Quelle tuplesort.h
Sprache: C
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* tuplesort . h
* Generalized tuple sorting routines .
*
* This module handles sorting of heap tuples , index tuples , or single
* Datums ( and could easily support other kinds of sortable objects ,
* if necessary ) . It works efficiently for both small and large amounts
* of data . Small amounts are sorted in - memory using qsort ( ) . Large
* amounts are sorted using temporary files and a standard external sort
* algorithm . Parallel sorts use a variant of this external sort
* algorithm , and are typically only used for large amounts of data .
*
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1996 - 2025 , PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright ( c ) 1994 , Regents of the University of California
*
* src / include / utils / tuplesort . h
*
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
*/
#ifndef TUPLESORT_H
#define TUPLESORT_H
#include "access/brin_tuple.h"
#include "access/gin_tuple.h"
#include "access/itup.h"
#include "executor/tuptable.h"
#include "storage/dsm.h"
#include "utils/logtape.h"
#include "utils/relcache.h"
#include "utils/sortsupport.h"
/*
* Tuplesortstate and Sharedsort are opaque types whose details are not
* known outside tuplesort . c .
*/
typedef struct Tuplesortstate Tuplesortstate;
typedef struct Sharedsort Sharedsort;
/*
* Tuplesort parallel coordination state , allocated by each participant in
* local memory . Participant caller initializes everything . See usage notes
* below .
*/
typedef struct SortCoordinateData
{
/* Worker process? If not, must be leader. */
bool isWorker;
/*
* Leader - process - passed number of participants known launched ( workers
* set this to - 1 ) . Includes state within leader needed for it to
* participate as a worker , if any .
*/
int nParticipants;
/* Private opaque state (points to shared memory) */
Sharedsort *sharedsort;
} SortCoordinateData;
typedef struct SortCoordinateData *SortCoordinate;
/*
* Data structures for reporting sort statistics . Note that
* TuplesortInstrumentation can ' t contain any pointers because we
* sometimes put it in shared memory .
*
* The parallel - sort infrastructure relies on having a zero TuplesortMethod
* to indicate that a worker never did anything , so we assign zero to
* SORT_TYPE_STILL_IN_PROGRESS . The other values of this enum can be
* OR ' ed together to represent a situation where different workers used
* different methods , so we need a separate bit for each one . Keep the
* NUM_TUPLESORTMETHODS constant in sync with the number of bits !
*/
typedef enum
{
SORT_TYPE_STILL_IN_PROGRESS = 0 ,
SORT_TYPE_TOP_N_HEAPSORT = 1 << 0 ,
SORT_TYPE_QUICKSORT = 1 << 1 ,
SORT_TYPE_EXTERNAL_SORT = 1 << 2 ,
SORT_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MERGE = 1 << 3 ,
} TuplesortMethod;
#define NUM_TUPLESORTMETHODS 4
typedef enum
{
SORT_SPACE_TYPE_DISK,
SORT_SPACE_TYPE_MEMORY,
} TuplesortSpaceType;
/* Bitwise option flags for tuple sorts */
#define TUPLESORT_NONE 0
/* specifies whether non-sequential access to the sort result is required */
#define TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS (1 << 0 )
/* specifies if the tuplesort is able to support bounded sorts */
#define TUPLESORT_ALLOWBOUNDED (1 << 1 )
/*
* For bounded sort , tuples get pfree ' d when they fall outside of the bound .
* When bounded sorts are not required , we can use a bump context for tuple
* allocation as there ' s no risk that pfree will ever be called for a tuple .
* Define a macro to make it easier for code to figure out if we ' re using a
* bump allocator .
*/
#define TupleSortUseBumpTupleCxt(opt) (((opt) & TUPLESORT_ALLOWBOUNDED) == 0 )
typedef struct TuplesortInstrumentation
{
TuplesortMethod sortMethod; /* sort algorithm used */
TuplesortSpaceType spaceType; /* type of space spaceUsed represents */
int64 spaceUsed; /* space consumption, in kB */
} TuplesortInstrumentation;
/*
* The objects we actually sort are SortTuple structs . These contain
* a pointer to the tuple proper ( might be a MinimalTuple or IndexTuple ) ,
* which is a separate palloc chunk - - - we assume it is just one chunk and
* can be freed by a simple pfree ( ) ( except during merge , where we use a
* simple slab allocator , and during a non - bounded sort where we use a bump
* allocator ) . SortTuples also contain the tuple ' s first key column in
* Datum / nullflag format , and a source / input tape number that tracks which
* tape each heap element / slot belongs to during merging .
*
* Storing the first key column lets us save heap_getattr or index_getattr
* calls during tuple comparisons . We could extract and save all the key
* columns not just the first , but this would increase code complexity and
* overhead , and wouldn ' t actually save any comparison cycles in the common
* case where the first key determines the comparison result . Note that
* for a pass - by - reference datatype , datum1 points into the " tuple " storage .
*
* There is one special case : when the sort support infrastructure provides an
* " abbreviated key " representation , where the key is ( typically ) a pass by
* value proxy for a pass by reference type . In this case , the abbreviated key
* is stored in datum1 in place of the actual first key column .
*
* When sorting single Datums , the data value is represented directly by
* datum1 / isnull1 for pass by value types ( or null values ) . If the datatype is
* pass - by - reference and isnull1 is false , then " tuple " points to a separately
* palloc ' d data value , otherwise " tuple " is NULL . The value of datum1 is then
* either the same pointer as " tuple " , or is an abbreviated key value as
* described above . Accordingly , " tuple " is always used in preference to
* datum1 as the authoritative value for pass - by - reference cases .
*/
typedef struct
{
void *tuple; /* the tuple itself */
Datum datum1; /* value of first key column */
bool isnull1; /* is first key column NULL? */
int srctape; /* source tape number */
} SortTuple;
typedef int (*SortTupleComparator) (const SortTuple *a, const SortTuple *b,
Tuplesortstate *state);
/*
* The public part of a Tuple sort operation state . This data structure
* contains the definition of sort - variant - specific interface methods and
* the part of Tuple sort operation state required by their implementations .
*/
typedef struct
{
/*
* These function pointers decouple the routines that must know what kind
* of tuple we are sorting from the routines that don ' t need to know it .
* They are set up by the tuplesort_begin_xxx routines .
*
* Function to compare two tuples ; result is per qsort ( ) convention , ie :
* < 0 , 0 , > 0 according as a < b , a = b , a > b . The API must match
* qsort_arg_comparator .
*/
SortTupleComparator comparetup;
/*
* Fall back to the full tuple for comparison , but only compare the first
* sortkey if it was abbreviated . Otherwise , only compare second and later
* sortkeys .
*/
SortTupleComparator comparetup_tiebreak;
/*
* Alter datum1 representation in the SortTuple ' s array back from the
* abbreviated key to the first column value .
*/
void (*removeabbrev) (Tuplesortstate *state, SortTuple *stups,
int count);
/*
* Function to write a stored tuple onto tape . The representation of the
* tuple on tape need not be the same as it is in memory .
*/
void (*writetup) (Tuplesortstate *state, LogicalTape *tape,
SortTuple *stup);
/*
* Function to read a stored tuple from tape back into memory . ' len ' is
* the already - read length of the stored tuple . The tuple is allocated
* from the slab memory arena , or is palloc ' d , see
* tuplesort_readtup_alloc ( ) .
*/
void (*readtup) (Tuplesortstate *state, SortTuple *stup,
LogicalTape *tape, unsigned int len);
/*
* Function to do some specific release of resources for the sort variant .
* In particular , this function should free everything stored in the " arg "
* field , which wouldn ' t be cleared on reset of the Tuple sort memory
* contexts . This can be NULL if nothing specific needs to be done .
*/
void (*freestate) (Tuplesortstate *state);
/*
* The subsequent fields are used in the implementations of the functions
* above .
*/
MemoryContext maincontext; /* memory context for tuple sort metadata that
* persists across multiple batches */
MemoryContext sortcontext; /* memory context holding most sort data */
MemoryContext tuplecontext; /* sub-context of sortcontext for tuple data */
/*
* Whether SortTuple ' s datum1 and isnull1 members are maintained by the
* above routines . If not , some sort specializations are disabled .
*/
bool haveDatum1;
/*
* The sortKeys variable is used by every case other than the hash index
* case ; it is set by tuplesort_begin_xxx . tupDesc is only used by the
* MinimalTuple and CLUSTER routines , though .
*/
int nKeys; /* number of columns in sort key */
SortSupport sortKeys; /* array of length nKeys */
/*
* This variable is shared by the single - key MinimalTuple case and the
* Datum case ( which both use qsort_ssup ( ) ) . Otherwise , it ' s NULL . The
* presence of a value in this field is also checked by various sort
* specialization functions as an optimization when comparing the leading
* key in a tiebreak situation to determine if there are any subsequent
* keys to sort on .
*/
SortSupport onlyKey;
int sortopt; /* Bitmask of flags used to setup sort */
bool tuples; /* Can SortTuple.tuple ever be set? */
void *arg; /* Specific information for the sort variant */
} TuplesortPublic;
/* Sort parallel code from state for sort__start probes */
#define PARALLEL_SORT(coordinate) (coordinate == NULL || \
(coordinate)->sharedsort == NULL ? 0 : \
(coordinate)->isWorker ? 1 : 2 )
#define TuplesortstateGetPublic(state) ((TuplesortPublic *) state)
/* When using this macro, beware of double evaluation of len */
#define LogicalTapeReadExact(tape, ptr, len) \
do { \
if (LogicalTapeRead(tape, ptr, len) != (size_t) (len)) \
elog(ERROR, "unexpected end of data" ); \
} while (0 )
/*
* We provide multiple interfaces to what is essentially the same code ,
* since different callers have different data to be sorted and want to
* specify the sort key information differently . There are two APIs for
* sorting HeapTuples and two more for sorting IndexTuples . Yet another
* API supports sorting bare Datums .
*
* Serial sort callers should pass NULL for their coordinate argument .
*
* The " heap " API actually stores / sorts MinimalTuples , which means it doesn ' t
* preserve the system columns ( tuple identity and transaction visibility
* info ) . The sort keys are specified by column numbers within the tuples
* and sort operator OIDs . We save some cycles by passing and returning the
* tuples in TupleTableSlots , rather than forming actual HeapTuples ( which ' d
* have to be converted to MinimalTuples ) . This API works well for sorts
* executed as parts of plan trees .
*
* The " cluster " API stores / sorts full HeapTuples including all visibility
* info . The sort keys are specified by reference to a btree index that is
* defined on the relation to be sorted . Note that putheaptuple / getheaptuple
* go with this API , not the " begin_heap " one !
*
* The " index_btree " API stores / sorts IndexTuples ( preserving all their
* header fields ) . The sort keys are specified by a btree index definition .
*
* The " index_hash " API is similar to index_btree , but the tuples are
* actually sorted by their hash codes not the raw data .
*
* The " index_brin " API is similar to index_btree , but the tuples are
* BrinTuple and are sorted by their block number not the raw data .
*
* Parallel sort callers are required to coordinate multiple tuplesort states
* in a leader process and one or more worker processes . The leader process
* must launch workers , and have each perform an independent " partial "
* tuplesort , typically fed by the parallel heap interface . The leader later
* produces the final output ( internally , it merges runs output by workers ) .
*
* Callers must do the following to perform a sort in parallel using multiple
* worker processes :
*
* 1 . Request tuplesort - private shared memory for n workers . Use
* tuplesort_estimate_shared ( ) to get the required size .
* 2 . Have leader process initialize allocated shared memory using
* tuplesort_initialize_shared ( ) . Launch workers .
* 3 . Initialize a coordinate argument within both the leader process , and
* for each worker process . This has a pointer to the shared
* tuplesort - private structure , as well as some caller - initialized fields .
* Leader ' s coordinate argument reliably indicates number of workers
* launched ( this is unused by workers ) .
* 4 . Begin a tuplesort using some appropriate tuplesort_begin * routine ,
* ( passing the coordinate argument ) within each worker . The workMem
* arguments need not be identical . All other arguments should match
* exactly , though .
* 5 . tuplesort_attach_shared ( ) should be called by all workers . Feed tuples
* to each worker , and call tuplesort_performsort ( ) within each when input
* is exhausted .
* 6 . Call tuplesort_end ( ) in each worker process . Worker processes can shut
* down once tuplesort_end ( ) returns .
* 7 . Begin a tuplesort in the leader using the same tuplesort_begin *
* routine , passing a leader - appropriate coordinate argument ( this can
* happen as early as during step 3 , actually , since we only need to know
* the number of workers successfully launched ) . The leader must now wait
* for workers to finish . Caller must use own mechanism for ensuring that
* next step isn ' t reached until all workers have called and returned from
* tuplesort_performsort ( ) . ( Note that it ' s okay if workers have already
* also called tuplesort_end ( ) by then . )
* 8 . Call tuplesort_performsort ( ) in leader . Consume output using the
* appropriate tuplesort_get * routine . Leader can skip this step if
* tuplesort turns out to be unnecessary .
* 9 . Call tuplesort_end ( ) in leader .
*
* This division of labor assumes nothing about how input tuples are produced ,
* but does require that caller combine the state of multiple tuplesorts for
* any purpose other than producing the final output . For example , callers
* must consider that tuplesort_get_stats ( ) reports on only one worker ' s role
* in a sort ( or the leader ' s role ) , and not statistics for the sort as a
* whole .
*
* Note that callers may use the leader process to sort runs as if it was an
* independent worker process ( prior to the process performing a leader sort
* to produce the final sorted output ) . Doing so only requires a second
* " partial " tuplesort within the leader process , initialized like that of a
* worker process . The steps above don ' t touch on this directly . The only
* difference is that the tuplesort_attach_shared ( ) call is never needed within
* leader process , because the backend as a whole holds the shared fileset
* reference . A worker Tuplesortstate in leader is expected to do exactly the
* same amount of total initial processing work as a worker process
* Tuplesortstate , since the leader process has nothing else to do before
* workers finish .
*
* Note that only a very small amount of memory will be allocated prior to
* the leader state first consuming input , and that workers will free the
* vast majority of their memory upon returning from tuplesort_performsort ( ) .
* Callers can rely on this to arrange for memory to be used in a way that
* respects a workMem - style budget across an entire parallel sort operation .
*
* Callers are responsible for parallel safety in general . However , they
* can at least rely on there being no parallel safety hazards within
* tuplesort , because tuplesort thinks of the sort as several independent
* sorts whose results are combined . Since , in general , the behavior of
* sort operators is immutable , caller need only worry about the parallel
* safety of whatever the process is through which input tuples are
* generated ( typically , caller uses a parallel heap scan ) .
*/
extern Tuplesortstate *tuplesort_begin_common(int workMem,
SortCoordinate coordinate,
int sortopt);
extern void tuplesort_set_bound(Tuplesortstate *state, int64 bound);
extern bool tuplesort_used_bound(Tuplesortstate *state);
extern void tuplesort_puttuple_common(Tuplesortstate *state,
SortTuple *tuple, bool useAbbrev,
Size tuplen);
extern void tuplesort_performsort(Tuplesortstate *state);
extern bool tuplesort_gettuple_common(Tuplesortstate *state, bool forward,
SortTuple *stup);
extern bool tuplesort_skiptuples(Tuplesortstate *state, int64 ntuples,
bool forward);
extern void tuplesort_end(Tuplesortstate *state);
extern void tuplesort_reset(Tuplesortstate *state);
extern void tuplesort_get_stats(Tuplesortstate *state,
TuplesortInstrumentation *stats);
extern const char *tuplesort_method_name(TuplesortMethod m);
extern const char *tuplesort_space_type_name(TuplesortSpaceType t);
extern int tuplesort_merge_order(int64 allowedMem);
extern Size tuplesort_estimate_shared(int nWorkers);
extern void tuplesort_initialize_shared(Sharedsort *shared, int nWorkers,
dsm_segment *seg);
extern void tuplesort_attach_shared(Sharedsort *shared, dsm_segment *seg);
/*
* These routines may only be called if TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS was specified
* during tuplesort_begin_ * . Additionally backwards scan in gettuple / getdatum
* also require TUPLESORT_RANDOMACCESS . Note that parallel sorts do not
* support random access .
*/
extern void tuplesort_rescan(Tuplesortstate *state);
extern void tuplesort_markpos(Tuplesortstate *state);
extern void tuplesort_restorepos(Tuplesortstate *state);
extern void *tuplesort_readtup_alloc(Tuplesortstate *state, Size tuplen);
/* tuplesortvariants.c */
extern Tuplesortstate *tuplesort_begin_heap(TupleDesc tupDesc,
int nkeys, AttrNumber *attNums,
Oid *sortOperators, Oid *sortCollations,
bool *nullsFirstFlags,
int workMem, SortCoordinate coordinate,
int sortopt);
extern Tuplesortstate *tuplesort_begin_cluster(TupleDesc tupDesc,
Relation indexRel, int workMem,
SortCoordinate coordinate,
int sortopt);
extern Tuplesortstate *tuplesort_begin_index_btree(Relation heapRel,
Relation indexRel,
bool enforceUnique,
bool uniqueNullsNotDistinct,
int workMem, SortCoordinate coordinate,
int sortopt);
extern Tuplesortstate *tuplesort_begin_index_hash(Relation heapRel,
Relation indexRel,
uint32 high_mask,
uint32 low_mask,
uint32 max_buckets,
int workMem, SortCoordinate coordinate,
int sortopt);
extern Tuplesortstate *tuplesort_begin_index_gist(Relation heapRel,
Relation indexRel,
int workMem, SortCoordinate coordinate,
int sortopt);
extern Tuplesortstate *tuplesort_begin_index_brin(int workMem, SortCoordinate coordinate,
int sortopt);
extern Tuplesortstate *tuplesort_begin_index_gin(Relation heapRel,
Relation indexRel,
int workMem, SortCoordinate coordinate,
int sortopt);
extern Tuplesortstate *tuplesort_begin_datum(Oid datumType,
Oid sortOperator, Oid sortCollation,
bool nullsFirstFlag,
int workMem, SortCoordinate coordinate,
int sortopt);
extern void tuplesort_puttupleslot(Tuplesortstate *state,
TupleTableSlot *slot);
extern void tuplesort_putheaptuple(Tuplesortstate *state, HeapTuple tup);
extern void tuplesort_putindextuplevalues(Tuplesortstate *state,
Relation rel, ItemPointer self,
const Datum *values, const bool *isnull);
extern void tuplesort_putbrintuple(Tuplesortstate *state, BrinTuple *tuple, Size size);
extern void tuplesort_putgintuple(Tuplesortstate *state, GinTuple *tuple, Size size);
extern void tuplesort_putdatum(Tuplesortstate *state, Datum val,
bool isNull);
extern bool tuplesort_gettupleslot(Tuplesortstate *state, bool forward,
bool copy, TupleTableSlot *slot, Datum *abbrev);
extern HeapTuple tuplesort_getheaptuple(Tuplesortstate *state, bool forward);
extern IndexTuple tuplesort_getindextuple(Tuplesortstate *state, bool forward);
extern BrinTuple *tuplesort_getbrintuple(Tuplesortstate *state, Size *len,
bool forward);
extern GinTuple *tuplesort_getgintuple(Tuplesortstate *state, Size *len,
bool forward);
extern bool tuplesort_getdatum(Tuplesortstate *state, bool forward, bool copy,
Datum *val, bool *isNull, Datum *abbrev);
#endif /* TUPLESORT_H */
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