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< div class= "chlinkprevnexttop"> < a href= "chap0_mj.html">[Top of Book]</ a> < a href= "chap0_mj.html#contents">[Contents]</ a> < a href= "chap4_mj.html">[Previous Chapter]</ a> < a href= "chap6_mj.html">[Next Chapter]</ a> < 44 51 , 59,,, 47 ,, 61 ,
p =m =pjava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [35, 34) out of bounds for length 78
<p><a id="X80D10A5D7D73D871" name="X80D10A5D7D73D871"></a></p>
<div class="ChapSects"><a href="chap5_mj.html#X80D10A5D7D73D871">5 <span class="Heading">Finite 47,48, 50, 5255 59 ,6162 ,
<div class="ContSect"><span class="tocline"><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X8173135A7D187358">5.1 <span class="Heading"> The functions </span></a>
</span>
<div class="ContSSBlock">
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X856FF71D8565C1E5">5.1-1 FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms</a></span>
< ="><br >< =n">&;/><href"hX7E8CCC4885E2A443"5.12</>/>
<span class="ContSS"><br 5 6 ,9,10,11,13,15,19, ,34 ,,37,39,42
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X8635ABCD7D5ACED8">5.1-4 KacDiagram</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"&;n<span><=".tml#>515Grading/><span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj 47, 48 50 52 55,57,61]
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X7D4106C37DBD0943">5.1-7 ClosureDiagram</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="nocss"> </span><a href="chap5_mj.html#X8108B6487A3A363B">5.1-8 CarrierAlgebra</a></span>
<span class="ContSS"><br /><span class="[ ,2,,4,5,6,,9,13,19 , ,,51 ,5457 61]
</div></div>
</div>
<h3>5 <span class="Heading">Finite Order Automorphisms and <span class="SimpleMath">\(\theta\)</span>-Groups</span></h3>
<p>This chapter contains [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 ,,1928,,35 ,38 ,
<p>NB: such automorphisms are not created for a given Lie algebra, but the Lie java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 81 out of bounds for length 31
<p>As noted [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 ,13 , ,25,,31, 34 , 37, 39, 42, 43,
<p><a id="X8173135A7D187358" name="X8173135A7D187358"></a></p>
<h4>5.1 <span class="Heading"> The functions </span></h4>
<>< id=X856 =XF"<a><p>
<h5>5.1-1[ 1, 2, 3,4 5,6 ,9,, ,13,17,19 , ,35, , ,, ,
<div class="func"><table class="func" [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 19, 21, 23 ,,,34[1,2 ,4 5,6 8,9,,,15, 16 ,20,232429 ,,,,
<p>Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span> be the simple Lie algebra of type <var class="43,51 ,57 60,61 ,
<div class="example8,9,10, 11 13 18, ,25 , 29 ,37 38, 41, 42,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f:= FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms("E[1, ,,4 5 67,9 ,19 ,23, 25,28,29 31 ,,39, ,43
[ [ v.72, v.1, v.2, v.3, v.
v.3, v.4, v.5,1 2, 3,,5 ,8 9 12,13,14 20, 26 ,,31, 38 ,46
[ v.72, (E(3))*v.1, (E(3))*v.2, v.3, v.4, v.5, v.6 ],
[ v.72, v.1, v.2, v.3, v.4, v.5, v.6 ] -> [ (E(3))*v.72, v.1, (E(3))*v.2,
v.3,v.,v.,v.6 ,[ .,v1,v.,v.,4, v.,v.6 ] -&t
[ v.72, v.1, v.2, v.3, (E(3))*v.4, v.5, v.6 ],
[ v.72, v.1, v.2, v.3, v.4, v.5, v.6 ] -> [ (E(3))*v.72, ([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 26, 31, 34, 35
v.3, v.4, v.5, (E(3))*v.6 ] ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">Source(f[1]);</span>
<Lie algebra of dimension 78 over CF(3)>
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7E8CCC4885E2A443" name="X7E8CCC4885E2A443"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-2 FiniteOrderOuterAutomorphisms,2, 3, 45, 6,8 ,10,12 ,,18 ,28,29 ,35,38 ,
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; FiniteOrderOuterAutomorphisms</code>( <var class="Arg">type 47, ,,5657,63]
<Let < class1 ,3 ,56 , , ,19,,,3435 ,37 ,42
<p><a id="X84F59A2687C62763" name="X84F59A2687C62763"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-3 Order</h5>
<div class="func><ableclass=func" "00"<>< java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [65, 64) out of bounds for length 213
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var> is a finite order automorphism. This returns its order.</p>
<p><a id="X8635ABCD7D5ACED8" name="X8635ABCD7D5ACED8"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-4 KacDiagram</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; KacDiagram</code>( <var class="Arg">f</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var> is a finite order automorphism. This returns its Kac diagram. This is a record with three components: <var class="Arg">CM</var>, which is the Cartan matrix of the
< 4242,46,51,54 ,61 ,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap&;<span span class=GAPinput>: (",5, 4, ;<span>
<span class[1 2,3 ,5 ,8,9,,12, 13,14,,,28 ,,,, ,java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 78 out of bounds for length 78
rec(
CM := [ [ 2, 0, -1, 0 ], [ 0, 2, -1, 0 ], [ -1, -1, 2, -1 ],
[ 0, 4, , 6 8,9,10,12 13, 14, 20,25,26 ,31,38,39 ,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput"46 47,49 , ,56, 62java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 31 out of bounds for length 31
[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
</pre></div 50 53,, 56 , ,
<p><a id="X7DCA2568870A2D34" name="X7DCA2568870A2D34"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-5 Grading</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; [1,6,,50 ,56
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var , ,51,54,56 ,63,
<p><a id="X7D9BDD03811B3C98" name="X7D9BDD03811B3C98"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-6 NilpotentOrbitsOfThetaRepresentation</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 131 out of bounds for length 74
classfunc> 5051,, ,60 java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 31 out of bounds for length 31
<p>Here <var class="Arg">f</var> is an automorphism of a simple Lie algebra <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span> of order <span class="SimpleMath">\(m\)</span>. Then <var class="Arg">f</var> defines a grading on <span class="SimpleMath">\(L\)</span>. Let the homogeneous components of this grading be denoted <span 49,50 ,53 5747 ,,56 63
<p>It is possible to add an extra optional argument: <var class="Arg">method:= "Carrier"</var>, or <var class="Arg">method:= "WeylOrbit"</var>. <p>It is possible to add an extra optional argument: <var class="Arg">method:= "Carrier"</var>, or <var class="Arg">method:= "WeylOrbit"</var>. Then
<p>This function prints some information on what it is doing to the info 49 , 52,57,59 , ,
<p>In the two-argument version,[1 2 ,4 ,, 8,,10 12 ,14,18 ,,26,31 35 ,48,
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput"># reset random state to ensure the output of this example match</span>
< 49 ,51,53 56,57,63]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f:= FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms( "D"
span class""gapg;/pan spanclass"GAPinput">s=(f2] ="Carrier");
#I Selected carrier algebra method.
#I Constructed 123 root bases of possible flat subalgebras, now checking them...
#I Obtained 30 Cartan elements, weeding out equivalent copies...
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span>1, 53 ,55, ,61 ]
10
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">s[4];</span>
[v.4v15v38,-)41+-)42v1834+35 51,758, ,
= (""6Rationals;/span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">NilpotentOrbitsOfThetaRepresentation( L, [0,1,0,0,0,0] );</span>
#I Selected Weyl orbit method.
#I Constructed a Weyl transversal of 72 elements.
# Obtained 5 elements, out ..
[ [ v.65+v.66+v.67, (2)*v.73+(3)*v.74+(4)*v.75+(6)*v.76+(4)*v.77+(2)*v.78,
v.29+v.30+v.31 ],
[ (2)*v.55+(2)*v.66, (2)*v.73+(4)*v.74+(4)*v.75+(6)*v.76+(4)*v.77+(2)*v.78,
v.19+v.30 ],
[ v.66+v.70, (2)*v.73+(2)*v.74+(3)*v.75+(4)*v.76+(3)*v.77+(2)*v.78,
v.30+v.34 ], [ v.71, v.73+v.74+(2)*v.75+(3)*v.76+(2)*v.77+v.78, v.35 ] ]
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7D4106C37DBD0943" name="X7D4106C37DBD0943"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-7 ClosureDiagram</h5>
<div class="func"><table 1, 2 ,4 6 ,9,,12,13,,, 20 ,31 ,,
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; ClosureDiagram</code>( <var class="Arg">L</var>, <var class="Arg">d</var>, <var class="Arg">s</var> )</td><td class="tdright">(  47, 8 4954,
< varclassArgf</> simplejava.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [76, 75) out of bounds for length 525
<p>This function computes the Hasse diagram of the closures of the nilpotent orbits. The output is a record with two components: <var class="Arg">diag</var> (which is a list of 2-tuples; a tuple <var 50,51 ,57,,59,61]
<p>During the execution of the program a message is printed. This message either states that all inclusions have been <p>During the execution of the program a message is printed. This message either states that all inclusions have been proved
<p>In the second version, the second argument <var class="Arg">d</var> is a list of non-negative integers. Then <var class="Arg">L</var> is <span class="SimpleMath">\(Z\)</span>-graded by giving the root space corresponding to the <span class="SimpleMath">\(< 1,2,3,4,, ,9 10 ,16 ,20 , ,43 ,46
<p>We note that the adjoint representation can be obtained by giving 46,47, ,,54 ,63]
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">f:= FiniteOrderInnerAutomorphisms< 49, 1, 52,57,6162,64],
GAPinput>h=f[8;<span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">sl2:= NilpotentOrbitsOfThetaRepresentation(h);; ,10 ,16,,20 ,,,40 ,
#I Selected carrier algebra method.
#I Constructed 2782 root bases of possible flat subalgebras, now checking them...
#I Obtained 58 Cartan elements, weeding out equivalent copies...
< classGAPprompt>>< =>()</java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [81, 80) out of bounds for length 81
7
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= Source(h)1 2 ,4 ,,8,,10, 13,14 ,25 ,,,38 39 ,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r:= ClosureDiagram( L, h, sl2 );; </span>
I1 234568 ,0,,13,,16, ,,29 ,33,,40,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r.diag;</span>
[ [ 2, 1 ], [ 3, 1 ], [ 4, 2 ], [ 4, 3 ], [ 5, 1 ], [ 6, 5 ], [ 7, 2 ],
, ,[8 4 ] ,4][97] 6 , ,7 ] ,]
[ 11, 6 ], [ 12, 7 ], [ 13, 9 ], [ 13, 10 ], [ 13, 11 ], [ 14, 9 ],
[ 14, 12 ], [ 15, 8 ], [ 15, 9 ], [ 16, 6 ], [ 17, 10 ], [ 17, 12 ], 51, 3, [ ,23 , 10,1213,,,20 ,38,48java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 78 out of bounds for length 78
[1 2,,4 ,8 9 ,12, ,16, 17, ,5354 ,,,java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 31 out of bounds for length 31
[ 20, 16 ], [ 21, 14 ], [ 21, 17 ], [ 21, 18 ], [ 22, 14 ], [ 22, 15 ],
[ 23, 18 ], [ 23, 20 ], [ 24, 18 ], [ 24, 19 ], [ 25, 21 ], [ 25, 22 ],
[ 25, 24 ], [ 26, 23 ], [ 26, 24 ], [ 27, 21 ], [ 27, 23 ] ]
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class=[,,,,5,,,9,10,12 15 ,,293134[12 ,4,,6 ,, , 3741,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= SimpleLieAlgebra("F",4,Rationals);;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">o:= NilpotentOrbits(L);;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">sl2:= List( o, SL2Triple );;</span>
< =G"&;/><class=""=java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [81, 80) out of bounds for length 116
#I All (non-) inclusions proved!
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r.diag;</span>
[ [ 2, 1 ], [ 3, 2 ], [ 4, 3 ], [ 5, 3 ], [ 6, 4 ], [ 6, 5 ], [ 7, 6 ],
[ 8, 7 ], [ 9, 7 ], [ 10, 8 ], [ 10, 9 ], [ 11, 8 ], [ 12, 10 ],
[13,11 ][13,12 ] [14,13] 15,14 ]java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 50 out of bounds for length 50
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X8108B6487A3A363B" name="X8108B6487A3A363B"></a></p>
<h5>5.1-8 CarrierAlgebra</h5>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">an style='color: green'>8227; CarrierAlgebra</code>( <var class="Arg">L</var>, <var class="Arg">f</var>, <var class="Arg">e</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 259) out of bounds for length 78
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft">[ 1 ,,4 ,6 , 9 10 ,, 15,18 ,26,,31 ,,,
<Here class=Arg"/> ofa Liealgebra<span =SimpleMath"(\<> orderspan=SimpleMath>\<> ="rg">e</vara java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [203, 202) out of bounds for length 1167
<p>In the second version, the second argument <var class="Arg">d</var> is a list of non-negative integers. Then <var class="Arg">L</var> is <span class=[1 , 3, 4, 5, 6,,,10,12 ,15,1618 ,27 ,3840 ,
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap&[ 1,2,3,4,5 ,,,,1518 20 27 35 37 ,
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">h:= f[4];;</span>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap<47,48,49 ,57 ,63]java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 31 out of bounds for length 31
I Selected .
#I Constructed a Weyl transversal of 144 elements.
# Constructed 621Cartanelementsto checked.
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">L:= Source(h); </span>
&t; of 52 ()gt
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">r:=CarrierAlgebra( L, h, sl2[1][3] ); </span>
rec( g0 := [ v.49+(2)*v.50+(2)*v.51+(3)*v.52, v.50+(1/2)*v.51+v.52 ],
gn := [ [ 47 ,49 ,56 ,63java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 31 out of bounds for length 31
:[[v.,.48, [ v.5] v. ] )
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">K:= Subalgebra( L, Concatenation( r.g0, Flat(r.gp), Flat(r.gn) ) );</span>
&t; over() 10 &;
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">SemiSimpleType( K );</span>
"B2"
</pre></div>
<p><a id="X7A8D86667BC7C033" name="java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 42 out of bounds for length 31
<h545 , ,59,61,62]
<div class="func"><table class="func 47,48 50,55, 57, ,
<p ,2 ,,5 9 ,12,,15 ,,28 ,,33 ,39,
<p>Every semisimple orbit of <span class="SimpleMath">\(G_0\)</span> in <span class="SimpleMath">\(L_1\)</span> contains an element of a fixed Cartan subspace.</p>
< class=><pre
<span class="GAPprompt" 1, 2,, 4 5,6,,9,10,12 ,17,18 ,23 26,30 ,35 51
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: Range [0, 50) out of bounds for length 31
<vector space of dimension 1 over CF(3)>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">BasisVectors( Basis( c ) );</< 41,48, 51,,56,61, ,
[ v.1+v.5+v.12 ]
</pre></div>
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