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<div class="ChapSects"><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7FE838537D4DF8E7">4 <span class="Heading">The Tate Resolution</span></a>
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4_mj.html#X83CE0B0785329667">4.1 <span class="Heading">The Tate Resolution: Operations and Functions</span></a>
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<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap4_mj.html#X7A9DCED27D5F0D67">4.1-1 TateResolution</a></span>
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<h3>4 <span class="Heading">The Tate Resolution</span></h3>
<p><a id="X83CE0B0785329667" name="X83CE0B0785329667"></a></p>
<h4>4.1 <span class="Heading">The Tate Resolution: Operations and Functions</span></h4>
<p><a id="X7A9DCED27D5F0D67" name="X7A9DCED27D5F0D67"></a></p>
<h5>4.1-1 TateResolution</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; TateResolution</code>( <var class="Arg">M</var>, <var class="Arg">degree_lowest</var>, <var class="Arg">degree_highest</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Returns: a <strong class="pkg">homalg</strong> cocomplex</p>
<p>Compute the Tate resolution of the sheaf <var class="Arg">M</var>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">R := HomalgFieldOfRationalsInDefaultCAS( ) * "x0..x3";;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">S := GradedRing( R );;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">A := KoszulDualRing( S, "e0..e3" );;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>In the following we construct the different exterior powers of the cotangent bundle shifted by <span class="SimpleMath">\(1\)</span>. Observe how a single <span class="SimpleMath">\(1\)</span> travels along the diagnoal in the window <span class="SimpleMath">\([ -3 .. 0 ] x [ 0 .. 3 ]\)</span>. <br /> <br /> First we start with the structure sheaf with its Tate resolution:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">O := S^0;</span>
<The graded free left module of rank 1 on a free generator>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">T := TateResolution( O, -5, 5 );</span>
<An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">betti := BettiTable( T );</span>
<A Betti diagram of <An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Display( betti );</span>
total: 35 20 10 4 1 1 4 10 20 35 56 ? ? ?
----------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3: 35 20 10 4 1 . . . . . . 0 0 0
2: * . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0
1: * * . . . . . . . . . . . 0
0: * * * . . . . . 1 4 10 20 35 56
----------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---S---|---|---|---|---|
twist: -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
---------------------------------------------------------------
Euler: -35 -20 -10 -4 -1 0 0 0 1 4 10 20 35 56
</pre></div>
<p>The Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the <em>underlying module</em> is distinguished among the list of twists by the character <code class="code">'V'</code> pointing to it. It is <em>not</em> an invariant of the sheaf (see the next diagram). <br /> <br /> The residue class field (i.e. S modulo the maximal homogeneous ideal):</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">k := HomalgMatrix( Indeterminates( S ), Length( Indeterminates( S ) ), 1, S );</span>
<A 4 x 1 matrix over a graded ring>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">k := LeftPresentationWithDegrees( k );</span>
<A graded cyclic left module presented by 4 relations for a cyclic generator>
</pre></div>
<p>Another way of constructing the structure sheaf:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">U0 := SyzygiesObject( 1, k );</span>
<A graded torsion-free left module presented by yet unknown relations for 4 ge\
nerators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">T0 := TateResolution( U0, -5, 5 );</span>
<An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">betti0 := BettiTable( T0 );</span>
<A Betti diagram of <An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Display( betti0 );</span>
total: 35 20 10 4 1 1 4 10 20 35 56 ? ? ?
----------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3: 35 20 10 4 1 . . . . . . 0 0 0
2: * . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0
1: * * . . . . . . . . . . . 0
0: * * * . . . . . 1 4 10 20 35 56
----------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---S---|---|---|---|---|
twist: -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
---------------------------------------------------------------
Euler: -35 -20 -10 -4 -1 0 0 0 1 4 10 20 35 56
</pre></div>
<p>The cotangent bundle:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">cotangent := SyzygiesObject( 2, k );</span>
<A graded torsion-free left module presented by yet unknown relations for 6 ge\
nerators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">IsFree( UnderlyingModule( cotangent ) );</span>
false
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Rank( cotangent );</span>
3
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">cotangent;</span>
<A graded reflexive non-projective rank 3 left module presented by 4 relations\
for 6 generators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">ProjectiveDimension( UnderlyingModule( cotangent ) );</span>
2
</pre></div>
<p>the cotangent bundle shifted by <span class="SimpleMath">\(1\)</span> with its Tate resolution:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">U1 := cotangent * S^1;</span>
<A graded non-torsion left module presented by 4 relations for 6 generators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">T1 := TateResolution( U1, -5, 5 );</span>
<An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">betti1 := BettiTable( T1 );</span>
<A Betti diagram of <An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Display( betti1 );</span>
total: 120 70 36 15 4 1 6 20 45 84 140 ? ? ?
-----------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
3: 120 70 36 15 4 . . . . . . 0 0 0
2: * . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0
1: * * . . . . . 1 . . . . . 0
0: * * * . . . . . . 6 20 45 84 140
-----------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----S----|----|----|----|
twist: -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Euler: -120 -70 -36 -15 -4 0 0 -1 0 6 20 45 84 140
</pre></div>
<p>The second power <span class="SimpleMath">\(U^2\)</span> of the shifted cotangent bundle <span class="SimpleMath">\(U=U^1\)</span> and its Tate resolution:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">U2 := SyzygiesObject( 3, k ) * S^2;</span>
<A graded rank 3 left module presented by 1 relation for 4 generators>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">T2 := TateResolution( U2, -5, 5 );</span>
<An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">betti2 := BettiTable( T2 );</span>
<A Betti diagram of <An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Display( betti2 );</span>
total: 140 84 45 20 6 1 4 15 36 70 120 ? ? ?
-----------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
3: 140 84 45 20 6 . . . . . . 0 0 0
2: * . . . . . 1 . . . . . 0 0
1: * * . . . . . . . . . . . 0
0: * * * . . . . . . 4 15 36 70 120
-----------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----S----|----|----|----|
twist: -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Euler: -140 -84 -45 -20 -6 0 1 0 0 4 15 36 70 120
</pre></div>
<p>The third power <span class="SimpleMath">\(U^3\)</span> of the shifted cotangent bundle <span class="SimpleMath">\(U=U^1\)</span> and its Tate resolution:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">U3 := SyzygiesObject( 4, k ) * S^3;</span>
<A graded free left module of rank 1 on a free generator>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Display( U3 );</span>
Q[x0,x1,x2,x3]^(1 x 1)
(graded, degree of generator: 1)
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">T3 := TateResolution( U3, -5, 5 );</span>
<An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">betti3 := BettiTable( T3 );</span>
<A Betti diagram of <An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded left modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Display( betti3 );</span>
total: 56 35 20 10 4 1 1 4 10 20 35 ? ? ?
----------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3: 56 35 20 10 4 1 . . . . . 0 0 0
2: * . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0
1: * * . . . . . . . . . . . 0
0: * * * . . . . . . 1 4 10 20 35
----------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---S---|---|---|---|
twist: -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
---------------------------------------------------------------
Euler: -56 -35 -20 -10 -4 -1 0 0 0 1 4 10 20 35
</pre></div>
<p>Another way to construct <span class="SimpleMath">\(U^2=U^(3-1)\)</span>:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">u2 := GradedHom( U1, S^(-1) );</span>
<A graded torsion-free right module on 4 generators satisfying yet unknown rel\
ations>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">t2 := TateResolution( u2, -5, 5 );</span>
<An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">BettiTable( t2 );</span>
<A Betti diagram of <An acyclic cocomplex containing
10 morphisms of graded right modules at degrees [ -5 .. 5 ]>>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Display( last );</span>
total: 140 84 45 20 6 1 4 15 36 70 120 ? ? ?
-----------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
3: 140 84 45 20 6 . . . . . . 0 0 0
2: * . . . . . 1 . . . . . 0 0
1: * * . . . . . . . . . . . 0
0: * * * . . . . . . 4 15 36 70 120
-----------|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----S----|----|----|----|
twist: -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Euler: -140 -84 -45 -20 -6 0 1 0 0 4 15 36 70 120
</pre></div>
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