
/* no special alignment needed, treated as char array */
memcpy(ptr, DatumGetPointer(value), info[dim].typlen);
ptr += info[dim].typlen;
}
else if (info[dim].typlen == -1 ) /* varlena */
{
uint32 len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(DatumGetPointer(value));
/* copy the length */
memcpy(ptr, &len, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
/* data from the varlena value (without the header) */
memcpy(ptr, VARDATA_ANY(DatumGetPointer(value)), len);
ptr += len;
}
else if (info[dim].typlen == -2 ) /* cstring */
{
uint32 len = (uint32) strlen(DatumGetCString(value)) + 1 ;
/* copy the length */
memcpy(ptr, &len, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
/* value */
memcpy(ptr, DatumGetCString(value), len);
ptr += len;
}
/* no underflows or overflows */
Assert((ptr > start) && ((ptr - start) <= info[dim].nbytes));
}
/* we should get exactly nbytes of data for this dimension */
Assert((ptr - start) == info[dim].nbytes);
}
/* Serialize the items, with uint16 indexes instead of the values. */
for (i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->nitems; i++)
{
MCVItem *mcvitem = &mcvlist->items[i];
/* don't write beyond the allocated space */
Assert(ptr <= (endptr - ITEM_SIZE(dim)));
/* copy NULL and frequency flags into the serialized MCV */
memcpy(ptr, mcvitem->isnull, sizeof (bool ) * ndims);
ptr += sizeof (bool ) * ndims;
memcpy(ptr, &mcvitem->frequency, sizeof (double ));
ptr += sizeof (double );
memcpy(ptr, &mcvitem->base_frequency, sizeof (double ));
ptr += sizeof (double );
/* store the indexes last */
for (dim = 0 ; dim < ndims; dim++)
{
uint16 index = 0 ;
Datum *value;
/* do the lookup only for non-NULL values */
if (!mcvitem->isnull[dim])
{
value = (Datum *) bsearch_arg(&mcvitem->values[dim], values[dim],
info[dim].nvalues, sizeof (Datum),
compare_scalars_simple, &ssup[dim]);
Assert(value != NULL); /* serialization or deduplication
* error */
/* compute index within the deduplicated array */
index = (uint16) (value - values[dim]);
/* check the index is within expected bounds */
Assert(index < info[dim].nvalues);
}
/* copy the index into the serialized MCV */
memcpy(ptr, &index, sizeof (uint16));
ptr += sizeof (uint16);
}
/* make sure we don't overflow the allocated value */
Assert(ptr <= endptr);
}
/* at this point we expect to match the total_length exactly */
Assert(ptr == endptr);
pfree(values);
pfree(counts);
return raw;
}
/*
* statext_mcv_deserialize
* Reads serialized MCV list into MCVList structure .
*
* All the memory needed by the MCV list is allocated as a single chunk , so
* it ' s possible to simply pfree ( ) it at once .
*/
MCVList *
statext_mcv_deserialize(bytea *data)
{
int dim,
i;
Size expected_size;
MCVList *mcvlist;
char *raw;
char *ptr;
char *endptr PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY;
int ndims,
nitems;
DimensionInfo *info = NULL;
/* local allocation buffer (used only for deserialization) */
Datum **map = NULL;
/* MCV list */
Size mcvlen;
/* buffer used for the result */
Size datalen;
char *dataptr;
char *valuesptr;
char *isnullptr;
if (data == NULL)
return NULL;
/*
* We can ' t possibly deserialize a MCV list if there ' s not even a complete
* header . We need an explicit formula here , because we serialize the
* header fields one by one , so we need to ignore struct alignment .
*/
if (VARSIZE_ANY(data) < MinSizeOfMCVList)
elog(ERROR, "invalid MCV size %zu (expected at least %zu)" ,
VARSIZE_ANY(data), MinSizeOfMCVList);
/* read the MCV list header */
mcvlist = (MCVList *) palloc0(offsetof(MCVList, items));
/* pointer to the data part (skip the varlena header) */
raw = (char *) data;
ptr = VARDATA_ANY(raw);
endptr = (char *) raw + VARSIZE_ANY(data);
/* get the header and perform further sanity checks */
memcpy(&mcvlist->magic, ptr, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
memcpy(&mcvlist->type, ptr, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
memcpy(&mcvlist->nitems, ptr, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
memcpy(&mcvlist->ndimensions, ptr, sizeof (AttrNumber));
ptr += sizeof (AttrNumber);
if (mcvlist->magic != STATS_MCV_MAGIC)
elog(ERROR, "invalid MCV magic %u (expected %u)" ,
mcvlist->magic, STATS_MCV_MAGIC);
if (mcvlist->type != STATS_MCV_TYPE_BASIC)
elog(ERROR, "invalid MCV type %u (expected %u)" ,
mcvlist->type, STATS_MCV_TYPE_BASIC);
if (mcvlist->ndimensions == 0 )
elog(ERROR, "invalid zero-length dimension array in MCVList" );
else if ((mcvlist->ndimensions > STATS_MAX_DIMENSIONS) ||
(mcvlist->ndimensions < 0 ))
elog(ERROR, "invalid length (%d) dimension array in MCVList" ,
mcvlist->ndimensions);
if (mcvlist->nitems == 0 )
elog(ERROR, "invalid zero-length item array in MCVList" );
else if (mcvlist->nitems > STATS_MCVLIST_MAX_ITEMS)
elog(ERROR, "invalid length (%u) item array in MCVList" ,
mcvlist->nitems);
nitems = mcvlist->nitems;
ndims = mcvlist->ndimensions;
/*
* Check amount of data including DimensionInfo for all dimensions and
* also the serialized items ( including uint16 indexes ) . Also , walk
* through the dimension information and add it to the sum .
*/
expected_size = SizeOfMCVList(ndims, nitems);
/*
* Check that we have at least the dimension and info records , along with
* the items . We don ' t know the size of the serialized values yet . We need
* to do this check first , before accessing the dimension info .
*/
if (VARSIZE_ANY(data) < expected_size)
elog(ERROR, "invalid MCV size %zu (expected %zu)" ,
VARSIZE_ANY(data), expected_size);
/* Now copy the array of type Oids. */
memcpy(mcvlist->types, ptr, sizeof (Oid) * ndims);
ptr += (sizeof (Oid) * ndims);
/* Now it's safe to access the dimension info. */
info = palloc(ndims * sizeof (DimensionInfo));
memcpy(info, ptr, ndims * sizeof (DimensionInfo));
ptr += (ndims * sizeof (DimensionInfo));
/* account for the value arrays */
for (dim = 0 ; dim < ndims; dim++)
{
/*
* XXX I wonder if we can / should rely on asserts here . Maybe those
* checks should be done every time ?
*/
Assert(info[dim].nvalues >= 0 );
Assert(info[dim].nbytes >= 0 );
expected_size += info[dim].nbytes;
}
/*
* Now we know the total expected MCV size , including all the pieces
* ( header , dimension info . items and deduplicated data ) . So do the final
* check on size .
*/
if (VARSIZE_ANY(data) != expected_size)
elog(ERROR, "invalid MCV size %zu (expected %zu)" ,
VARSIZE_ANY(data), expected_size);
/*
* We need an array of Datum values for each dimension , so that we can
* easily translate the uint16 indexes later . We also need a top - level
* array of pointers to those per - dimension arrays .
*
* While allocating the arrays for dimensions , compute how much space we
* need for a copy of the by - ref data , as we can ' t simply point to the
* original values ( it might go away ) .
*/
datalen = 0 ; /* space for by-ref data */
map = (Datum **) palloc(ndims * sizeof (Datum *));
for (dim = 0 ; dim < ndims; dim++)
{
map[dim] = (Datum *) palloc(sizeof (Datum) * info[dim].nvalues);
/* space needed for a copy of data for by-ref types */
datalen += info[dim].nbytes_aligned;
}
/*
* Now resize the MCV list so that the allocation includes all the data .
*
* Allocate space for a copy of the data , as we can ' t simply reference the
* serialized data - it ' s not aligned properly , and it may disappear while
* we ' re still using the MCV list , e . g . due to catcache release .
*
* We do care about alignment here , because we will allocate all the
* pieces at once , but then use pointers to different parts .
*/
mcvlen = MAXALIGN(offsetof(MCVList, items) + (sizeof (MCVItem) * nitems));
/* arrays of values and isnull flags for all MCV items */
mcvlen += nitems * MAXALIGN(sizeof (Datum) * ndims);
mcvlen += nitems * MAXALIGN(sizeof (bool ) * ndims);
/* we don't quite need to align this, but it makes some asserts easier */
mcvlen += MAXALIGN(datalen);
/* now resize the deserialized MCV list, and compute pointers to parts */
mcvlist = repalloc(mcvlist, mcvlen);
/* pointer to the beginning of values/isnull arrays */
valuesptr = (char *) mcvlist
+ MAXALIGN(offsetof(MCVList, items) + (sizeof (MCVItem) * nitems));
isnullptr = valuesptr + (nitems * MAXALIGN(sizeof (Datum) * ndims));
dataptr = isnullptr + (nitems * MAXALIGN(sizeof (bool ) * ndims));
/*
* Build mapping ( index = > value ) for translating the serialized data into
* the in - memory representation .
*/
for (dim = 0 ; dim < ndims; dim++)
{
/* remember start position in the input array */
char *start PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = ptr;
if (info[dim].typbyval)
{
/* for by-val types we simply copy data into the mapping */
for (i = 0 ; i < info[dim].nvalues; i++)
{
Datum v = 0 ;
memcpy(&v, ptr, info[dim].typlen);
ptr += info[dim].typlen;
map[dim][i] = fetch_att(&v, true , info[dim].typlen);
/* no under/overflow of input array */
Assert(ptr <= (start + info[dim].nbytes));
}
}
else
{
/* for by-ref types we need to also make a copy of the data */
/* passed by reference, but fixed length (name, tid, ...) */
if (info[dim].typlen > 0 )
{
for (i = 0 ; i < info[dim].nvalues; i++)
{
memcpy(dataptr, ptr, info[dim].typlen);
ptr += info[dim].typlen;
/* just point into the array */
map[dim][i] = PointerGetDatum(dataptr);
dataptr += MAXALIGN(info[dim].typlen);
}
}
else if (info[dim].typlen == -1 )
{
/* varlena */
for (i = 0 ; i < info[dim].nvalues; i++)
{
uint32 len;
/* read the uint32 length */
memcpy(&len, ptr, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
/* the length is data-only */
SET_VARSIZE(dataptr, len + VARHDRSZ);
memcpy(VARDATA(dataptr), ptr, len);
ptr += len;
/* just point into the array */
map[dim][i] = PointerGetDatum(dataptr);
/* skip to place of the next deserialized value */
dataptr += MAXALIGN(len + VARHDRSZ);
}
}
else if (info[dim].typlen == -2 )
{
/* cstring */
for (i = 0 ; i < info[dim].nvalues; i++)
{
uint32 len;
memcpy(&len, ptr, sizeof (uint32));
ptr += sizeof (uint32);
memcpy(dataptr, ptr, len);
ptr += len;
/* just point into the array */
map[dim][i] = PointerGetDatum(dataptr);
dataptr += MAXALIGN(len);
}
}
/* no under/overflow of input array */
Assert(ptr <= (start + info[dim].nbytes));
/* no overflow of the output mcv value */
Assert(dataptr <= ((char *) mcvlist + mcvlen));
}
/* check we consumed input data for this dimension exactly */
Assert(ptr == (start + info[dim].nbytes));
}
/* we should have also filled the MCV list exactly */
Assert(dataptr == ((char *) mcvlist + mcvlen));
/* deserialize the MCV items and translate the indexes to Datums */
for (i = 0 ; i < nitems; i++)
{
MCVItem *item = &mcvlist->items[i];
item->values = (Datum *) valuesptr;
valuesptr += MAXALIGN(sizeof (Datum) * ndims);
item->isnull = (bool *) isnullptr;
isnullptr += MAXALIGN(sizeof (bool ) * ndims);
memcpy(item->isnull, ptr, sizeof (bool ) * ndims);
ptr += sizeof (bool ) * ndims;
memcpy(&item->frequency, ptr, sizeof (double ));
ptr += sizeof (double );
memcpy(&item->base_frequency, ptr, sizeof (double ));
ptr += sizeof (double );
/* finally translate the indexes (for non-NULL only) */
for (dim = 0 ; dim < ndims; dim++)
{
uint16 index;
memcpy(&index, ptr, sizeof (uint16));
ptr += sizeof (uint16);
if (item->isnull[dim])
continue ;
item->values[dim] = map[dim][index];
}
/* check we're not overflowing the input */
Assert(ptr <= endptr);
}
/* check that we processed all the data */
Assert(ptr == endptr);
/* release the buffers used for mapping */
for (dim = 0 ; dim < ndims; dim++)
pfree(map[dim]);
pfree(map);
return mcvlist;
}
/*
* SRF with details about buckets of a histogram :
*
* - item ID ( 0 . . . nitems )
* - values ( string array )
* - nulls only ( boolean array )
* - frequency ( double precision )
* - base_frequency ( double precision )
*
* The input is the OID of the statistics , and there are no rows returned if
* the statistics contains no histogram .
*/
Datum
pg_stats_ext_mcvlist_items(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
FuncCallContext *funcctx;
/* stuff done only on the first call of the function */
if (SRF_IS_FIRSTCALL())
{
MemoryContext oldcontext;
MCVList *mcvlist;
TupleDesc tupdesc;
/* create a function context for cross-call persistence */
funcctx = SRF_FIRSTCALL_INIT();
/* switch to memory context appropriate for multiple function calls */
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(funcctx->multi_call_memory_ctx);
mcvlist = statext_mcv_deserialize(PG_GETARG_BYTEA_P(0 ));
funcctx->user_fctx = mcvlist;
/* total number of tuples to be returned */
funcctx->max_calls = 0 ;
if (funcctx->user_fctx != NULL)
funcctx->max_calls = mcvlist->nitems;
/* Build a tuple descriptor for our result type */
if (get_call_result_type(fcinfo, NULL, &tupdesc) != TYPEFUNC_COMPOSITE)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("function returning record called in context "
"that cannot accept type record" )));
tupdesc = BlessTupleDesc(tupdesc);
/*
* generate attribute metadata needed later to produce tuples from raw
* C strings
*/
funcctx->attinmeta = TupleDescGetAttInMetadata(tupdesc);
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
/* stuff done on every call of the function */
funcctx = SRF_PERCALL_SETUP();
if (funcctx->call_cntr < funcctx->max_calls) /* do when there is more
* left to send */
{
Datum values[5 ];
bool nulls[5 ];
HeapTuple tuple;
Datum result;
ArrayBuildState *astate_values = NULL;
ArrayBuildState *astate_nulls = NULL;
int i;
MCVList *mcvlist;
MCVItem *item;
mcvlist = (MCVList *) funcctx->user_fctx;
Assert(funcctx->call_cntr < mcvlist->nitems);
item = &mcvlist->items[funcctx->call_cntr];
for (i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->ndimensions; i++)
{
astate_nulls = accumArrayResult(astate_nulls,
BoolGetDatum(item->isnull[i]),
false ,
BOOLOID,
CurrentMemoryContext);
if (!item->isnull[i])
{
bool isvarlena;
Oid outfunc;
FmgrInfo fmgrinfo;
Datum val;
text *txt;
/* lookup output func for the type */
getTypeOutputInfo(mcvlist->types[i], &outfunc, &isvarlena);
fmgr_info(outfunc, &fmgrinfo);
val = FunctionCall1(&fmgrinfo, item->values[i]);
txt = cstring_to_text(DatumGetPointer(val));
astate_values = accumArrayResult(astate_values,
PointerGetDatum(txt),
false ,
TEXTOID,
CurrentMemoryContext);
}
else
astate_values = accumArrayResult(astate_values,
(Datum) 0 ,
true ,
TEXTOID,
CurrentMemoryContext);
}
values[0 ] = Int32GetDatum(funcctx->call_cntr);
values[1 ] = makeArrayResult(astate_values, CurrentMemoryContext);
values[2 ] = makeArrayResult(astate_nulls, CurrentMemoryContext);
values[3 ] = Float8GetDatum(item->frequency);
values[4 ] = Float8GetDatum(item->base_frequency);
/* no NULLs in the tuple */
memset(nulls, 0 , sizeof (nulls));
/* build a tuple */
tuple = heap_form_tuple(funcctx->attinmeta->tupdesc, values, nulls);
/* make the tuple into a datum */
result = HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple);
SRF_RETURN_NEXT(funcctx, result);
}
else /* do when there is no more left */
{
SRF_RETURN_DONE(funcctx);
}
}
/*
* pg_mcv_list_in - input routine for type pg_mcv_list .
*
* pg_mcv_list is real enough to be a table column , but it has no operations
* of its own , and disallows input too
*/
Datum
pg_mcv_list_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
/*
* pg_mcv_list stores the data in binary form and parsing text input is
* not needed , so disallow this .
*/
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("cannot accept a value of type %s" , "pg_mcv_list" )));
PG_RETURN_VOID(); /* keep compiler quiet */
}
/*
* pg_mcv_list_out - output routine for type pg_mcv_list .
*
* MCV lists are serialized into a bytea value , so we simply call byteaout ( )
* to serialize the value into text . But it ' d be nice to serialize that into
* a meaningful representation ( e . g . for inspection by people ) .
*
* XXX This should probably return something meaningful , similar to what
* pg_dependencies_out does . Not sure how to deal with the deduplicated
* values , though - do we want to expand that or not ?
*/
Datum
pg_mcv_list_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
return byteaout(fcinfo);
}
/*
* pg_mcv_list_recv - binary input routine for type pg_mcv_list .
*/
Datum
pg_mcv_list_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("cannot accept a value of type %s" , "pg_mcv_list" )));
PG_RETURN_VOID(); /* keep compiler quiet */
}
/*
* pg_mcv_list_send - binary output routine for type pg_mcv_list .
*
* MCV lists are serialized in a bytea value ( although the type is named
* differently ) , so let ' s just send that .
*/
Datum
pg_mcv_list_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
return byteasend(fcinfo);
}
/*
* match the attribute / expression to a dimension of the statistic
*
* Returns the zero - based index of the matching statistics dimension .
* Optionally determines the collation .
*/
static int
mcv_match_expression(Node *expr, Bitmapset *keys, List *exprs, Oid *collid)
{
int idx;
if (IsA(expr, Var))
{
/* simple Var, so just lookup using varattno */
Var *var = (Var *) expr;
if (collid)
*collid = var->varcollid;
idx = bms_member_index(keys, var->varattno);
if (idx < 0 )
elog(ERROR, "variable not found in statistics object" );
}
else
{
/* expression - lookup in stats expressions */
ListCell *lc;
if (collid)
*collid = exprCollation(expr);
/* expressions are stored after the simple columns */
idx = bms_num_members(keys);
foreach(lc, exprs)
{
Node *stat_expr = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
if (equal(expr, stat_expr))
break ;
idx++;
}
if (lc == NULL)
elog(ERROR, "expression not found in statistics object" );
}
return idx;
}
/*
* mcv_get_match_bitmap
* Evaluate clauses using the MCV list , and update the match bitmap .
*
* A match bitmap keeps match / mismatch status for each MCV item , and we
* update it based on additional clauses . We also use it to skip items
* that can ' t possibly match ( e . g . item marked as " mismatch " can ' t change
* to " match " when evaluating AND clause list ) .
*
* The function also returns a flag indicating whether there was an
* equality condition for all attributes , the minimum frequency in the MCV
* list , and a total MCV frequency ( sum of frequencies for all items ) .
*
* XXX Currently the match bitmap uses a bool for each MCV item , which is
* somewhat wasteful as we could do with just a single bit , thus reducing
* the size to ~ 1 / 8 . It would also allow us to combine bitmaps simply using
* & and | , which should be faster than min / max . The bitmaps are fairly
* small , though ( thanks to the cap on the MCV list size ) .
*/
static bool *
mcv_get_match_bitmap(PlannerInfo *root, List *clauses,
Bitmapset *keys, List *exprs,
MCVList *mcvlist, bool is_or)
{
ListCell *l;
bool *matches;
/* The bitmap may be partially built. */
Assert(clauses != NIL);
Assert(mcvlist != NULL);
Assert(mcvlist->nitems > 0 );
Assert(mcvlist->nitems <= STATS_MCVLIST_MAX_ITEMS);
matches = palloc(sizeof (bool ) * mcvlist->nitems);
memset(matches, !is_or, sizeof (bool ) * mcvlist->nitems);
/*
* Loop through the list of clauses , and for each of them evaluate all the
* MCV items not yet eliminated by the preceding clauses .
*/
foreach(l, clauses)
{
Node *clause = (Node *) lfirst(l);
/* if it's a RestrictInfo, then extract the clause */
if (IsA(clause, RestrictInfo))
clause = (Node *) ((RestrictInfo *) clause)->clause;
/*
* Handle the various types of clauses - OpClause , NullTest and
* AND / OR / NOT
*/
if (is_opclause(clause))
{
OpExpr *expr = (OpExpr *) clause;
FmgrInfo opproc;
/* valid only after examine_opclause_args returns true */
Node *clause_expr;
Const *cst;
bool expronleft;
int idx;
Oid collid;
fmgr_info(get_opcode(expr->opno), &opproc);
/* extract the var/expr and const from the expression */
if (!examine_opclause_args(expr->args, &clause_expr, &cst, &expronleft))
elog(ERROR, "incompatible clause" );
/* match the attribute/expression to a dimension of the statistic */
idx = mcv_match_expression(clause_expr, keys, exprs, &collid);
/*
* Walk through the MCV items and evaluate the current clause . We
* can skip items that were already ruled out , and terminate if
* there are no remaining MCV items that might possibly match .
*/
for (int i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->nitems; i++)
{
bool match = true ;
MCVItem *item = &mcvlist->items[i];
Assert(idx >= 0 );
/*
* When the MCV item or the Const value is NULL we can treat
* this as a mismatch . We must not call the operator because
* of strictness .
*/
if (item->isnull[idx] || cst->constisnull)
{
matches[i] = RESULT_MERGE(matches[i], is_or, false );
continue ;
}
/*
* Skip MCV items that can ' t change result in the bitmap . Once
* the value gets false for AND - lists , or true for OR - lists ,
* we don ' t need to look at more clauses .
*/
if (RESULT_IS_FINAL(matches[i], is_or))
continue ;
/*
* First check whether the constant is below the lower
* boundary ( in that case we can skip the bucket , because
* there ' s no overlap ) .
*
* We don ' t store collations used to build the statistics , but
* we can use the collation for the attribute itself , as
* stored in varcollid . We do reset the statistics after a
* type change ( including collation change ) , so this is OK .
* For expressions , we use the collation extracted from the
* expression itself .
*/
if (expronleft)
match = DatumGetBool(FunctionCall2Coll(&opproc,
collid,
item->values[idx],
cst->constvalue));
else
match = DatumGetBool(FunctionCall2Coll(&opproc,
collid,
cst->constvalue,
item->values[idx]));
/* update the match bitmap with the result */
matches[i] = RESULT_MERGE(matches[i], is_or, match);
}
}
else if (IsA(clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))
{
ScalarArrayOpExpr *expr = (ScalarArrayOpExpr *) clause;
FmgrInfo opproc;
/* valid only after examine_opclause_args returns true */
Node *clause_expr;
Const *cst;
bool expronleft;
Oid collid;
int idx;
/* array evaluation */
ArrayType *arrayval;
int16 elmlen;
bool elmbyval;
char elmalign;
int num_elems;
Datum *elem_values;
bool *elem_nulls;
fmgr_info(get_opcode(expr->opno), &opproc);
/* extract the var/expr and const from the expression */
if (!examine_opclause_args(expr->args, &clause_expr, &cst, &expronleft))
elog(ERROR, "incompatible clause" );
/* We expect Var on left */
if (!expronleft)
elog(ERROR, "incompatible clause" );
/*
* Deconstruct the array constant , unless it ' s NULL ( we ' ll cover
* that case below )
*/
if (!cst->constisnull)
{
arrayval = DatumGetArrayTypeP(cst->constvalue);
get_typlenbyvalalign(ARR_ELEMTYPE(arrayval),
&elmlen, &elmbyval, &elmalign);
deconstruct_array(arrayval,
ARR_ELEMTYPE(arrayval),
elmlen, elmbyval, elmalign,
&elem_values, &elem_nulls, &num_elems);
}
/* match the attribute/expression to a dimension of the statistic */
idx = mcv_match_expression(clause_expr, keys, exprs, &collid);
/*
* Walk through the MCV items and evaluate the current clause . We
* can skip items that were already ruled out , and terminate if
* there are no remaining MCV items that might possibly match .
*/
for (int i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->nitems; i++)
{
int j;
bool match = !expr->useOr;
MCVItem *item = &mcvlist->items[i];
/*
* When the MCV item or the Const value is NULL we can treat
* this as a mismatch . We must not call the operator because
* of strictness .
*/
if (item->isnull[idx] || cst->constisnull)
{
matches[i] = RESULT_MERGE(matches[i], is_or, false );
continue ;
}
/*
* Skip MCV items that can ' t change result in the bitmap . Once
* the value gets false for AND - lists , or true for OR - lists ,
* we don ' t need to look at more clauses .
*/
if (RESULT_IS_FINAL(matches[i], is_or))
continue ;
for (j = 0 ; j < num_elems; j++)
{
Datum elem_value = elem_values[j];
bool elem_isnull = elem_nulls[j];
bool elem_match;
/* NULL values always evaluate as not matching. */
if (elem_isnull)
{
match = RESULT_MERGE(match, expr->useOr, false );
continue ;
}
/*
* Stop evaluating the array elements once we reach a
* matching value that can ' t change - ALL ( ) is the same as
* AND - list , ANY ( ) is the same as OR - list .
*/
if (RESULT_IS_FINAL(match, expr->useOr))
break ;
elem_match = DatumGetBool(FunctionCall2Coll(&opproc,
collid,
item->values[idx],
elem_value));
match = RESULT_MERGE(match, expr->useOr, elem_match);
}
/* update the match bitmap with the result */
matches[i] = RESULT_MERGE(matches[i], is_or, match);
}
}
else if (IsA(clause, NullTest))
{
NullTest *expr = (NullTest *) clause;
Node *clause_expr = (Node *) (expr->arg);
/* match the attribute/expression to a dimension of the statistic */
int idx = mcv_match_expression(clause_expr, keys, exprs, NULL);
/*
* Walk through the MCV items and evaluate the current clause . We
* can skip items that were already ruled out , and terminate if
* there are no remaining MCV items that might possibly match .
*/
for (int i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->nitems; i++)
{
bool match = false ; /* assume mismatch */
MCVItem *item = &mcvlist->items[i];
/* if the clause mismatches the MCV item, update the bitmap */
switch (expr->nulltesttype)
{
case IS_NULL:
match = (item->isnull[idx]) ? true : match;
break ;
case IS_NOT_NULL:
match = (!item->isnull[idx]) ? true : match;
break ;
}
/* now, update the match bitmap, depending on OR/AND type */
matches[i] = RESULT_MERGE(matches[i], is_or, match);
}
}
else if (is_orclause(clause) || is_andclause(clause))
{
/* AND/OR clause, with all subclauses being compatible */
int i;
BoolExpr *bool_clause = ((BoolExpr *) clause);
List *bool_clauses = bool_clause->args;
/* match/mismatch bitmap for each MCV item */
bool *bool_matches = NULL;
Assert(bool_clauses != NIL);
Assert(list_length(bool_clauses) >= 2 );
/* build the match bitmap for the OR-clauses */
bool_matches = mcv_get_match_bitmap(root, bool_clauses, keys, exprs,
mcvlist, is_orclause(clause));
/*
* Merge the bitmap produced by mcv_get_match_bitmap into the
* current one . We need to consider if we ' re evaluating AND or OR
* condition when merging the results .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->nitems; i++)
matches[i] = RESULT_MERGE(matches[i], is_or, bool_matches[i]);
pfree(bool_matches);
}
else if (is_notclause(clause))
{
/* NOT clause, with all subclauses compatible */
int i;
BoolExpr *not_clause = ((BoolExpr *) clause);
List *not_args = not_clause->args;
/* match/mismatch bitmap for each MCV item */
bool *not_matches = NULL;
Assert(not_args != NIL);
Assert(list_length(not_args) == 1 );
/* build the match bitmap for the NOT-clause */
not_matches = mcv_get_match_bitmap(root, not_args, keys, exprs,
mcvlist, false );
/*
* Merge the bitmap produced by mcv_get_match_bitmap into the
* current one . We ' re handling a NOT clause , so invert the result
* before merging it into the global bitmap .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->nitems; i++)
matches[i] = RESULT_MERGE(matches[i], is_or, !not_matches[i]);
pfree(not_matches);
}
else if (IsA(clause, Var))
{
/* Var (has to be a boolean Var, possibly from below NOT) */
Var *var = (Var *) (clause);
/* match the attribute to a dimension of the statistic */
int idx = bms_member_index(keys, var->varattno);
Assert(var->vartype == BOOLOID);
/*
* Walk through the MCV items and evaluate the current clause . We
* can skip items that were already ruled out , and terminate if
* there are no remaining MCV items that might possibly match .
*/
for (int i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->nitems; i++)
{
MCVItem *item = &mcvlist->items[i];
bool match = false ;
/* if the item is NULL, it's a mismatch */
if (!item->isnull[idx] && DatumGetBool(item->values[idx]))
match = true ;
/* update the result bitmap */
matches[i] = RESULT_MERGE(matches[i], is_or, match);
}
}
else
{
/* Otherwise, it must be a bare boolean-returning expression */
int idx;
/* match the expression to a dimension of the statistic */
idx = mcv_match_expression(clause, keys, exprs, NULL);
/*
* Walk through the MCV items and evaluate the current clause . We
* can skip items that were already ruled out , and terminate if
* there are no remaining MCV items that might possibly match .
*/
for (int i = 0 ; i < mcvlist->nitems; i++)
{
bool match;
MCVItem *item = &mcvlist->items[i];
/* "match" just means it's bool TRUE */
match = !item->isnull[idx] && DatumGetBool(item->values[idx]);
/* now, update the match bitmap, depending on OR/AND type */
matches[i] = RESULT_MERGE(matches[i], is_or, match);
}
}
}
return matches;
}
/*
* mcv_combine_selectivities
* Combine per - column and multi - column MCV selectivity estimates .
*
* simple_sel is a " simple " selectivity estimate ( produced without using any
* extended statistics , essentially assuming independence of columns / clauses ) .
*
* mcv_sel and mcv_basesel are sums of the frequencies and base frequencies of
* all matching MCV items . The difference ( mcv_sel - mcv_basesel ) is then
* essentially interpreted as a correction to be added to simple_sel , as
* described below .
*
* mcv_totalsel is the sum of the frequencies of all MCV items ( not just the
* matching ones ) . This is used as an upper bound on the portion of the
* selectivity estimates not covered by the MCV statistics .
*
* Note : While simple and base selectivities are defined in a quite similar
* way , the values are computed differently and are not therefore equal . The
* simple selectivity is computed as a product of per - clause estimates , while
* the base selectivity is computed by adding up base frequencies of matching
* items of the multi - column MCV list . So the values may differ for two main
* reasons - ( a ) the MCV list may not cover 100 % of the data and ( b ) some of
* the MCV items did not match the estimated clauses .
*
* As both ( a ) and ( b ) reduce the base selectivity value , it generally holds
* that ( simple_sel > = mcv_basesel ) . If the MCV list covers all the data , the
* values may be equal .
*
* So , other_sel = ( simple_sel - mcv_basesel ) is an estimate for the part not
* covered by the MCV list , and ( mcv_sel - mcv_basesel ) may be seen as a
* correction for the part covered by the MCV list . Those two statements are
* actually equivalent .
*/
Selectivity
mcv_combine_selectivities(Selectivity simple_sel,
Selectivity mcv_sel,
Selectivity mcv_basesel,
Selectivity mcv_totalsel)
{
Selectivity other_sel;
Selectivity sel;
/* estimated selectivity of values not covered by MCV matches */
other_sel = simple_sel - mcv_basesel;
CLAMP_PROBABILITY(other_sel);
/* this non-MCV selectivity cannot exceed 1 - mcv_totalsel */
if (other_sel > 1 .0 - mcv_totalsel)
other_sel = 1 .0 - mcv_totalsel;
/* overall selectivity is the sum of the MCV and non-MCV parts */
sel = mcv_sel + other_sel;
CLAMP_PROBABILITY(sel);
return sel;
}
/*
* mcv_clauselist_selectivity
* Use MCV statistics to estimate the selectivity of an implicitly - ANDed
* list of clauses .
*
* This determines which MCV items match every clause in the list and returns
* the sum of the frequencies of those items .
*
* In addition , it returns the sum of the base frequencies of each of those
* items ( that is the sum of the selectivities that each item would have if
* the columns were independent of one another ) , and the total selectivity of
* all the MCV items ( not just the matching ones ) . These are expected to be
* used together with a " simple " selectivity estimate ( one based only on
* per - column statistics ) to produce an overall selectivity estimate that
* makes use of both per - column and multi - column statistics - - - see
* mcv_combine_selectivities ( ) .
*/
Selectivity
mcv_clauselist_selectivity(PlannerInfo *root, StatisticExtInfo *stat,
List *clauses, int varRelid,
JoinType jointype, SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo,
RelOptInfo *rel,
Selectivity *basesel, Selectivity *totalsel)
{
int i;
MCVList *mcv;
Selectivity s = 0 .0 ;
RangeTblEntry *rte = root->simple_rte_array[rel->relid];
/* match/mismatch bitmap for each MCV item */
bool *matches = NULL;
/* load the MCV list stored in the statistics object */
mcv = statext_mcv_load(stat->statOid, rte->inh);
/* build a match bitmap for the clauses */
matches = mcv_get_match_bitmap(root, clauses, stat->keys, stat->exprs,
mcv, false );
/* sum frequencies for all the matching MCV items */
*basesel = 0 .0 ;
*totalsel = 0 .0 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < mcv->nitems; i++)
{
*totalsel += mcv->items[i].frequency;
if (matches[i] != false )
{
*basesel += mcv->items[i].base_frequency;
s += mcv->items[i].frequency;
}
}
return s;
}
/*
* mcv_clause_selectivity_or
* Use MCV statistics to estimate the selectivity of a clause that
* appears in an ORed list of clauses .
*
* As with mcv_clauselist_selectivity ( ) this determines which MCV items match
* the clause and returns both the sum of the frequencies and the sum of the
* base frequencies of those items , as well as the sum of the frequencies of
* all MCV items ( not just the matching ones ) so that this information can be
* used by mcv_combine_selectivities ( ) to produce a selectivity estimate that
* makes use of both per - column and multi - column statistics .
*
* Additionally , we return information to help compute the overall selectivity
* of the ORed list of clauses assumed to contain this clause . This function
* is intended to be called for each clause in the ORed list of clauses ,
* allowing the overall selectivity to be computed using the following
* algorithm :
*
* Suppose P [ n ] = P ( C [ 1 ] OR C [ 2 ] OR . . . OR C [ n ] ) is the combined selectivity
* of the first n clauses in the list . Then the combined selectivity taking
* into account the next clause C [ n + 1 ] can be written as
*
* P [ n + 1 ] = P [ n ] + P ( C [ n + 1 ] ) - P ( ( C [ 1 ] OR . . . OR C [ n ] ) AND C [ n + 1 ] )
*
* The final term above represents the overlap between the clauses examined so
* far and the ( n + 1 ) ' th clause . To estimate its selectivity , we track the
* match bitmap for the ORed list of clauses examined so far and examine its
* intersection with the match bitmap for the ( n + 1 ) ' th clause .
*
* We then also return the sums of the MCV item frequencies and base
* frequencies for the match bitmap intersection corresponding to the overlap
* term above , so that they can be combined with a simple selectivity estimate
* for that term .
*
* The parameter " or_matches " is an in / out parameter tracking the match bitmap
* for the clauses examined so far . The caller is expected to set it to NULL
* the first time it calls this function .
*/
Selectivity
mcv_clause_selectivity_or(PlannerInfo *root, StatisticExtInfo *stat,
MCVList *mcv, Node *clause, bool **or_matches,
Selectivity *basesel, Selectivity *overlap_mcvsel,
Selectivity *overlap_basesel, Selectivity *totalsel)
{
Selectivity s = 0 .0 ;
bool *new_matches;
int i;
/* build the OR-matches bitmap, if not built already */
if (*or_matches == NULL)
*or_matches = palloc0(sizeof (bool ) * mcv->nitems);
/* build the match bitmap for the new clause */
new_matches = mcv_get_match_bitmap(root, list_make1(clause), stat->keys,
stat->exprs, mcv, false );
/*
* Sum the frequencies for all the MCV items matching this clause and also
* those matching the overlap between this clause and any of the preceding
* clauses as described above .
*/
*basesel = 0 .0 ;
*overlap_mcvsel = 0 .0 ;
*overlap_basesel = 0 .0 ;
*totalsel = 0 .0 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < mcv->nitems; i++)
{
*totalsel += mcv->items[i].frequency;
if (new_matches[i])
{
s += mcv->items[i].frequency;
*basesel += mcv->items[i].base_frequency;
if ((*or_matches)[i])
{
*overlap_mcvsel += mcv->items[i].frequency;
*overlap_basesel += mcv->items[i].base_frequency;
}
}
/* update the OR-matches bitmap for the next clause */
(*or_matches)[i] = (*or_matches)[i] || new_matches[i];
}
pfree(new_matches);
return s;
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=93 H=94 G=93
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.54 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-08-08)
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*© Formatika GbR, Deutschland
2026-08-25
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