/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* smgr . c
* public interface routines to storage manager switch .
*
* All file system operations on relations dispatch through these routines .
* An SMgrRelation represents physical on - disk relation files that are open
* for reading and writing .
*
* When a relation is first accessed through the relation cache , the
* corresponding SMgrRelation entry is opened by calling smgropen ( ) , and the
* reference is stored in the relation cache entry .
*
* Accesses that don ' t go through the relation cache open the SMgrRelation
* directly . That includes flushing buffers from the buffer cache , as well as
* all accesses in auxiliary processes like the checkpointer or the WAL redo
* in the startup process .
*
* Operations like CREATE , DROP , ALTER TABLE also hold SMgrRelation references
* independent of the relation cache . They need to prepare the physical files
* before updating the relation cache .
*
* There is a hash table that holds all the SMgrRelation entries in the
* backend . If you call smgropen ( ) twice for the same rel locator , you get a
* reference to the same SMgrRelation . The reference is valid until the end of
* transaction . This makes repeated access to the same relation efficient ,
* and allows caching things like the relation size in the SMgrRelation entry .
*
* At end of transaction , all SMgrRelation entries that haven ' t been pinned
* are removed . An SMgrRelation can hold kernel file system descriptors for
* the underlying files , and we ' d like to close those reasonably soon if the
* file gets deleted . The SMgrRelations references held by the relcache are
* pinned to prevent them from being closed .
*
* There is another mechanism to close file descriptors early :
* PROCSIGNAL_BARRIER_SMGRRELEASE . It is a request to immediately close all
* file descriptors . Upon receiving that signal , the backend closes all file
* descriptors held open by SMgrRelations , but because it can happen in the
* middle of a transaction , we cannot destroy the SMgrRelation objects
* themselves , as there could pointers to them in active use . See
* smgrrelease ( ) and smgrreleaseall ( ) .
*
* NB : We need to hold interrupts across most of the functions in this file ,
* as otherwise interrupt processing , e . g . due to a < ERROR elog / ereport , can
* trigger procsignal processing , which in turn can trigger
* smgrreleaseall ( ) . Most of the relevant code is not reentrant . It seems
* better to put the HOLD_INTERRUPTS ( ) / RESUME_INTERRUPTS ( ) here , instead of
* trying to push them down to md . c where possible : For one , every smgr
* implementation would be vulnerable , for another , a good bit of smgr . c code
* itself is affected too . Eventually we might want a more targeted solution ,
* allowing e . g . a networked smgr implementation to be interrupted , but many
* other , more complicated , problems would need to be fixed for that to be
* viable ( e . g . smgr . c is often called with interrupts already held ) .
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
* src / backend / storage / smgr / smgr . c
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include "access/xlogutils.h"
#include "lib/ilist.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/aio.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/md.h"
#include "storage/smgr.h"
#include "utils/hsearch.h"
#include "utils/inval.h"
/*
* This struct of function pointers defines the API between smgr . c and
* any individual storage manager module . Note that smgr subfunctions are
* generally expected to report problems via elog ( ERROR ) . An exception is
* that smgr_unlink should use elog ( WARNING ) , rather than erroring out ,
* because we normally unlink relations during post - commit / abort cleanup ,
* and so it ' s too late to raise an error . Also , various conditions that
* would normally be errors should be allowed during bootstrap and / or WAL
* recovery - - - see comments in md . c for details .
*/
typedef struct f_smgr
{
void (*smgr_init) (void ); /* may be NULL */
void (*smgr_shutdown) (void ); /* may be NULL */
void (*smgr_open) (SMgrRelation reln);
void (*smgr_close) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
void (*smgr_create) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
bool isRedo);
bool (*smgr_exists) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
void (*smgr_unlink) (RelFileLocatorBackend rlocator, ForkNumber forknum,
bool isRedo);
void (*smgr_extend) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum, const void *buffer, bool skipFsync);
void (*smgr_zeroextend) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum, int nblocks, bool skipFsync);
bool (*smgr_prefetch) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum, int nblocks);
uint32 (*smgr_maxcombine) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum);
void (*smgr_readv) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum,
void **buffers, BlockNumber nblocks);
void (*smgr_startreadv) (PgAioHandle *ioh,
SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum,
void **buffers, BlockNumber nblocks);
void (*smgr_writev) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum,
const void **buffers, BlockNumber nblocks,
bool skipFsync);
void (*smgr_writeback) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum, BlockNumber nblocks);
BlockNumber (*smgr_nblocks) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
void (*smgr_truncate) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber old_blocks, BlockNumber nblocks);
void (*smgr_immedsync) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
void (*smgr_registersync) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum);
int (*smgr_fd) (SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum, uint32 *off);
} f_smgr;
static const f_smgr smgrsw[] = {
/* magnetic disk */
{
.smgr_init = mdinit,
.smgr_shutdown = NULL,
.smgr_open = mdopen,
.smgr_close = mdclose,
.smgr_create = mdcreate,
.smgr_exists = mdexists,
.smgr_unlink = mdunlink,
.smgr_extend = mdextend,
.smgr_zeroextend = mdzeroextend,
.smgr_prefetch = mdprefetch,
.smgr_maxcombine = mdmaxcombine,
.smgr_readv = mdreadv,
.smgr_startreadv = mdstartreadv,
.smgr_writev = mdwritev,
.smgr_writeback = mdwriteback,
.smgr_nblocks = mdnblocks,
.smgr_truncate = mdtruncate,
.smgr_immedsync = mdimmedsync,
.smgr_registersync = mdregistersync,
.smgr_fd = mdfd,
}
};
static const int NSmgr = lengthof(smgrsw);
/*
* Each backend has a hashtable that stores all extant SMgrRelation objects .
* In addition , " unpinned " SMgrRelation objects are chained together in a list .
*/
static HTAB *SMgrRelationHash = NULL;
static dlist_head unpinned_relns;
/* local function prototypes */
static void smgrshutdown(int code, Datum arg);
static void smgrdestroy(SMgrRelation reln);
static void smgr_aio_reopen(PgAioHandle *ioh);
static char *smgr_aio_describe_identity(const PgAioTargetData *sd);
const PgAioTargetInfo aio_smgr_target_info = {
.name = "smgr" ,
.reopen = smgr_aio_reopen,
.describe_identity = smgr_aio_describe_identity,
};
/*
* smgrinit ( ) , smgrshutdown ( ) - - Initialize or shut down storage
* managers .
*
* Note : smgrinit is called during backend startup ( normal or standalone
* case ) , * not * during postmaster start . Therefore , any resources created
* here or destroyed in smgrshutdown are backend - local .
*/
void
smgrinit(void )
{
int i;
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
for (i = 0 ; i < NSmgr; i++)
{
if (smgrsw[i].smgr_init)
smgrsw[i].smgr_init();
}
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
/* register the shutdown proc */
on_proc_exit(smgrshutdown, 0 );
}
/*
* on_proc_exit hook for smgr cleanup during backend shutdown
*/
static void
smgrshutdown(int code, Datum arg)
{
int i;
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
for (i = 0 ; i < NSmgr; i++)
{
if (smgrsw[i].smgr_shutdown)
smgrsw[i].smgr_shutdown();
}
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgropen ( ) - - Return an SMgrRelation object , creating it if need be .
*
* In versions of PostgreSQL prior to 17 , this function returned an object
* with no defined lifetime . Now , however , the object remains valid for the
* lifetime of the transaction , up to the point where AtEOXact_SMgr ( ) is
* called , making it much easier for callers to know for how long they can
* hold on to a pointer to the returned object . If this function is called
* outside of a transaction , the object remains valid until smgrdestroy ( ) or
* smgrdestroyall ( ) is called . Background processes that use smgr but not
* transactions typically do this once per checkpoint cycle .
*
* This does not attempt to actually open the underlying files .
*/
SMgrRelation
smgropen(RelFileLocator rlocator, ProcNumber backend)
{
RelFileLocatorBackend brlocator;
SMgrRelation reln;
bool found;
Assert(RelFileNumberIsValid(rlocator.relNumber));
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
if (SMgrRelationHash == NULL)
{
/* First time through: initialize the hash table */
HASHCTL ctl;
ctl.keysize = sizeof (RelFileLocatorBackend);
ctl.entrysize = sizeof (SMgrRelationData);
SMgrRelationHash = hash_create("smgr relation table" , 400 ,
&ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
dlist_init(&unpinned_relns);
}
/* Look up or create an entry */
brlocator.locator = rlocator;
brlocator.backend = backend;
reln = (SMgrRelation) hash_search(SMgrRelationHash,
&brlocator,
HASH_ENTER, &found);
/* Initialize it if not present before */
if (!found)
{
/* hash_search already filled in the lookup key */
reln->smgr_targblock = InvalidBlockNumber;
for (int i = 0 ; i <= MAX_FORKNUM; ++i)
reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[i] = InvalidBlockNumber;
reln->smgr_which = 0 ; /* we only have md.c at present */
/* it is not pinned yet */
reln->pincount = 0 ;
dlist_push_tail(&unpinned_relns, &reln->node);
/* implementation-specific initialization */
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_open(reln);
}
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
return reln;
}
/*
* smgrpin ( ) - - Prevent an SMgrRelation object from being destroyed at end of
* transaction
*/
void
smgrpin(SMgrRelation reln)
{
if (reln->pincount == 0 )
dlist_delete(&reln->node);
reln->pincount++;
}
/*
* smgrunpin ( ) - - Allow an SMgrRelation object to be destroyed at end of
* transaction
*
* The object remains valid , but if there are no other pins on it , it is moved
* to the unpinned list where it will be destroyed by AtEOXact_SMgr ( ) .
*/
void
smgrunpin(SMgrRelation reln)
{
Assert(reln->pincount > 0 );
reln->pincount--;
if (reln->pincount == 0 )
dlist_push_tail(&unpinned_relns, &reln->node);
}
/*
* smgrdestroy ( ) - - Delete an SMgrRelation object .
*/
static void
smgrdestroy(SMgrRelation reln)
{
ForkNumber forknum;
Assert(reln->pincount == 0 );
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
for (forknum = 0 ; forknum <= MAX_FORKNUM; forknum++)
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_close(reln, forknum);
dlist_delete(&reln->node);
if (hash_search(SMgrRelationHash,
&(reln->smgr_rlocator),
HASH_REMOVE, NULL) == NULL)
elog(ERROR, "SMgrRelation hashtable corrupted" );
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrrelease ( ) - - Release all resources used by this object .
*
* The object remains valid .
*/
void
smgrrelease(SMgrRelation reln)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
for (ForkNumber forknum = 0 ; forknum <= MAX_FORKNUM; forknum++)
{
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_close(reln, forknum);
reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] = InvalidBlockNumber;
}
reln->smgr_targblock = InvalidBlockNumber;
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrclose ( ) - - Close an SMgrRelation object .
*
* The SMgrRelation reference should not be used after this call . However ,
* because we don ' t keep track of the references returned by smgropen ( ) , we
* don ' t know if there are other references still pointing to the same object ,
* so we cannot remove the SMgrRelation object yet . Therefore , this is just a
* synonym for smgrrelease ( ) at the moment .
*/
void
smgrclose(SMgrRelation reln)
{
smgrrelease(reln);
}
/*
* smgrdestroyall ( ) - - Release resources used by all unpinned objects .
*
* It must be known that there are no pointers to SMgrRelations , other than
* those pinned with smgrpin ( ) .
*/
void
smgrdestroyall(void )
{
dlist_mutable_iter iter;
/* seems unsafe to accept interrupts while in a dlist_foreach_modify() */
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
/*
* Zap all unpinned SMgrRelations . We rely on smgrdestroy ( ) to remove
* each one from the list .
*/
dlist_foreach_modify(iter, &unpinned_relns)
{
SMgrRelation rel = dlist_container(SMgrRelationData, node,
iter.cur);
smgrdestroy(rel);
}
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrreleaseall ( ) - - Release resources used by all objects .
*/
void
smgrreleaseall(void )
{
HASH_SEQ_STATUS status;
SMgrRelation reln;
/* Nothing to do if hashtable not set up */
if (SMgrRelationHash == NULL)
return ;
/* seems unsafe to accept interrupts while iterating */
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
hash_seq_init(&status, SMgrRelationHash);
while ((reln = (SMgrRelation) hash_seq_search(&status)) != NULL)
{
smgrrelease(reln);
}
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrreleaserellocator ( ) - - Release resources for given RelFileLocator , if
* it ' s open .
*
* This has the same effects as smgrrelease ( smgropen ( rlocator ) ) , but avoids
* uselessly creating a hashtable entry only to drop it again when no
* such entry exists already .
*/
void
smgrreleaserellocator(RelFileLocatorBackend rlocator)
{
SMgrRelation reln;
/* Nothing to do if hashtable not set up */
if (SMgrRelationHash == NULL)
return ;
reln = (SMgrRelation) hash_search(SMgrRelationHash,
&rlocator,
HASH_FIND, NULL);
if (reln != NULL)
smgrrelease(reln);
}
/*
* smgrexists ( ) - - Does the underlying file for a fork exist ?
*/
bool
smgrexists(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)
{
bool ret;
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
ret = smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_exists(reln, forknum);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
return ret;
}
/*
* smgrcreate ( ) - - Create a new relation .
*
* Given an already - created ( but presumably unused ) SMgrRelation ,
* cause the underlying disk file or other storage for the fork
* to be created .
*/
void
smgrcreate(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, bool isRedo)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_create(reln, forknum, isRedo);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrdosyncall ( ) - - Immediately sync all forks of all given relations
*
* All forks of all given relations are synced out to the store .
*
* This is equivalent to FlushRelationBuffers ( ) for each smgr relation ,
* then calling smgrimmedsync ( ) for all forks of each relation , but it ' s
* significantly quicker so should be preferred when possible .
*/
void
smgrdosyncall(SMgrRelation *rels, int nrels)
{
int i = 0 ;
ForkNumber forknum;
if (nrels == 0 )
return ;
FlushRelationsAllBuffers(rels, nrels);
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
/*
* Sync the physical file ( s ) .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < nrels; i++)
{
int which = rels[i]->smgr_which;
for (forknum = 0 ; forknum <= MAX_FORKNUM; forknum++)
{
if (smgrsw[which].smgr_exists(rels[i], forknum))
smgrsw[which].smgr_immedsync(rels[i], forknum);
}
}
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrdounlinkall ( ) - - Immediately unlink all forks of all given relations
*
* All forks of all given relations are removed from the store . This
* should not be used during transactional operations , since it can ' t be
* undone .
*
* If isRedo is true , it is okay for the underlying file ( s ) to be gone
* already .
*/
void
smgrdounlinkall(SMgrRelation *rels, int nrels, bool isRedo)
{
int i = 0 ;
RelFileLocatorBackend *rlocators;
ForkNumber forknum;
if (nrels == 0 )
return ;
/*
* It would be unsafe to process interrupts between DropRelationBuffers ( )
* and unlinking the underlying files . This probably should be a critical
* section , but we ' re not there yet .
*/
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
/*
* Get rid of any remaining buffers for the relations . bufmgr will just
* drop them without bothering to write the contents .
*/
DropRelationsAllBuffers(rels, nrels);
/*
* create an array which contains all relations to be dropped , and close
* each relation ' s forks at the smgr level while at it
*/
rlocators = palloc(sizeof (RelFileLocatorBackend) * nrels);
for (i = 0 ; i < nrels; i++)
{
RelFileLocatorBackend rlocator = rels[i]->smgr_rlocator;
int which = rels[i]->smgr_which;
rlocators[i] = rlocator;
/* Close the forks at smgr level */
for (forknum = 0 ; forknum <= MAX_FORKNUM; forknum++)
smgrsw[which].smgr_close(rels[i], forknum);
}
/*
* Send a shared - inval message to force other backends to close any
* dangling smgr references they may have for these rels . We should do
* this before starting the actual unlinking , in case we fail partway
* through that step . Note that the sinval messages will eventually come
* back to this backend , too , and thereby provide a backstop that we
* closed our own smgr rel .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < nrels; i++)
CacheInvalidateSmgr(rlocators[i]);
/*
* Delete the physical file ( s ) .
*
* Note : smgr_unlink must treat deletion failure as a WARNING , not an
* ERROR , because we ' ve already decided to commit or abort the current
* xact .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < nrels; i++)
{
int which = rels[i]->smgr_which;
for (forknum = 0 ; forknum <= MAX_FORKNUM; forknum++)
smgrsw[which].smgr_unlink(rlocators[i], forknum, isRedo);
}
pfree(rlocators);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrextend ( ) - - Add a new block to a file .
*
* The semantics are nearly the same as smgrwrite ( ) : write at the
* specified position . However , this is to be used for the case of
* extending a relation ( i . e . , blocknum is at or beyond the current
* EOF ) . Note that we assume writing a block beyond current EOF
* causes intervening file space to become filled with zeroes .
*/
void
smgrextend(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
const void *buffer, bool skipFsync)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_extend(reln, forknum, blocknum,
buffer, skipFsync);
/*
* Normally we expect this to increase nblocks by one , but if the cached
* value isn ' t as expected , just invalidate it so the next call asks the
* kernel .
*/
if (reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] == blocknum)
reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] = blocknum + 1 ;
else
reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] = InvalidBlockNumber;
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrzeroextend ( ) - - Add new zeroed out blocks to a file .
*
* Similar to smgrextend ( ) , except the relation can be extended by
* multiple blocks at once and the added blocks will be filled with
* zeroes .
*/
void
smgrzeroextend(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
int nblocks, bool skipFsync)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_zeroextend(reln, forknum, blocknum,
nblocks, skipFsync);
/*
* Normally we expect this to increase the fork size by nblocks , but if
* the cached value isn ' t as expected , just invalidate it so the next call
* asks the kernel .
*/
if (reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] == blocknum)
reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] = blocknum + nblocks;
else
reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] = InvalidBlockNumber;
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrprefetch ( ) - - Initiate asynchronous read of the specified block of a relation .
*
* In recovery only , this can return false to indicate that a file
* doesn ' t exist ( presumably it has been dropped by a later WAL
* record ) .
*/
bool
smgrprefetch(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
int nblocks)
{
bool ret;
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
ret = smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_prefetch(reln, forknum, blocknum, nblocks);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
return ret;
}
/*
* smgrmaxcombine ( ) - Return the maximum number of total blocks that can be
* combined with an IO starting at blocknum .
*
* The returned value includes the IO for blocknum itself .
*/
uint32
smgrmaxcombine(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum)
{
uint32 ret;
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
ret = smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_maxcombine(reln, forknum, blocknum);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
return ret;
}
/*
* smgrreadv ( ) - - read a particular block range from a relation into the
* supplied buffers .
*
* This routine is called from the buffer manager in order to
* instantiate pages in the shared buffer cache . All storage managers
* return pages in the format that POSTGRES expects .
*
* If more than one block is intended to be read , callers need to use
* smgrmaxcombine ( ) to check how many blocks can be combined into one IO .
*/
void
smgrreadv(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
void **buffers, BlockNumber nblocks)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_readv(reln, forknum, blocknum, buffers,
nblocks);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrstartreadv ( ) - - asynchronous version of smgrreadv ( )
*
* This starts an asynchronous readv IO using the IO handle ` ioh ` . Other than
* ` ioh ` all parameters are the same as smgrreadv ( ) .
*
* Completion callbacks above smgr will be passed the result as the number of
* successfully read blocks if the read [ partially ] succeeds ( Buffers for
* blocks not successfully read might bear unspecified modifications , up to
* the full nblocks ) . This maintains the abstraction that smgr operates on the
* level of blocks , rather than bytes .
*
* Compared to smgrreadv ( ) , more responsibilities fall on the caller :
* - Partial reads need to be handled by the caller re - issuing IO for the
* unread blocks
* - smgr will ereport ( LOG_SERVER_ONLY ) some problems , but higher layers are
* responsible for pgaio_result_report ( ) to mirror that news to the user ( if
* the IO results in PGAIO_RS_WARNING ) or abort the ( sub ) transaction ( if
* PGAIO_RS_ERROR ) .
* - Under Valgrind , the " buffers " memory may or may not change status to
* DEFINED , depending on io_method and concurrent activity .
*/
void
smgrstartreadv(PgAioHandle *ioh,
SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
void **buffers, BlockNumber nblocks)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_startreadv(ioh,
reln, forknum, blocknum, buffers,
nblocks);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrwritev ( ) - - Write the supplied buffers out .
*
* This is to be used only for updating already - existing blocks of a
* relation ( ie , those before the current EOF ) . To extend a relation ,
* use smgrextend ( ) .
*
* This is not a synchronous write - - the block is not necessarily
* on disk at return , only dumped out to the kernel . However ,
* provisions will be made to fsync the write before the next checkpoint .
*
* NB : The mechanism to ensure fsync at next checkpoint assumes that there is
* something that prevents a concurrent checkpoint from " racing ahead " of the
* write . One way to prevent that is by holding a lock on the buffer ; the
* buffer manager ' s writes are protected by that . The bulk writer facility
* in bulk_write . c checks the redo pointer and calls smgrimmedsync ( ) if a
* checkpoint happened ; that relies on the fact that no other backend can be
* concurrently modifying the page .
*
* skipFsync indicates that the caller will make other provisions to
* fsync the relation , so we needn ' t bother . Temporary relations also
* do not require fsync .
*
* If more than one block is intended to be read , callers need to use
* smgrmaxcombine ( ) to check how many blocks can be combined into one IO .
*/
void
smgrwritev(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
const void **buffers, BlockNumber nblocks, bool skipFsync)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_writev(reln, forknum, blocknum,
buffers, nblocks, skipFsync);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrwriteback ( ) - - Trigger kernel writeback for the supplied range of
* blocks .
*/
void
smgrwriteback(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum,
BlockNumber nblocks)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_writeback(reln, forknum, blocknum,
nblocks);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrnblocks ( ) - - Calculate the number of blocks in the
* supplied relation .
*/
BlockNumber
smgrnblocks(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)
{
BlockNumber result;
/* Check and return if we get the cached value for the number of blocks. */
result = smgrnblocks_cached(reln, forknum);
if (result != InvalidBlockNumber)
return result;
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
result = smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_nblocks(reln, forknum);
reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] = result;
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
return result;
}
/*
* smgrnblocks_cached ( ) - - Get the cached number of blocks in the supplied
* relation .
*
* Returns an InvalidBlockNumber when not in recovery and when the relation
* fork size is not cached .
*/
BlockNumber
smgrnblocks_cached(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)
{
/*
* For now , this function uses cached values only in recovery due to lack
* of a shared invalidation mechanism for changes in file size . Code
* elsewhere reads smgr_cached_nblocks and copes with stale data .
*/
if (InRecovery && reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum] != InvalidBlockNumber)
return reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum];
return InvalidBlockNumber;
}
/*
* smgrtruncate ( ) - - Truncate the given forks of supplied relation to
* each specified numbers of blocks
*
* The truncation is done immediately , so this can ' t be rolled back .
*
* The caller must hold AccessExclusiveLock on the relation , to ensure that
* other backends receive the smgr invalidation event that this function sends
* before they access any forks of the relation again . The current size of
* the forks should be provided in old_nblocks . This function should normally
* be called in a critical section , but the current size must be checked
* outside the critical section , and no interrupts or smgr functions relating
* to this relation should be called in between .
*/
void
smgrtruncate(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber *forknum, int nforks,
BlockNumber *old_nblocks, BlockNumber *nblocks)
{
int i;
/*
* Get rid of any buffers for the about - to - be - deleted blocks . bufmgr will
* just drop them without bothering to write the contents .
*/
DropRelationBuffers(reln, forknum, nforks, nblocks);
/*
* Send a shared - inval message to force other backends to close any smgr
* references they may have for this rel . This is useful because they
* might have open file pointers to segments that got removed , and / or
* smgr_targblock variables pointing past the new rel end . ( The inval
* message will come back to our backend , too , causing a
* probably - unnecessary local smgr flush . But we don ' t expect that this
* is a performance - critical path . ) As in the unlink code , we want to be
* sure the message is sent before we start changing things on - disk .
*/
CacheInvalidateSmgr(reln->smgr_rlocator);
/* Do the truncation */
for (i = 0 ; i < nforks; i++)
{
/* Make the cached size is invalid if we encounter an error. */
reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum[i]] = InvalidBlockNumber;
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_truncate(reln, forknum[i],
old_nblocks[i], nblocks[i]);
/*
* We might as well update the local smgr_cached_nblocks values . The
* smgr cache inval message that this function sent will cause other
* backends to invalidate their copies of smgr_cached_nblocks , and
* these ones too at the next command boundary . But ensure they aren ' t
* outright wrong until then .
*
* We can have nblocks > old_nblocks when a relation was truncated
* multiple times , a replica applied all the truncations , and later
* restarts from a restartpoint located before the truncations . The
* relation on disk will be the size of the last truncate . When
* replaying the first truncate , we will have nblocks > current size .
* In such cases , smgr_truncate does nothing , so set the cached size
* to the old size rather than the requested size .
*/
reln->smgr_cached_nblocks[forknum[i]] =
nblocks[i] > old_nblocks[i] ? old_nblocks[i] : nblocks[i];
}
}
/*
* smgrregistersync ( ) - - Request a relation to be sync ' d at next checkpoint
*
* This can be used after calling smgrwrite ( ) or smgrextend ( ) with skipFsync =
* true , to register the fsyncs that were skipped earlier .
*
* Note : be mindful that a checkpoint could already have happened between the
* smgrwrite or smgrextend calls and this ! In that case , the checkpoint
* already missed fsyncing this relation , and you should use smgrimmedsync
* instead . Most callers should use the bulk loading facility in bulk_write . c
* which handles all that .
*/
void
smgrregistersync(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_registersync(reln, forknum);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* smgrimmedsync ( ) - - Force the specified relation to stable storage .
*
* Synchronously force all previous writes to the specified relation
* down to disk .
*
* This is useful for building completely new relations ( eg , new
* indexes ) . Instead of incrementally WAL - logging the index build
* steps , we can just write completed index pages to disk with smgrwrite
* or smgrextend , and then fsync the completed index file before
* committing the transaction . ( This is sufficient for purposes of
* crash recovery , since it effectively duplicates forcing a checkpoint
* for the completed index . But it is * not * sufficient if one wishes
* to use the WAL log for PITR or replication purposes : in that case
* we have to make WAL entries as well . )
*
* The preceding writes should specify skipFsync = true to avoid
* duplicative fsyncs .
*
* Note that you need to do FlushRelationBuffers ( ) first if there is
* any possibility that there are dirty buffers for the relation ;
* otherwise the sync is not very meaningful .
*
* Most callers should use the bulk loading facility in bulk_write . c
* instead of calling this directly .
*/
void
smgrimmedsync(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)
{
HOLD_INTERRUPTS();
smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_immedsync(reln, forknum);
RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}
/*
* Return fd for the specified block number and update * off to the appropriate
* position .
*
* This is only to be used for when AIO needs to perform the IO in a different
* process than where it was issued ( e . g . in an IO worker ) .
*/
static int
smgrfd(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum, uint32 *off)
{
int fd;
/*
* The caller needs to prevent interrupts from being processed , otherwise
* the FD could be closed prematurely .
*/
Assert(!INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED());
fd = smgrsw[reln->smgr_which].smgr_fd(reln, forknum, blocknum, off);
return fd;
}
/*
* AtEOXact_SMgr
*
* This routine is called during transaction commit or abort ( it doesn ' t
* particularly care which ) . All unpinned SMgrRelation objects are destroyed .
*
* We do this as a compromise between wanting transient SMgrRelations to
* live awhile ( to amortize the costs of blind writes of multiple blocks )
* and needing them to not live forever ( since we ' re probably holding open
* a kernel file descriptor for the underlying file , and we need to ensure
* that gets closed reasonably soon if the file gets deleted ) .
*/
void
AtEOXact_SMgr(void )
{
smgrdestroyall();
}
/*
* This routine is called when we are ordered to release all open files by a
* ProcSignalBarrier .
*/
bool
ProcessBarrierSmgrRelease(void )
{
smgrreleaseall();
return true ;
}
/*
* Set target of the IO handle to be smgr and initialize all the relevant
* pieces of data .
*/
void
pgaio_io_set_target_smgr(PgAioHandle *ioh,
SMgrRelationData *smgr,
ForkNumber forknum,
BlockNumber blocknum,
int nblocks,
bool skip_fsync)
{
PgAioTargetData *sd = pgaio_io_get_target_data(ioh);
pgaio_io_set_target(ioh, PGAIO_TID_SMGR);
/* backend is implied via IO owner */
sd->smgr.rlocator = smgr->smgr_rlocator.locator;
sd->smgr.forkNum = forknum;
sd->smgr.blockNum = blocknum;
sd->smgr.nblocks = nblocks;
sd->smgr.is_temp = SmgrIsTemp(smgr);
/* Temp relations should never be fsync'd */
sd->smgr.skip_fsync = skip_fsync && !SmgrIsTemp(smgr);
}
/*
* Callback for the smgr AIO target , to reopen the file ( e . g . because the IO
* is executed in a worker ) .
*/
static void
smgr_aio_reopen(PgAioHandle *ioh)
{
PgAioTargetData *sd = pgaio_io_get_target_data(ioh);
PgAioOpData *od = pgaio_io_get_op_data(ioh);
SMgrRelation reln;
ProcNumber procno;
uint32 off;
/*
* The caller needs to prevent interrupts from being processed , otherwise
* the FD could be closed again before we get to executing the IO .
*/
Assert(!INTERRUPTS_CAN_BE_PROCESSED());
if (sd->smgr.is_temp)
procno = pgaio_io_get_owner(ioh);
else
procno = INVALID_PROC_NUMBER;
reln = smgropen(sd->smgr.rlocator, procno);
switch (pgaio_io_get_op(ioh))
{
case PGAIO_OP_INVALID:
pg_unreachable();
break ;
case PGAIO_OP_READV:
od->read.fd = smgrfd(reln, sd->smgr.forkNum, sd->smgr.blockNum, &off);
Assert(off == od->read.offset);
break ;
case PGAIO_OP_WRITEV:
od->write.fd = smgrfd(reln, sd->smgr.forkNum, sd->smgr.blockNum, &off);
Assert(off == od->write.offset);
break ;
}
}
/*
* Callback for the smgr AIO target , describing the target of the IO .
*/
static char *
smgr_aio_describe_identity(const PgAioTargetData *sd)
{
RelPathStr path;
char *desc;
path = relpathbackend(sd->smgr.rlocator,
sd->smgr.is_temp ?
MyProcNumber : INVALID_PROC_NUMBER,
sd->smgr.forkNum);
if (sd->smgr.nblocks == 0 )
desc = psprintf(_("file \" %s\"" ), path.str);
else if (sd->smgr.nblocks == 1 )
desc = psprintf(_("block %u in file \" %s\"" ),
sd->smgr.blockNum,
path.str);
else
desc = psprintf(_("blocks %u..%u in file \" %s\"" ),
sd->smgr.blockNum,
sd->smgr.blockNum + sd->smgr.nblocks - 1 ,
path.str);
return desc;
}
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=93 H=92 G=92
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.50 Sekunden
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-08-08)
¤
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