Quelle s_lock.h
Sprache: C
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* s_lock . h
* Implementation of spinlocks .
*
* NOTE : none of the macros in this file are intended to be called directly .
* Call them through the macros in spin . h .
*
* The following hardware - dependent macros must be provided for each
* supported platform :
*
* void S_INIT_LOCK ( slock_t * lock )
* Initialize a spinlock ( to the unlocked state ) .
*
* int S_LOCK ( slock_t * lock )
* Acquire a spinlock , waiting if necessary .
* Time out and abort ( ) if unable to acquire the lock in a
* " reasonable " amount of time - - - typically ~ 1 minute .
* Should return number of " delays " ; see s_lock . c
*
* void S_UNLOCK ( slock_t * lock )
* Unlock a previously acquired lock .
*
* bool S_LOCK_FREE ( slock_t * lock )
* Tests if the lock is free . Returns true if free , false if locked .
* This does * not * change the state of the lock .
*
* void SPIN_DELAY ( void )
* Delay operation to occur inside spinlock wait loop .
*
* Note to implementors : there are default implementations for all these
* macros at the bottom of the file . Check if your platform can use
* these or needs to override them .
*
* Usually , S_LOCK ( ) is implemented in terms of even lower - level macros
* TAS ( ) and TAS_SPIN ( ) :
*
* int TAS ( slock_t * lock )
* Atomic test - and - set instruction . Attempt to acquire the lock ,
* but do * not * wait . Returns 0 if successful , nonzero if unable
* to acquire the lock .
*
* int TAS_SPIN ( slock_t * lock )
* Like TAS ( ) , but this version is used when waiting for a lock
* previously found to be contended . By default , this is the
* same as TAS ( ) , but on some architectures it ' s better to poll a
* contended lock using an unlocked instruction and retry the
* atomic test - and - set only when it appears free .
*
* TAS ( ) and TAS_SPIN ( ) are NOT part of the API , and should never be called
* directly .
*
* CAUTION : on some platforms TAS ( ) and / or TAS_SPIN ( ) may sometimes report
* failure to acquire a lock even when the lock is not locked . For example ,
* on Alpha TAS ( ) will " fail " if interrupted . Therefore a retry loop must
* always be used , even if you are certain the lock is free .
*
* It is the responsibility of these macros to make sure that the compiler
* does not re - order accesses to shared memory to precede the actual lock
* acquisition , or follow the lock release . Prior to PostgreSQL 9 . 5 , this
* was the caller ' s responsibility , which meant that callers had to use
* volatile - qualified pointers to refer to both the spinlock itself and the
* shared data being accessed within the spinlocked critical section . This
* was notationally awkward , easy to forget ( and thus error - prone ) , and
* prevented some useful compiler optimizations . For these reasons , we
* now require that the macros themselves prevent compiler re - ordering ,
* so that the caller doesn ' t need to take special precautions .
*
* On platforms with weak memory ordering , the TAS ( ) , TAS_SPIN ( ) , and
* S_UNLOCK ( ) macros must further include hardware - level memory fence
* instructions to prevent similar re - ordering at the hardware level .
* TAS ( ) and TAS_SPIN ( ) must guarantee that loads and stores issued after
* the macro are not executed until the lock has been obtained . Conversely ,
* S_UNLOCK ( ) must guarantee that loads and stores issued before the macro
* have been executed before the lock is released .
*
* On most supported platforms , TAS ( ) uses a tas ( ) function written
* in assembly language to execute a hardware atomic - test - and - set
* instruction . Equivalent OS - supplied mutex routines could be used too .
*
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
* src / include / storage / s_lock . h
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#ifndef S_LOCK_H
#define S_LOCK_H
#ifdef FRONTEND
#error "s_lock.h may not be included from frontend code"
#endif
#if defined (__GNUC__) || defined (__INTEL_COMPILER)
/*************************************************************************
* All the gcc inlines
* Gcc consistently defines the CPU as _ _ cpu__ .
* Other compilers use _ _ cpu or _ _ cpu__ so we test for both in those cases .
*/
/*----------
* Standard gcc asm format ( assuming " volatile slock_t * lock " ) :
_ _ asm__ _ _ volatile__ (
" instruction \ n "
" instruction \ n "
" instruction \ n "
: " = r " ( _ res ) , " + m " ( * lock ) // return register, in/out lock value
: " r " ( lock ) // lock pointer, in input register
: " memory " , " cc " ) ; // show clobbered registers here
* The output - operands list ( after first colon ) should always include
* " + m " ( * lock ) , whether or not the asm code actually refers to this
* operand directly . This ensures that gcc believes the value in the
* lock variable is used and set by the asm code . Also , the clobbers
* list ( after third colon ) should always include " memory " ; this prevents
* gcc from thinking it can cache the values of shared - memory fields
* across the asm code . Add " cc " if your asm code changes the condition
* code register , and also list any temp registers the code uses .
* - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#ifdef __i386__ /* 32-bit i386 */
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
typedef unsigned char slock_t;
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
static __inline__ int
tas(volatile slock_t *lock)
{
slock_t _res = 1 ;
/*
* Use a non - locking test before asserting the bus lock . Note that the
* extra test appears to be a small loss on some x86 platforms and a small
* win on others ; it ' s by no means clear that we should keep it .
*
* When this was last tested , we didn ' t have separate TAS ( ) and TAS_SPIN ( )
* macros . Nowadays it probably would be better to do a non - locking test
* in TAS_SPIN ( ) but not in TAS ( ) , like on x86_64 , but no - one ' s done the
* testing to verify that . Without some empirical evidence , better to
* leave it alone .
*/
__asm__ __volatile__(
" cmpb $0,%1 \n"
" jne 1f \n"
" lock \n"
" xchgb %0,%1 \n"
"1: \n"
: "+q" (_res), "+m" (*lock)
: /* no inputs */
: "memory" , "cc" );
return (int ) _res;
}
#define SPIN_DELAY() spin_delay()
static __inline__ void
spin_delay(void )
{
/*
* This sequence is equivalent to the PAUSE instruction ( " rep " is
* ignored by old IA32 processors if the following instruction is
* not a string operation ) ; the IA - 32 Architecture Software
* Developer ' s Manual , Vol . 3 , Section 7 . 7 . 2 describes why using
* PAUSE in the inner loop of a spin lock is necessary for good
* performance :
*
* The PAUSE instruction improves the performance of IA - 32
* processors supporting Hyper - Threading Technology when
* executing spin - wait loops and other routines where one
* thread is accessing a shared lock or semaphore in a tight
* polling loop . When executing a spin - wait loop , the
* processor can suffer a severe performance penalty when
* exiting the loop because it detects a possible memory order
* violation and flushes the core processor ' s pipeline . The
* PAUSE instruction provides a hint to the processor that the
* code sequence is a spin - wait loop . The processor uses this
* hint to avoid the memory order violation and prevent the
* pipeline flush . In addition , the PAUSE instruction
* de - pipelines the spin - wait loop to prevent it from
* consuming execution resources excessively .
*/
__asm__ __volatile__(
" rep; nop \n" );
}
#endif /* __i386__ */
#ifdef __x86_64__ /* AMD Opteron, Intel EM64T */
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
typedef unsigned char slock_t;
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
/*
* On Intel EM64T , it ' s a win to use a non - locking test before the xchg proper ,
* but only when spinning .
*
* See also Implementing Scalable Atomic Locks for Multi - Core Intel ( tm ) EM64T
* and IA32 , by Michael Chynoweth and Mary R . Lee . As of this writing , it is
* available at :
* http : //software.intel.com/en-us/articles/implementing-scalable-atomic-locks-for-multi-core-intel-em64t-and-ia32-architectures
*/
#define TAS_SPIN(lock) (*(lock) ? 1 : TAS(lock))
static __inline__ int
tas(volatile slock_t *lock)
{
slock_t _res = 1 ;
__asm__ __volatile__(
" lock \n"
" xchgb %0,%1 \n"
: "+q" (_res), "+m" (*lock)
: /* no inputs */
: "memory" , "cc" );
return (int ) _res;
}
#define SPIN_DELAY() spin_delay()
static __inline__ void
spin_delay(void )
{
/*
* Adding a PAUSE in the spin delay loop is demonstrably a no - op on
* Opteron , but it may be of some use on EM64T , so we keep it .
*/
__asm__ __volatile__(
" rep; nop \n" );
}
#endif /* __x86_64__ */
/*
* On ARM and ARM64 , we use _ _ sync_lock_test_and_set ( int * , int ) if available .
*
* We use the int - width variant of the builtin because it works on more chips
* than other widths .
*/
#if defined (__arm__) || defined (__arm) || defined (__aarch64__)
#ifdef HAVE_GCC__SYNC_INT32_TAS
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
typedef int slock_t;
static __inline__ int
tas(volatile slock_t *lock)
{
return __sync_lock_test_and_set(lock, 1 );
}
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) __sync_lock_release(lock)
#if defined (__aarch64__)
/*
* On ARM64 , it ' s a win to use a non - locking test before the TAS proper . It
* may be a win on 32 - bit ARM , too , but nobody ' s tested it yet .
*/
#define TAS_SPIN(lock) (*(lock) ? 1 : TAS(lock))
#define SPIN_DELAY() spin_delay()
static __inline__ void
spin_delay(void )
{
/*
* Using an ISB instruction to delay in spinlock loops appears beneficial
* on high - core - count ARM64 processors . It seems mostly a wash for smaller
* gear , and ISB doesn ' t exist at all on pre - v7 ARM chips .
*/
__asm__ __volatile__(
" isb; \n" );
}
#endif /* __aarch64__ */
#endif /* HAVE_GCC__SYNC_INT32_TAS */
#endif /* __arm__ || __arm || __aarch64__ */
/* S/390 and S/390x Linux (32- and 64-bit zSeries) */
#if defined (__s390__) || defined (__s390x__)
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
typedef unsigned int slock_t;
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
static __inline__ int
tas(volatile slock_t *lock)
{
int _res = 0 ;
__asm__ __volatile__(
" cs %0,%3,0(%2) \n"
: "+d" (_res), "+m" (*lock)
: "a" (lock), "d" (1 )
: "memory" , "cc" );
return _res;
}
#endif /* __s390__ || __s390x__ */
#if defined (__sparc__) /* Sparc */
/*
* Solaris has always run sparc processors in TSO ( total store ) mode , but
* linux didn ' t use to and the * BSDs still don ' t . So , be careful about
* acquire / release semantics . The CPU will treat superfluous members as
* NOPs , so it ' s just code space .
*/
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
typedef unsigned char slock_t;
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
static __inline__ int
tas(volatile slock_t *lock)
{
slock_t _res;
/*
* See comment in src / backend / port / tas / sunstudio_sparc . s for why this
* uses " ldstub " , and that file uses " cas " . gcc currently generates
* sparcv7 - targeted binaries , so " cas " use isn ' t possible .
*/
__asm__ __volatile__(
" ldstub [%2], %0 \n"
: "=r" (_res), "+m" (*lock)
: "r" (lock)
: "memory" );
#if defined (__sparcv7) || defined (__sparc_v7__)
/*
* No stbar or membar available , luckily no actually produced hardware
* requires a barrier .
*/
#elif defined (__sparcv8) || defined (__sparc_v8__)
/* stbar is available (and required for both PSO, RMO), membar isn't */
__asm__ __volatile__ ("stbar \n" :::"memory" );
#else
/*
* # LoadStore ( RMO ) | # LoadLoad ( RMO ) together are the appropriate acquire
* barrier for sparcv8 + upwards .
*/
__asm__ __volatile__ ("membar #LoadStore | #LoadLoad \n" :::"memory" );
#endif
return (int ) _res;
}
#if defined (__sparcv7) || defined (__sparc_v7__)
/*
* No stbar or membar available , luckily no actually produced hardware
* requires a barrier . We fall through to the default gcc definition of
* S_UNLOCK in this case .
*/
#elif defined (__sparcv8) || defined (__sparc_v8__)
/* stbar is available (and required for both PSO, RMO), membar isn't */
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) \
do \
{ \
__asm__ __volatile__ ("stbar \n" :::"memory" ); \
*((volatile slock_t *) (lock)) = 0 ; \
} while (0 )
#else
/*
* # LoadStore ( RMO ) | # StoreStore ( RMO , PSO ) together are the appropriate
* release barrier for sparcv8 + upwards .
*/
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) \
do \
{ \
__asm__ __volatile__ ("membar #LoadStore | #StoreStore \n" :::"memory" ); \
*((volatile slock_t *) (lock)) = 0 ; \
} while (0 )
#endif
#endif /* __sparc__ */
/* PowerPC */
#if defined (__ppc__) || defined (__powerpc__) || defined (__ppc64__) || defined (__powerpc64__)
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
typedef unsigned int slock_t;
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
/* On PPC, it's a win to use a non-locking test before the lwarx */
#define TAS_SPIN(lock) (*(lock) ? 1 : TAS(lock))
/*
* The second operand of addi can hold a constant zero or a register number ,
* hence constraint " = & b " to avoid allocating r0 . " b " stands for " address
* base register " ; most operands having this register - or - zero property are
* address bases , e . g . the second operand of lwax .
*
* NOTE : per the Enhanced PowerPC Architecture manual , v1 . 0 dated 7 - May - 2002 ,
* an isync is a sufficient synchronization barrier after a lwarx / stwcx loop .
* But if the spinlock is in ordinary memory , we can use lwsync instead for
* better performance .
*/
static __inline__ int
tas(volatile slock_t *lock)
{
slock_t _t;
int _res;
__asm__ __volatile__(
" lwarx %0,0,%3,1 \n"
" cmpwi %0,0 \n"
" bne 1f \n"
" addi %0,%0,1 \n"
" stwcx. %0,0,%3 \n"
" beq 2f \n"
"1: \n"
" li %1,1 \n"
" b 3f \n"
"2: \n"
" lwsync \n"
" li %1,0 \n"
"3: \n"
: "=&b" (_t), "=r" (_res), "+m" (*lock)
: "r" (lock)
: "memory" , "cc" );
return _res;
}
/*
* PowerPC S_UNLOCK is almost standard but requires a " sync " instruction .
* But we can use lwsync instead for better performance .
*/
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) \
do \
{ \
__asm__ __volatile__ (" lwsync \n" ::: "memory" ); \
*((volatile slock_t *) (lock)) = 0 ; \
} while (0 )
#endif /* powerpc */
#if defined (__mips__) && !defined (__sgi) /* non-SGI MIPS */
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
typedef unsigned int slock_t;
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
/*
* Original MIPS - I processors lacked the LL / SC instructions , but if we are
* so unfortunate as to be running on one of those , we expect that the kernel
* will handle the illegal - instruction traps and emulate them for us . On
* anything newer ( and really , MIPS - I is extinct ) LL / SC is the only sane
* choice because any other synchronization method must involve a kernel
* call . Unfortunately , many toolchains still default to MIPS - I as the
* codegen target ; if the symbol _ _ mips shows that that ' s the case , we
* have to force the assembler to accept LL / SC .
*
* R10000 and up processors require a separate SYNC , which has the same
* issues as LL / SC .
*/
#if __mips < 2
#define MIPS_SET_MIPS2 " .set mips2 \n"
#else
#define MIPS_SET_MIPS2
#endif
static __inline__ int
tas(volatile slock_t *lock)
{
volatile slock_t *_l = lock;
int _res;
int _tmp;
__asm__ __volatile__(
" .set push \n"
MIPS_SET_MIPS2
" .set noreorder \n"
" .set nomacro \n"
" ll %0, %2 \n"
" or %1, %0, 1 \n"
" sc %1, %2 \n"
" xori %1, 1 \n"
" or %0, %0, %1 \n"
" sync \n"
" .set pop "
: "=&r" (_res), "=&r" (_tmp), "+R" (*_l)
: /* no inputs */
: "memory" );
return _res;
}
/* MIPS S_UNLOCK is almost standard but requires a "sync" instruction */
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) \
do \
{ \
__asm__ __volatile__( \
" .set push \n" \
MIPS_SET_MIPS2 \
" .set noreorder \n" \
" .set nomacro \n" \
" sync \n" \
" .set pop " \
: /* no outputs */ \
: /* no inputs */ \
: "memory" ); \
*((volatile slock_t *) (lock)) = 0 ; \
} while (0 )
#endif /* __mips__ && !__sgi */
/*
* If we have no platform - specific knowledge , but we found that the compiler
* provides _ _ sync_lock_test_and_set ( ) , use that . Prefer the int - width
* version over the char - width version if we have both , on the rather dubious
* grounds that that ' s known to be more likely to work in the ARM ecosystem .
* ( But we dealt with ARM above . )
*/
#if !defined (HAS_TEST_AND_SET)
#if defined (HAVE_GCC__SYNC_INT32_TAS)
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
typedef int slock_t;
static __inline__ int
tas(volatile slock_t *lock)
{
return __sync_lock_test_and_set(lock, 1 );
}
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) __sync_lock_release(lock)
#elif defined (HAVE_GCC__SYNC_CHAR_TAS)
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
typedef char slock_t;
static __inline__ int
tas(volatile slock_t *lock)
{
return __sync_lock_test_and_set(lock, 1 );
}
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) __sync_lock_release(lock)
#endif /* HAVE_GCC__SYNC_INT32_TAS */
#endif /* !defined(HAS_TEST_AND_SET) */
/*
* Default implementation of S_UNLOCK ( ) for gcc / icc .
*
* Note that this implementation is unsafe for any platform that can reorder
* a memory access ( either load or store ) after a following store . That
* happens not to be possible on x86 and most legacy architectures ( some are
* single - processor ! ) , but many modern systems have weaker memory ordering .
* Those that do must define their own version of S_UNLOCK ( ) rather than
* relying on this one .
*/
#if !defined (S_UNLOCK)
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) \
do { __asm__ __volatile__("" : : : "memory" ); *(lock) = 0 ; } while (0 )
#endif
#endif /* defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) */
/*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
* Platforms that use non - gcc inline assembly :
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#if !defined (HAS_TEST_AND_SET) /* We didn't trigger above, let's try here */
/* These are in sunstudio_(sparc|x86).s */
#if defined (__SUNPRO_C) && (defined (__i386) || defined (__x86_64__) || defined (__sparc__) || defined (__sparc))
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
#if defined (__i386) || defined (__x86_64__) || defined (__sparcv9) || defined (__sparcv8plus)
typedef unsigned int slock_t;
#else
typedef unsigned char slock_t;
#endif
extern slock_t pg_atomic_cas(volatile slock_t *lock, slock_t with,
slock_t cmp);
#define TAS(a) (pg_atomic_cas((a), 1 , 0 ) != 0 )
#endif
#ifdef _MSC_VER
typedef LONG slock_t;
#define HAS_TEST_AND_SET
#define TAS(lock) (InterlockedCompareExchange(lock, 1 , 0 ))
#define SPIN_DELAY() spin_delay()
/* If using Visual C++ on Win64, inline assembly is unavailable.
* Use a _ mm_pause intrinsic instead of rep nop .
*/
#if defined (_WIN64)
static __forceinline void
spin_delay(void )
{
_mm_pause();
}
#else
static __forceinline void
spin_delay(void )
{
/* See comment for gcc code. Same code, MASM syntax */
__asm rep nop;
}
#endif
#include <intrin.h>
#pragma intrinsic(_ReadWriteBarrier)
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) \
do { _ReadWriteBarrier(); (*(lock)) = 0 ; } while (0 )
#endif
#endif /* !defined(HAS_TEST_AND_SET) */
/* Blow up if we didn't have any way to do spinlocks */
#ifndef HAS_TEST_AND_SET
#error PostgreSQL does not have spinlock support on this platform. Please report this to pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org.
#endif
/*
* Default Definitions - override these above as needed .
*/
#if !defined (S_LOCK)
#define S_LOCK(lock) \
(TAS(lock) ? s_lock((lock), __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__) : 0 )
#endif /* S_LOCK */
#if !defined (S_LOCK_FREE)
#define S_LOCK_FREE(lock) (*(lock) == 0 )
#endif /* S_LOCK_FREE */
#if !defined (S_UNLOCK)
/*
* Our default implementation of S_UNLOCK is essentially * ( lock ) = 0 . This
* is unsafe if the platform can reorder a memory access ( either load or
* store ) after a following store ; platforms where this is possible must
* define their own S_UNLOCK . But CPU reordering is not the only concern :
* if we simply defined S_UNLOCK ( ) as an inline macro , the compiler might
* reorder instructions from inside the critical section to occur after the
* lock release . Since the compiler probably can ' t know what the external
* function s_unlock is doing , putting the same logic there should be adequate .
* A sufficiently - smart globally optimizing compiler could break that
* assumption , though , and the cost of a function call for every spinlock
* release may hurt performance significantly , so we use this implementation
* only for platforms where we don ' t know of a suitable intrinsic . For the
* most part , those are relatively obscure platform / compiler combinations to
* which the PostgreSQL project does not have access .
*/
#define USE_DEFAULT_S_UNLOCK
extern void s_unlock(volatile slock_t *lock);
#define S_UNLOCK(lock) s_unlock(lock)
#endif /* S_UNLOCK */
#if !defined (S_INIT_LOCK)
#define S_INIT_LOCK(lock) S_UNLOCK(lock)
#endif /* S_INIT_LOCK */
#if !defined (SPIN_DELAY)
#define SPIN_DELAY() ((void ) 0 )
#endif /* SPIN_DELAY */
#if !defined (TAS)
extern int tas(volatile slock_t *lock); /* in port/.../tas.s, or
* s_lock.c */
#define TAS(lock) tas(lock)
#endif /* TAS */
#if !defined (TAS_SPIN)
#define TAS_SPIN(lock) TAS(lock)
#endif /* TAS_SPIN */
/*
* Platform - independent out - of - line support routines
*/
extern int s_lock(volatile slock_t *lock, const char *file, int line, const char *func);
/* Support for dynamic adjustment of spins_per_delay */
#define DEFAULT_SPINS_PER_DELAY 100
extern void set_spins_per_delay(int shared_spins_per_delay);
extern int update_spins_per_delay(int shared_spins_per_delay);
/*
* Support for spin delay which is useful in various places where
* spinlock - like procedures take place .
*/
typedef struct
{
int spins;
int delays;
int cur_delay;
const char *file;
int line;
const char *func;
} SpinDelayStatus;
static inline void
init_spin_delay(SpinDelayStatus *status,
const char *file, int line, const char *func)
{
status->spins = 0 ;
status->delays = 0 ;
status->cur_delay = 0 ;
status->file = file;
status->line = line;
status->func = func;
}
#define init_local_spin_delay(status) init_spin_delay(status, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__)
extern void perform_spin_delay(SpinDelayStatus *status);
extern void finish_spin_delay(SpinDelayStatus *status);
#endif /* S_LOCK_H */
Messung V0.5 in Prozent C=88 H=94 G=90
¤ Die Informationen auf dieser Webseite wurden
nach bestem Wissen sorgfältig zusammengestellt. Es wird jedoch weder Vollständigkeit, noch Richtigkeit,
noch Qualität der bereit gestellten Informationen zugesichert.0.25Bemerkung:
(vorverarbeitet am 2026-08-08)
¤
*© Formatika GbR, Deutschland
2026-08-25
Neuigkeiten
Aktuelles
Motto des Tages
Open Source Software
Jenseits des Üblichen ....
Besucherstatistik
Statistik
#Sources=141584
#Domains=752002