@
book{Nielsen-book,
address = {Cambridge, MA},
author = {M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang},
publisher = {Cambridge Unive. Press},
title = {Quantum Computation and Quantum Infomation},
year = {2000},
}
@inproceedings{Tillich-Zemor-2009,
author = {Tillich, J.-P. and Z{
\'e}mor, G.},
booktitle = {Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory (ISIT)},
month = {June},
pages = {799-803},
title = {Quantum {LDPC} codes with positive rate and minimum
distance proportional to {$
\sqrt{n}$}},
year = {2009},
annote = {},
doi = {10.1109/ISIT.2009.5205648},
}
@
article{Zeng-Pryadko-2018,
author = {Zeng, Weilei and Pryadko, Leonid P.},
journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
month = {Jun},
pages = {230501},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
title = {Higher-Dimensional Quantum Hypergraph-Product Codes
with Finite Rates},
volume = {122},
year = {2019},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.230501},
url = {
https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.230501},
}
@
article{Zeng-Pryadko-hprod-2020,
author = {Zeng, Weilei and Pryadko, Leonid P.},
journal = {Phys. Rev. A},
pages = {062402},
title = {Minimal distances for certain quantum product codes
and tensor products of chain complexes},
volume = {102},
year = {2020},
annote = {We use a map to quantum error-correcting codes and a
subspace projection to get lower bounds for minimal
homological distances in a tensor product of two
chain complexes of vector spaces over a finite field.
Homology groups of such a complex are described by
the K�nneth theorem. We give an explicit expression
for the distances when one of the complexes is a
linear map between two spaces. The codes in the
construction, subsystem product codes and their
gauge-fixed variants, generalize several known
families of quantum error-correcting codes.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.102.062402},
url = {
https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.102.062402},
}
@
article{Kovalev-Pryadko-Hyperbicycle-2013,
author = {Kovalev, A. A. and Pryadko, L. P.},
journal = {Phys. Rev. A},
month = {July},
pages = {012311},
title = {Quantum {K}ronecker sum-product low-density
parity-check codes with finite rate},
volume = {88},
year = {2013},
annote = {We introduce an ansatz for quantum codes which gives
the hypergraph-product (generalized toric) codes by
Tillich and Z�mor and generalized bicycle codes by
MacKay et al. as limiting cases. The construction
allows for both the lower and the upper bounds on the
minimum distance; they scale as a square root of the
block length. Many thus defined codes have a finite
rate and limited-weight stabilizer generators, an
analog of classical low-density parity-check (LDPC)
codes. Compared to the hypergraph-product codes,
hyperbicycle codes generally have a wider range of
parameters; in particular, they can have a higher
rate while preserving the estimated error threshold.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.88.012311},
url = {
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.88.012311},
}
@InProceedings{Bravyi-Hastings-2013,
author = {Sergey Bravyi and Matthew B. Hastings},
title = {Homological Product Codes},
booktitle = {Proc. of the 46th {ACM} Symposium on Theory of
Computing ({STOC} 2014)},
year = 2014,
pages = {273-282},
url = {
https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0885},
eprint = {arXiv:1311.0885},
annote = {Quantum codes with low-weight stabilizers known as
LDPC codes have been actively studied recently due
to their simple syndrome readout circuits and
potential applications in fault-tolerant quantum
computing. However, all families of quantum LDPC
codes known to this date suffer from a poor distance
scaling limited by the square-root of the code
length. This is in a sharp contrast with the
classical case where good families of LDPC codes are
known that combine constant encoding rate and linear
distance. Here we propose the first family of good
quantum codes with low-weight stabilizers. The new
codes have a constant encoding rate, linear
distance, and stabilizers acting on at most
$
\sqrt{n}$ qubits, where $n$ is the code length. For
comparison, all previously known families of good
quantum codes have stabilizers of linear weight. Our
proof combines two techniques: randomized
constructions of good quantum codes and the
homological product operation from algebraic
topology. We conjecture that similar methods can
produce good stabilizer codes with stabilizer weight
$n^a$ for any $a>0$. Finally, we apply the
homological product to construct new small codes
with low-weight stabilizers.}
}
@
article{Guth-Lubotzky-2014,
author = {Guth, L. and Lubotzky, A.},
journal = {
Journal of Mathematical Physics},
number = {8},
pages = {082202},
title = {Quantum error correcting codes and 4-dimensional
arithmetic hyperbolic manifolds},
volume = {55},
year = {2014},
annote = {Using 4-dimensional arithmetic hyperbolic manifolds,
we construct some new homological quantum error
correcting codes. They are low density parity check
codes with linear rate and distance n ε. Their
rate is evaluated via Euler characteristic arguments
and their distance using Z2Z2 -systolic geometry.
This construction answers a question of Zemor [``On
Cayley graphs, surface codes, and the limits of
homological coding for quantum error correction,
'' in
Proceedings of Second International Workshop on
Coding and Cryptology (IWCC), (Lecture Notes in
Computer Science). Vol. 5557 (2009), pp. 259-273],
who asked whether homological codes with such
parameters could exist at all.},
doi = {10.1063/1.4891487},
url = {
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4891487},
}
@
article{Panteleev-Kalachev-2019,
author = {Pavel Panteleev and Gleb Kalachev},
title = {Degenerate Quantum {LDPC} Codes With Good Finite
Length Performance},
eprint = {1904.02703},
year = 2021,
journal = {Quantum},
volume = 5,
pages = 585,
doi = {10.22331/q-2021-11-22-585},
annote = {We study the performance of small and medium length
quantum LDPC (QLDPC) codes in the depolarizing
channel. Only degenerate codes with the maximal
stabilizer weight much smaller than their minimum
distance are considered. It is shown that with the
help of an OSD-like post-processing the performance
of the standard belief propagation (BP) decoder on
many QLDPC codes can be improved by several orders
of magnitude. Using this new BP-OSD decoder we study
the performance of several known classes of
degenerate QLDPC codes including the hypergraph
product codes, the hyperbicycle codes, the
homological product codes, and the Haah
's cubic
codes. We also construct several interesting
examples of short generalized bicycle codes. Some of
them have an additional property that their
syndromes are protected by small BCH codes, which
may be useful for the fault-tolerant syndrome
measurement. We also propose a new large family of
QLDPC codes that contains the class of hypergraph
product codes, where one of the used parity-check
matrices is square. It is shown that in some cases
such codes have better performance than the
hypergraph product codes. Finally, we demonstrate
that the performance of the proposed BP-OSD decoder
for some of the constructed codes is better than for
a relatively large surface code decoded by a
near-optimal decoder. }
}
@
article{Evseev-1983,
author = {G. S. Evseev},
journal = {Probl. Peredachi Informacii},
note = {(In Russian)},
pages = {3-8},
title = {Complexity of decoding for linear codes.},
volume = {19},
year = {1983},
annote = {
https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=734143 The
author introduces the notion of $Q$ decoding of
linear codes. To each code is associated a $Q$
ensemble which is the product space of the Euclidean
space of dimension $n$ with the set of all
information ensembles of code $A$. Associated to the
$Q$ ensemble is a decoding algorithm. If the $Q$
ensemble of the linear code $A$ contains the coset
leaders of $A$ then $Q$ decoding is the same as
maximum likelihood decoding. Error probability of $Q$
decoding is upper bounded by 2 times the error
probability of maximum likelihood decoding. In part 4
the
author proves the following theorem on the
complexity of $Q$ decoding: ``There exists a $Q$
decoding in a DSC such that for almost all linear
codes of length $n$ and rate $R$ the following holds:
$C_Q
\le 2^{n
\cdot(R(1-R)+O(1))},
\;P_
\varepsilon\le
2
\cdot P_{
\varepsilon_0}$.
'' The proofs in the
English translation of the paper are too short to be
fully understood.},
url = {
http://mi.mathnet.ru/ppi1159},
}
@
article{Iyer-Poulin-2013,
author = {Pavithran Iyer and David Poulin},
journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Information Theory},
number = {9},
pages = {5209-5223},
title = {Hardness of Decoding Quantum Stabilizer Codes},
volume = {61},
year = {2015},
abstract = {In this paper, we
address the computational hardness
of optimally decoding a quantum stabilizer code. Much
like classical linear codes, errors are detected by
measuring certain check operators which yield an
error syndrome, and the decoding problem consists of
determining the most likely recovery given the
syndrome. The corresponding classical problem is
known to be NP-complete, and are appropriate a
similar decoding problem for quantum codes is also
known to be NP-complete. However, this decoding
strategy is not optimal in the quantum setting as it
does not consider error degeneracy, which causes
distinct errors to have the same effect on the code.
Here, we show that optimal decoding of stabilizer
codes (previously known to be NP-hard) is in fact
computationally much harder than optimal decoding of
classical linear codes, it is #P-complete.},
doi = {10.1109/TIT.2015.2422294},
issn = {1557-9654},
}
@
article{magma-system,
author = {Bosma, Wieb and Cannon, John and Playoust, Catherine},
journal = {J. Symbolic Comput.},
note = {Computational algebra and
number theory (London,
1993)},
number = {3-4},
pages = {235--265},
title = {The {M}agma algebra system. {I}. {T}he user
language},
volume = {24},
year = {1997},
annote = {recommended citation for Magma},
doi = {10.1006/jsco.1996.0125},
issn = {0747-7171},
url = {
https://doi.org/10.1006/jsco.1996.0125},
}
@
article{Kovalev-Pryadko-FT-2013,
author = {Kovalev, A. A. and Pryadko, L. P.},
journal = {Phys. Rev. A},
month = {Feb},
pages = {020304(R)},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
title = {Fault tolerance of quantum low-density parity check
codes with sublinear distance scaling},
volume = {87},
year = {2013},
annote = {We discuss error-correction properties for families
of quantum low-density parity check (LDPC) codes with
relative distance that tends to zero in the limit of
large blocklength. In particular, we show that any
family of LDPC codes, quantum or classical, where
distance scales as a positive power of the block
length, $d
\propto n^
\alpha$, $
\alpha>0$, can correct
all errors with certainty if the error rate per
(qu)bit is sufficiently small. We specifically
analyze the case of LDPC version of the quantum
hypergraph-product codes recently suggested by
Tillich and Z
\'emor. These codes are a finite-rate
generalization of the toric codes, and, for
sufficiently large quantum computers, offer an
advantage over the toric codes.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.87.020304},
url = {
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.87.020304},
}
@phdthesis{Breuckmann-thesis-2017,
author = {N. P. Breuckmann},
school = {RWTH Aachen University},
title = {Homological quantum codes beyond the toric code},
year = {2017},
annote = {Computer architectures which exploit quantum
mechanical effects can solve computing tasks that are
otherwise impossible to perform. A quantum computer
operates on a
number of small quantum mechanical
systems, known as quantum bits, or qubits. Since
these systems are realized on the scale of atoms,
they are very prone to errors. Errors occur when the
environment interacts with the qubits, a process
called decoherence. It is widely accepted that it
will not be possible to shield qubits completely from
the outside world. If one were to perform a quantum
computation on the qubits directly, then after a
short period of time the information present in the
qubits would be lost. To counter decoherence the
state of a qubit can be encoded into multiple
physical ones. This is called a quantum error
correcting code. Performing quantum error correction
allows one to extend the life time of the encoded
qubit arbitrarily, assuming that the rate of errors
remains below a certain threshold value. The use of
quantum codes creates an overhead in resources, as
for every logical qubit many more physical qubits are
needed. The resource overhead for fault-tolerance is
problematic, since realizing qubits will be costly,
and in the early stages of building quantum computers
the
number of physical qubits will be limited. The
currently favored coding architecture is the toric
code and its variant the surface code in which the
physical qubits are put on a square grid in which
interactions are only between nearest neighbors. In
this thesis we will explore quantum codes in which
qubits interact as if they were nearest neighbors in
more exotic spaces. In the first part we will
consider closed surfaces with constant negative
curvature. We show how such surfaces can be
constructed and enumerate all quantum codes derived
from them which have less than 10.000 physical
qubits. For codes that are extremal in a certain
sense we perform numerical simulations to determine
the value of their threshold. Furthermore, we give
evidence that these codes can be used for more
overhead efficient storage as compared to the surface
code by orders of magnitude. We also show how to read
and write the encoded qubits while keeping their
connectivity low. In the second part we consider
codes in which qubits are layed-out according to a
four- dimensional geometry. Such codes allow for much
simpler decoding schemes compared to codes which are
two-dimensional. In particular, measurements do not
necessarily have to be repeated to obtain reliable
information about the error and the classical
hardware performing the error correction is greatly
simplified. We perform numerical simulations to
analyze the performance of these codes using decoders
based on local updates. We also introduce a novel
decoder based on techniques from machine learning and
image recognition to decode four-dimensional codes.},
doi = {10.18154/RWTH-2018-01100},
}
@inproceedings{Hu-Fossorier-Eleftheriou-2004,
author = {Xiao-Yu Hu and Fossorier, M. P. C. and
Eleftheriou, E.},
booktitle = {Communications, 2004 IEEE International Conference
on},
month = {June},
pages = {767-771},
title = {On the computation of the minimum distance of
low-density parity-check codes},
volume = {2},
year = {2004},
abstract = {Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes in their
broader-sense definition are linear codes whose
parity-check matrices have fewer 1s than 0s. Finding
their minimum distance is therefore in general an
NP-hard problem. We propose a randomized algorithm
called nearest nonzero codeword search (NNCS)
approach to tackle this problem for iteratively
decodable LDPC codes. The principle of the NNCS
approach is to search codewords locally around the
all-zero codeword perturbed by minimal noise,
anticipating that the resultant nearest nonzero
codewords will most likely contain the
minimum-Hamming- weight codeword whose Hamming weight
is equal to the minimum distance of the linear code.
This approach has its roots in Berrou et al.
's
error-impulse method and a form of Fossorier
's list
decoding for LDPC codes.},
doi = {10.1109/ICC.2004.1312605},
}
@inproceedings{Declercq-Fossorier-2008,
author = {Declercq, D. and Fossorier, M.},
booktitle = {Information Theory, 2008. ISIT 2008. IEEE
International Symposium on},
month = {July},
pages = {1963-1967},
title = {Improved impulse method to evaluate the low weight
profile of sparse binary linear codes},
year = {2008},
abstract = {In this paper, the impulse method to determine the
low weight profile of sparse codes is improved based
on efficient probabilistic approaches for reliability
based decoding that are adapted to this problem. As a
result, compared with previous approaches, the same
low weight profile can be obtained with a significant
time reduction (for example from 30 hours to a few
minutes) or more complete low weight profiles can be
determined in the same amount of time.},
doi = {10.1109/ISIT.2008.4595332},
}
@
article{Dumer-Kovalev-Pryadko-IEEE-2017,
author = {I. Dumer and A. A. Kovalev and L. P. Pryadko},
journal = {IEEE Trans. Inf. Th.},
month = {July},
number = {7},
pages = {4675-4686},
title = {Distance Verification for Classical and Quantum
{LDPC} Codes},
volume = {63},
year = {2017},
abstract = {The techniques of distance verification known for
general linear codes are first applied to the quantum
stabilizer codes. Then, these techniques are
considered for classical and quantum (stabilizer)
low-density-parity-check (LDPC) codes. New complexity
bounds for distance verification with provable
performance are derived using the average weight
spectra of the ensembles of LDPC codes. These bounds
are expressed in terms of the erasure-correcting
capacity of the corresponding ensemble. We also
present a new irreducible-cluster technique that can
be applied to any LDPC code and takes advantage of
parity-checks
' sparsity for both the classical and
quantum LDPC codes. This technique reduces complexity
exponents of all existing deterministic techniques
designed for generic stabilizer codes with small
relative distances, which also include all known
families of the quantum stabilizer LDPC codes.},
doi = {10.1109/TIT.2017.2690381},
issn = {0018-9448},
}
@
article{Leon-1988,
author = {Leon, J. S.},
journal = {IEEE Trans. Info. Theory},
month = {Sep},
number = {5},
pages = {1354 -1359},
title = {A probabilistic algorithm for computing minimum
weights of large error-correcting codes},
volume = {34},
year = {1988},
abstract = {An algorithm is developed that can be used to find,
with a very low probability of error (10-100 or less
in many cases), the minimum weights of codes far too
large to be treated by any known exact algorithm. The
probabilistic method is used to find minimum weights
of all extended quadratic residue codes of length 440
or less. The probabilistic algorithm is presented for
binary codes, but it can be generalized to codes over
GF(q) with q gt;2},
doi = {10.1109/18.21270},
issn = {0018-9448},
}
@
article{Kruk-1989,
author = {E. A. Kruk},
journal = {Probl. Peredachi Inf.},
note = {(In Russian)},
number = {3},
pages = {103-107},
title = {Decoding Complexity Bound for Linear Block Codes},
volume = {25},
year = {1989},
annote = {A new complexity bound is derived for
maximum-likelihood decoding of linear block codes in
a memoryless q-ary symmetric channel. The bound is
the best among all known bounds in the entire range
of code rates.},
url = {
http://mi.mathnet.ru/eng/ppi665},
}
@
article{Coffey-Goodman-1990,
author = {Coffey, J. T. and Goodman, R. M.},
journal = {IEEE Trans. Info. Theory},
month = {Sep},
number = {5},
pages = {1031 -1037},
title = {The complexity of information set decoding},
volume = {36},
year = {1990},
abstract = {Information set decoding is an algorithm for decoding
any linear code. Expressions for the complexity of
the procedure that are logarithmically exact for
virtually all codes are presented. The expressions
cover the cases of complete minimum distance decoding
and bounded hard-decision decoding, as well as the
important case of bounded soft-decision decoding. It
is demonstrated that these results are vastly better
than those for the trivial algorithms of searching
through all codewords or through all syndromes, and
are significantly better than those for any other
general algorithm currently known. For codes over
large symbol fields, the procedure tends towards a
complexity that is subexponential in the symbol size},
doi = {10.1109/18.57202},
issn = {0018-9448},
}
@
Article{Cuellar-etal-2020,
author = {M. P. Cu{
\'e}llar and G{
\'o}mez-Torrecillas, J. and
F. J. Lobillo and G. Navarro},
title = {Genetic algorithms with permutation-based
representation for computing the distance of linear
codes},
year = 2021,
journal = {Swarm and Evolutionary Computation},
volume = 60,
pages = 100797,
eprint = {arXiv:2002.12330},
doi = {10.1016/j.swevo.2020.100797},
annote = {Finding the minimum distance of linear codes is an
NP-hard problem. Traditionally, this computation has
been addressed by means of the design of algorithms
that find, by a clever exhaustive search, a linear
combination of some generating matrix rows that
provides a codeword with minimum weight. Therefore,
as the dimension of the code or the size of the
underlying finite field increase, so it does
exponentially the run time. In this work, we prove
that, given a generating matrix, there exists a
column permutation which leads to a reduced row
echelon form containing a row whose weight is the
code distance. This result enables the use of
permutations as representation scheme, in contrast
to the usual discrete representation, which makes
the search of the optimum polynomial time dependent
from the base field. In particular, we have
implemented genetic and CHC algorithms using this
representation as a proof of concept. Experimental
results have been carried out employing codes over
fields with two and eight elements, which suggests
that evolutionary algorithms with our proposed
permutation encoding are competitive with regard to
existing methods in the literature. As a by-product,
we have found and amended some inaccuracies in the
MAGMA Computational Algebra System concerning the
stored distances of some linear codes.}
}
@misc{nist-mm-format,
author = {{National Institute of Standards and Technology}},
howpublished = {online},
note = {Accessed on May 27, 2019},
title = {Matrix Market exchange formats},
year = {2013},
url = {
https://math.nist.gov/MatrixMarket/formats.html},
}
@InProceedings{Hastings-Haah-ODonnell-2020,
author = {Matthew B. Hastings and Jeongwan Haah and
{O
'Donnell}, Ryan},
title = {Fiber Bundle Codes: Breaking the
{$N^{1/2}
\mathop{
\rm polylog}(N)$} barrier for
quantum {LDPC} Codes},
booktitle = {STOC 2021: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual {ACM
SIGACT} Symposium on Theory of Computing},
year = 2021,
pages = {1276–1288},
month = {June},
doi = {10.1145/3406325.3451005},
eprint = {2009.03921},
isbn = 9781450380539,
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
annote = { We present a quantum LDPC code family that has
distance $O(N^{3/5}/polylog(N))$ and
$
\Theta(N^{3/5})$ logical qubits. This is the first
quantum LDPC code construction which achieves
distance greater than $N^{1/2}polylog(N)$. The
construction is based on generalizing the
homological product of codes to a fiber bundle.}
}
@
article{Panteleev-Kalachev-2020,
author = {Panteleev, Pavel and Kalachev, Gleb},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Information Theory},
title = {Quantum {LDPC} codes with almost linear minimum
distance},
year = 2022,
volume = 68,
number = 1,
pages = {213-229},
doi = {10.1109/TIT.2021.3119384},
eprint = {arXiv:2012.04068},
annote = {We give a construction of quantum LDPC codes of
dimension Θ(logN) and distance Θ(N/logN) as the code
length N→∞. Using a product of chain complexes this
construction also provides a family of quantum LDPC
codes of distance Ω(N1−α/2/logN) and dimension
Ω(NαlogN), where 0≤α<1. We also introduce and study
a new operation called lifted product, which
naturally generalizes the product operations for
quantum codes and chain complexes.},
}
@Unpublished{Panteleev-Kalachev-2021,
author = {Pavel Panteleev and Gleb Kalachev},
title = {Asymptotically Good Quantum and Locally Testable
Classical LDPC Codes},
note = {Unpublished},
url = {
https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.03654},
year = 2021,
annote = {We study classical and quantum LDPC codes of
constant rate obtained by the lifted product
construction over non-abelian groups. We show that
the obtained families of quantum LDPC codes are
asymptotically good, which proves the qLDPC
conjecture. Moreover, we show that the produced
classical LDPC codes are also asymptotically good
and locally testable with constant query and
soundness parameters, which proves a well-known
conjecture in the field of locally testable codes.}
}
@
ARTICLE{Breuckmann-Eberhardt-2020,
author = {Breuckmann, Nikolas P. and Eberhardt, Jens N.},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Information Theory},
title = {Balanced Product Quantum Codes},
year = {2021},
volume = {67},
number = {10},
pages = {6653-6674},
doi = {10.1109/TIT.2021.3097347},
eprint = {arXiv:2012.09271},
annote = {This work provides the first explicit and non-random
family of [[N,K,D]] LDPC quantum codes which encode
K∈Θ(N45) logical qubits with distance D∈Ω(N35). The
family is constructed by amalgamating classical
codes and Ramanujan graphs via an operation called
balanced product. Recently, Hastings-Haah-O
'Donnell
and Panteleev-Kalachev were the first to show that
there exist families of LDPC quantum codes which
break the polylog(N)N−−√ distance barrier. However,
their constructions are based on probabilistic
arguments which only guarantee the code parameters
with high probability whereas our bounds hold
unconditionally. Further, balanced products allow
for non-abelian twisting of the check matrices,
leading to a construction of LDPC quantum codes that
can be shown to have K∈Θ(N) and that we conjecture
to have linear distance D∈Θ(N). }
}