//! Allows non-fatal errors in a tree of subfunctions to easily be collected by a caller //! //! Provides the [`error_graph::ErrorList<E>`][ErrorList] type to hold a list of non-fatal errors //! that occurred while a function was running. //! //! It has a [`subwriter()`][WriteErrorList::subwriter] method that can be passed as a parameter to //! a subfunction and allows that subfunction to record all the non-fatal errors it encounters. //! When the subfunction is done running, its error list will be mapped to the caller's error type //! and added to the caller's [ErrorList] automatically. //! //! Since subfunctions may in-turn also use the [`subwriter()`][WriteErrorList::subwriter] //! function on the writter given to them by their caller, this creates a tree of non-fatal errors //! that occurred during the execution of an entire call graph. //! //! # Usage //! //! ``` //! # use error_graph::{ErrorList, WriteErrorList, strategy::{DontCare, ErrorOccurred}}; //! enum UpperError { //! Upper, //! Middle(ErrorList<MiddleError>), //! } //! enum MiddleError { //! Middle, //! Lower(ErrorList<LowerError>), //! } //! enum LowerError { //! Lower, //! } //! fn upper() { //! let mut errors = ErrorList::default(); //! errors.push(UpperError::Upper); //! // Map the ErrorList<MiddleError> to our UpperError::Middle variant //! middle(errors.subwriter(UpperError::Middle)); //! errors.push(UpperError::Upper); //! //! // Some callers just don't want to know if things went wrong or not //! middle(DontCare); //! //! // Some callers are only interested in whether an error occurred or not //! let mut error_occurred = ErrorOccurred::default(); //! middle(&mut error_occurred); //! if error_occurred.as_bool() { //! errors.push(UpperError::Upper); //! } //! } //! fn middle(mut errors: impl WriteErrorList<MiddleError>) { //! // We can pass a sublist by mutable reference if we need to manipulate it before and after //! let mut sublist = errors.sublist(MiddleError::Lower); //! lower(&mut sublist); //! let num_errors = sublist.len(); //! sublist.finish(); //! if num_errors > 10 { //! errors.push(MiddleError::Middle); //! } //! // We can pass a reference directly to our error list for peer functions //! middle_2(&mut errors); //! } //! fn middle_2(mut errors: impl WriteErrorList<MiddleError>) { //! errors.push(MiddleError::Middle); //! } //! fn lower(mut errors: impl WriteErrorList<LowerError>) { //! errors.push(LowerError::Lower); //! } //! ``` //! //! # Motivation //! //! In most call graphs, a function that encounters an error will early-return and pass an //! error type to its caller. The caller will often respond by passing that error further up the //! call stack up to its own caller (possibly after wrapping it in its own error type). That //! continues so-on-and-so-forth until some caller finally handles the error, returns from `main`, //! or panics. Ultimately, the result is that some interested caller will receive a linear chain of //! errors that led to the failure. //! //! But, not all errors are fatal -- Sometimes, a function might be able to continue working after //! it encounters an error and still be able to at-least-partially achieve its goals. Calling it //! again - or calling other functions in the same API - is still permissible and may also result //! in full or partial functionality. //! //! In that case, the function may still choose to return `Result::Ok`; however, that leaves the //! function with a dilemma -- How can it report the non-fatal errors to the caller? //! //! 1. **Return a tuple in its `Result::Ok` type**: that wouldn't capture the non-fatal errors in //! the case that a fatal error occurs, so it would also have to be added to the `Result::Err` //! type as well. //! //! That adds a bunch of boilerplate, as the function needs to allocate the list and map it //! into the return type for every error return and good return. It also makes the function //! signature much more noisy. //! //! 2. **Take a list as a mutable reference?**: Better, but now the caller has to allocate the //! list, and there's no way for it to opt out if it doesn't care about the non-fatal errors. //! //! 3. **Maybe add an `Option` to it?** Okay, so a parameter like `errors: Option<&mut Vec<E>>`? //! Getting warmer, but now the child has to do a bunch of //! `if let Some(v) = errors { v.push(error); }` all over the place. //! //! And what about the caller side of it? For a simple caller, the last point isn't too bad: The //! caller just has to allocate the list, pass `Some(&mut errors)` to the child, and check it upon //! return. //! //! But often, the caller itself is keeping its own list of non-fatal errors and may also be a //! subfunction to some other caller, and so-on-and-so-forth. In this case, we no longer have //! a simple chain of errors, but instead we have a tree of errors -- Each level in the tree //! contains all the non-fatal errors that occurred during execution of a function and all //! subfunctions in its call graph. //! //! # Solution //! //! The main behavior we want is captured by the [WriteErrorList] trait in this crate. It can be //! passed as a parameter to any function that wants to be able to report non-fatal errors to its //! caller, and it gives the caller flexibility to decide what it wants to do with that //! information. //! //! The main concrete type in this crate is [ErrorList], which stores a list of a single type of //! error. Any time a list of errors needs to be stored in memory, this is the type to use. It will //! usually be created by the top-level caller using [ErrorList::default], and any subfunction will //! give an [ErrorList] of its own error type to the `map_fn` that was passed in by its caller upon //! return. //! //! However, [ErrorList] should rarely be passed as a parameter to a function, as that wouldn't //! provide the caller with the flexiblity to decide what strategy it actually wants //! to use when collecting its subfunction's non-fatal errors. The caller may want to pass direct //! reference to its own error list, it may want to pass a [Sublist] type that automatically //! pushes the subfunction's error list to its own error list after mapping, or it may want to //! pass the [DontCare] type if it doesn't want to know anything about the //! subfunction's non-fatal errors. //! //! Instead, subfunctions should take `impl WriteErrorList<E>` as a parameter. //! This allows any of those types above, as well as mutable references to those types, to be //! passed in by the caller. This also allows future caller strategies to be implemented, like //! a caller that only cares how many non-fatal errors occurred but doesn't care about the details. //! //! # Serde //! //! (This section only applies if the `serde` feature is enabled) //! //! [ErrorList] implements the `Serialize` trait if the errors it contains do, and //! likewise with the `Deserialize` trait. This means that if every error type in the tree //! implements these traits then the entire tree can be sent over the wire and recreated elsewhere. //! Very useful if the errors are to be examined remotely!
#[cfg(feature = "serde")] use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
pubmod strategy;
/// Types that are capable of having errors and sublists of errors pushed onto them /// /// This is the main trait that allows a function to record a list of non-fatal errors it /// encounters during its execution. Generally, the [WriteErrorList::push] method will be used when /// such an error occurs to record the error and any relevant information. /// /// Often, a function will want to call a subfunction and add any non-fatal errors encountered /// to its own list of errors. There are 2 strategies it could use: /// /// 1. **Let the subfunction directly push onto its error list** For functions that are at the same /// level of abstraction and use the same error type, it might make the most sense for them /// to just share an error list. In this case, simply pass a mutable reference to the error /// list. For any type that implements this trait, a mutable reference to it implements the /// trait too. This allows a single function to be a composition of a bunch of functions that /// each share a single flat error list. /// /// 2. **Map the subfunction's error list to the caller** For a subfunction that is at a different /// level of abstraction than the caller and uses its own error type, this makes the most sense; /// consume the subfunction's entire error list and store it as a single error of the /// caller's higher-level error type. Of course, those subfunctions may implement this same /// strategy for subfunctions they call, creating a hierarchy of errors. /// /// In this case, call the [WriteErrorList::subwriter()] function as a parameter to /// the subfunction. If you need to manipulate the list after the subfunction has returned, /// instead call [WriteErrorList::sublist] and pass a mutable reference as a parameter. /// /// Function parameters should always prefer to take an object by this trait, and should rarely /// take parameters as concrete types like [ErrorList] or [Sublist]. /// Doing so would prevent callers from being able to decide what strategy they want to use /// to merge the subfunction's errors with its own, and would also prevent them from using the /// [DontCare] call if they want to opt out of receiving non-fatal error information. /// /// Passing by this trait may also help prevent logic errors: Directly passing a [Sublist] allows /// the subfunction to query the contents of the list it's passed. Functions may incorrectly rely on /// the fact that they are always passed an empty list, and will suddenly break if that assumption /// doesn't hold. pubtrait WriteErrorList<E>: Sized + private::Sealed<E> { /// Add an error to the list of errors fn push(&mutself, error: E); /// Create a new mapping error writer with this as its parent /// /// Creates a error writer for use by a subfunction. When the subfunction is finished, /// either by explicitly calling [WriteErrorList::finish] or by letting it drop, the list /// of errors it has written using [WriteErrorList::push] will be passed as an /// [`ErrorList<SubErr>`][ErrorList] to the given `map_fn`, which is expected to map it to /// our error type, `E`. /// /// Use of this function should always be preferred to [WriteErrorList::sublist] when the /// caller does not need to inspect or manipulate the list returned by the subfunction and /// simply wants to pass it upward to its own caller, as this function will pass forward /// alternate strategies for collecting the errors, like [DontCare] (which turns /// [WriteErrorList::push] into a no-op). In constrast, [WriteErrorList::sublist] actually /// materializes a list that will collect all the errors of all the lists below it, even /// if the caller above it passed in a [DontCare]. fn subwriter<'sub, SubMapFn, SubErr: 'sub>(
&'sub mut self,
map_fn: SubMapFn,
) -> impl WriteErrorList<SubErr> + 'sub where
SubMapFn: FnOnce(ErrorList<SubErr>) -> E + 'sub; /// Start a new error list with this error list as its parent /// /// This works in a very similar manner to [WriteErrorList::subwriter], but it materializes /// an actual concrete [Sublist] type. This function /// should only be used if the function needs to be able to inspect or manipulate the errors /// returned by the subfunction, as it always collects all errors written by the subfunction's /// call graph. Otherwise, [WriteErrorList::subwriter] should be used. fn sublist<SubMapFn, SubErr>(
&mutself,
map_fn: SubMapFn,
) -> Sublist<'_, SubErr, SubMapFn, Self, E> where
SubMapFn: FnOnce(ErrorList<SubErr>) -> E,
{
Sublist::new(map_fn, self)
} /// Finish this error list /// /// This doesn't normally need to be called, as the [Drop] implementation will take care of /// all the details of cleaning up and ensuring that sublists are mapped up to their parent. /// /// This is mostly useful when a caller maintains a binding to a subfunction's error list /// and passes it by mutable reference instead of by value. Before the caller can continue /// to use its own error list, the sublist must release its exclusive reference. /// /// This function simply calls [drop()], but it's just a bit more clear about the intent. fn finish(self) {
drop(self)
}
}
impl<E, T: WriteErrorList<E>> private::Sealed<E> for &mut T {}
/// The main type that holds a list of errors. /// /// See the module-level docs and the docs for [WriteErrorList]. #[derive(Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)] pubstruct ErrorList<E> {
errors: Vec<E>,
}
for line in e.to_string().lines() {
writeln!(f, " {line}")?;
}
writeln!(f)?;
source = e.source();
}
}
Ok(())
}
}
impl<E: Error> Error for ErrorList<E> {}
impl<E> IntoIterator for ErrorList<E> { type Item = <Vec<E> as IntoIterator>::Item; type IntoIter = <Vec<E> as IntoIterator>::IntoIter; fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter { self.errors.into_iter()
}
}
mod private { /// Prevent users of this crate from implementing traits for their own types pubtrait Sealed<E> {}
}
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