Consider the three-dimensional vector space <M>V</M> over the finite field
<Alt Only="Text"><M>GF(8)</M></Alt><Alt Only="LaTeX"><M>&gf;(8)</M></Alt><Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><M>&gf;(8)</M></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML noMathJax">GF(8)</Alt>, and
consider the following quadratic polynomial in 3 variables:
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><Display>x_1^2+x_2x_3.</Display></Alt>
<Alt Only="LaTeX"><Display>x_1^2+x_2x_3.</Display></Alt>
<Alt Only="Text"><Display>x_1^2+x_2x_3.</Display></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML noMathJax"><center>x<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>+x<sub>2</sub>x<sub>3</sub>.</center></Alt>
Then this polynomial defines a quadratic form on <M>V</M> and the zeros
form a <E>conic</E> of the associated projective plane. So in particular,
our quadratic form defines a degenerate parabolic quadric of Witt Index 1.
We will see now how we can use <Package>Forms</Package> to view this example.
<Example><![CDATA[
gap> gf := GF(8);
GF(2^3)
gap> vec := gf^3;
( GF(2^3)^3 )
gap> r := PolynomialRing( gf, 3);
PolynomialRing(..., [ x_1, x_2, x_3 ])
gap> poly := r.1^2 + r.2 * r.3;
x_1^2+x_2*x_3
gap> form := QuadraticFormByPolynomial( poly, r );
< quadratic form >
gap> Display( form );
Quadratic form
Gram Matrix: 1 . .
. . 1
. . .
Polynomial: x_1^2+x_2*x_3
gap> IsDegenerateForm( form );
#I Testing degeneracy of the *associated bilinear form*
true
gap> IsSingularForm( form );
false
gap> WittIndex( form ); 1
gap> IsParabolicForm( form );
true
gap> RadicalOfForm( form );
<vector space over GF(2^3), with 0 generators>
]]></Example>
Now our conic is stabilised by a group isomorphic to
<Alt Only="Text"><M>GO(3,8)</M></Alt><Alt Only="LaTeX"><M>&go;(3,8)</M></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><M>&go;(3,8)</M></Alt><Alt Only="HTML noMathJax">GO(3,8)</Alt>,
but which is not identical to the group returned by the GAP command
<C>GO(3,8)</C>. However, our conic is the canonical conic given in <Package>Forms</Package>.
<Example><![CDATA[
gap> canonical := IsometricCanonicalForm( form );
< parabolic quadratic form >
gap> form = canonical;
true
]]></Example>
So we ``change forms''...
<Example><![CDATA[
gap> go := GO(3,8);
GO(0,3,8)
gap> mat := InvariantQuadraticForm( go )!.matrix;
[ [ Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ], [ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ],
[ 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2) ] ]
gap> gapform := QuadraticFormByMatrix( mat, GF(8) );
< quadratic form >
gap> b := BaseChangeToCanonical( gapform );
[ [ Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ], [ 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2) ],
[ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0 ] ]
gap> hom := BaseChangeHomomorphism( b, GF(8) );
^[ [ Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ], [ 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2) ],
[ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0 ] ]
gap> newgo := Image(hom, go);
Group(
[ [ [ Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ], [ 0*Z(2), Z(2^3), 0*Z(2) ], [ 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2),
Z(2^3)^6 ] ],
[ [ Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2), 0*Z(2) ], [ Z(2)^0, Z(2)^0, Z(2)^0 ],
[ 0*Z(2), Z(2)^0, 0*Z(2) ] ] ])
]]></Example>
Now we look at the action of our new
<Alt Only="Text"><M>GO(3,8)</M></Alt><Alt Only="LaTeX"><M>&go;(3,8)</M></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><M>&go;(3,8)</M></Alt><Alt Only="HTML noMathJax">GO(3,8)</Alt> on the conic.
<Example><![CDATA[
gap> conic := Filtered(vec, x -> IsZero( x^form ));;
gap> Size(conic); 64
gap> orbs := Orbits(newgo, conic, OnRight);;
gap> List(orbs,Size);
[ 1, 63 ]
]]></Example>
So we see that there is a fixed point, which is actually the
<E>nucleus</E> of the conic, or in other words, the radical
of the form.
</Section>
<Section>
<Heading>A form for <Alt Only="Text"><M>W(5,3)</M></Alt><Alt Only="LaTeX"><M>\mathrm{W}(5,3)</M></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><M>\mathrm{W}(5,3)</M></Alt><Alt Only="HTML noMathJax">W(5,3)</Alt></Heading>
The symplectic polar space <Alt Only="Text"><M>W(5,q)</M></Alt><Alt Only="LaTeX"><M>\mathrm{W}(5,q)</M></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><M>\mathrm{W}(5,q)</M></Alt><Alt Only="HTML noMathJax">W(5,q)</Alt> is defined by an
alternating reflexive bilinear form on the
six-dimensional vector space over the finite field &gfq;. Any invertible
<M>6 \times 6</M> matrix <M>A</M> which satisfies
<Alt Only="Text"><M>A+A^T=0</M></Alt><Alt Only="LaTeX"><M>A+A^T=0</M></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><M>A+A^T=0</M></Alt><Alt Only="HTML noMathJax">A+A<sup>T</sup>=0</Alt>
is a candidate for the Gram matrix of a symplectic polarity. The canonical form
we adopt in <Package>Forms</Package> for an alternating form is
<Alt Only="Text"><Display>f(x,y)=x_1y_2-x_2y_1+x_3y_4-x_4y_3\cdots+x_{2n-1}y_{2n}-x_{2n}y_{2n-1}.</Display></Alt>
<Alt Only="LaTeX"><Display>f(x,y)=x_1y_2-x_2y_1+x_3y_4-x_4y_3\cdots+x_{2n-1}y_{2n}-x_{2n}y_{2n-1}.</Display></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><Display>f(x,y)=x_1y_2-x_2y_1+x_3y_4-x_4y_3\cdots+x_{2n-1}y_{2n}-x_{2n}y_{2n-1}.</Display></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML noMathJax"><center>
f(x,y)=x<sub>1</sub>y<sub>2</sub><font face="symbol">-</font
>x<sub>2</sub>y<sub>1</sub>+x<sub>3</sub>y<sub>4</sub><font face="symbol">-</font
>x<sub>4</sub>y<sub>3</sub>+ ... +x<sub>2n<font face="symbol">-</font
>1</sub>y<sub>2n</sub><font face="symbol">-</font
>x<sub>2n</sub>y<sub>2n<font face="symbol">-</font
>1</sub></center></Alt>
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/w53.include">
</Example>
</Section>
<Section>
<Heading>What is the form preserved by this group?</Heading>
Here we start with a matrix group which is available in GAP,
namely <Alt Only="Text"><M>GO(5,5)</M></Alt><Alt Only="LaTeX"><M>\mathrm{GO}(5,5)</M></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><M>\mathrm{GO}(5,5)</M></Alt><Alt Only="HTML noMathJax"><M>GO(5,5)</M></Alt>.
We then conjugate this group by an element of <Alt Only="Text"><M>GL(5,5)</M></Alt><Alt Only="LaTeX"><M>\mathrm{GL}(5,5)</M></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><M>\mathrm{GL}(5,5)</M></Alt><Alt Only="HTML noMathJax"><M>GL(5,5)</M></Alt>,
and then we find the forms left invariant by this copy
of <Alt Only="Text"><M>GO(5,5)</M></Alt><Alt Only="LaTeX"><M>\mathrm{GO}(5,5)</M></Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML MathJax"><M>\mathrm{GO}(5,5)</M></Alt><Alt Only="HTML noMathJax"><M>GO(5,5)</M></Alt>
(which we expect to be a symmetric bilinear form).
<Example>
<#Include SYSTEM "../examples/include/preservedform.include">
</Example>
</Section>
</Chapter>
Messung V0.5 in Prozent
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