|
|
|
|
Quelle chap1_mj.html
Sprache: HTML
|
|
| products/Sources/formale Sprachen/GAP/pkg/xmod/doc/chap1_mj.html |
 |
<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8"?>
<! DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
< html xmlns= "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang= "en">
< head>
< script type= "text/javascript"
src= "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML">
</ script>
< title>GAP (XMod) - Chapter 1: Introduction</ title>
< meta http-equiv= "content-type" content= "text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
< meta name= "generator" content= "GAPDoc2HTML" />
< link rel= "stylesheet" type= "text/css" href= "manual.css" />
< script src= "manual.js" type= "text/javascript"></ script>
< script type= "text/javascript">overwriteStyle();</ script>
</ head>
< body class= "chap1" onload= "jscontent()">
< div class= "chlinktop">< span class= "chlink1">Goto Chapter: </ span>< a href= "chap0_mj.html">Top< /a> <a href="chap1_mj.html">1</a> <a href="chap2_mj.html">2</a> <a href="chap3_mj.html">3</a> <a href="chap4_mj.html">4</a> <a href="chap5_mj.html">5</a> <a href="chap6_mj.html">6</a> <a href="chap7_mj.html">7</a> <a href="chap8_mj.html">8</a> <a href="chap9_mj.html">9</a> <a href="chap10_mj.html">10</a> <a href="chap11_mj.html">11</a> <a href="chap12_mj.html">12</a> <a href="chap13_mj.html">13</a> <a href="chap14_mj.html">14</a> <a href="chap15_mj.html">15</a> <a href="chapBib_mj.html">Bib</a> <a href="chapInd_mj.html">Ind</a> </div>
<div class="chlinkprevnexttop"> <a href="chap0_mj.html">[Top of Book]</a> <a href="chap0_mj.html#contents">[Contents]</a> <a href="chap0_mj.html">[Previous Chapter]</a> <a href="chap2_mj.html">[Next Chapter]</a> </div>
<p id="mathjaxlink" class="pcenter"><a href="chap1.html">[MathJax off]</a></p>
<p><a id="X7DFB63A97E67C0A1" name="X7DFB63A97E67C0A1"></a></p>
<div class="ChapSects"><a href="chap1_mj.html#X7DFB63A97E67C0A1">1 <span class="Heading">Introduction</span></a>
</div>
<h3>1 <span class="Heading">Introduction</span></h3>
<p>The <strong class="pkg">XMod</strong> package provides functions for computation with</p>
<ul>
<li><p>finite crossed modules of groups and cat1-groups, and morphisms of these structures;</p>
</li>
<li><p>finite pre-crossed modules, pre-cat1-groups, and their Peiffer quotients;</p>
</li>
<li><p>derivations of crossed modules and sections of cat1-groups;</p>
</li>
<li><p>isoclinism of groups and crossed modules;</p>
</li>
<li><p>the actor crossed square of a crossed module;</p>
</li>
<li><p>crossed squares, cat2-groups, and their morphisms (experimental version);</p>
</li>
<li><p>crossed modules of groupoids (experimental version).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>It is loaded with the command</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">LoadPackage( "xmod" ); </span>
</pre></div>
<p>The term crossed module was introduced by J. H. C. Whitehead in <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBW2">[Whi48]</a>, <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBW1">[Whi49]</a>. Loday, in <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBL1">[Lod82]</a>, reformulated the notion of a crossed module as a cat1-group. Norrie <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBN1">[Nor90]</a>, <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBN2">[Nor87]</a> and Gilbert <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBG1">[Gil90]</a> have studied derivations, automorphisms of crossed modules and the actor of a crossed module, while Ellis <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBE1">[Ell84]</a> has investigated higher dimensional analogues. Properties of induced crossed modules have been determined by Brown, Higgins and Wensley in <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBBH1">[BH78]</a>, <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBBW1">[BW95]</a> and <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBBW2">[BW96]</a>. For further references see <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBAW1">[AW00]</a>, where we discuss some of the data structures and algorithms used in this package, and also tabulate isomorphism classes of cat1-groups up to size <span class="SimpleMath">\(30\)</span>.</p>
<p><strong class="pkg">XMod</strong> was originally implemented in 1997 using the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> 3 language. In April 2002 the first and third parts were converted to <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> 4, the pre-structures were added, and version 2.001 was released. The final two parts, covering derivations, sections and actors, were included in the January 2004 release 2.002 for <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> 4.4. Many of the function names have been changed during the conversion, for example <code class="code">ConjugationXMod</code> has become <code class="func">XModByNormalSubgroup</code> (<a href="chap2_mj.html#X83050ED686776933"><span class="RefLink">2.1-2</span></a>). For a list of name changes see the file <code class="file">names.pdf</code> in the <code class="file">doc</code> directory.</p>
<p>In October 2015 Alper Odabaş and Enver Uslu were added to the list of package authors. Their functions for computing isoclinism classes of groups and crossed modules are contained in Chapter <a href="chap4_mj.html#X802AFE8E7EDB435E"><span class="RefLink">4</span></a>, and are described in detail in their paper <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBIOU1">[IOU16]</a>.</p>
<p>The package may be obtained as a compressed tar file <code class="file">XMod-version.number.tar.gz</code> by ftp from one of the following sites:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>the <strong class="pkg">XMod</strong> GitHub release site: <span class="URL"><a href="https://github.com/gap-packages.github.io/xmod/">https://github.com/gap-packages.github.io/xmod/</a></span>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>any <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> archive, e.g. <span class="URL"><a href="https://www.gap-system.org/Packages/packages.html">https://www.gap-system.org/Packages/packages.html</a></span>;</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The package also has a GitHub repository at: <span class="URL"><a href="https://github.com/gap-packages/xmod/">https://github.com/gap-packages/xmod/</a></span>.</p>
<p>Crossed modules and cat1-groups are special types of <em>2-dimensional groups</em> <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBB82">[Bro82]</a>, <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBbrow:hig:siv">[BHS11]</a>, and are implemented as <code class="code">2DimensionalDomains</code> and <code class="code">2DimensionalGroups</code> having a <code class="code">Source</code> and a <code class="code">Range</code>.</p>
<p>The package divides into eight parts. The first part is concerned with the standard constructions for pre-crossed modules and crossed modules; together with direct products; normal sub-crossed modules; and quotients. Operations for constructing pre-cat1-groups and cat1-groups, and for converting between cat1-groups and crossed modules, are also included.</p>
<p>The second part is concerned with <em>morphisms</em> of (pre-)crossed modules and (pre-)cat1-groups, together with standard operations for morphisms, such as composition, image and kernel.</p>
<p>The third part is the most recent part of the package, introduced in October 2015. Additional operations and properties for crossed modules are included in Section <a href="chap4_mj.html#X7E373BF3836B3A9C"><span class="RefLink">4.1</span></a>. Then, in <a href="chap4_mj.html#X7B0D511A82FD945E"><span class="RefLink">4.2</span></a> and <a href="chap4_mj.html#X81338C977972AD83"><span class="RefLink">4.3</span></a> there are functions for isoclinism of groups and crossed modules.</p>
<p>The fourth part is concerned with the equivalent notions of <em>derivation</em> for a crossed module and <em>section</em> for a cat1-group, and the monoids which they form under the Whitehead multiplication.</p>
<p>The fifth part deals with actor crossed modules and actor cat1-groups. For the actor crossed module <span class="SimpleMath">\({\rm Act}(\calX)\)</span> of a crossed module <span class="SimpleMath">\(\calX\)</span> we require representations for the Whitehead group of regular derivations of <span class="SimpleMath">\(\calX\)</span> and for the group of automorphisms of <span class="SimpleMath">\(\calX\)</span>. The construction also provides an inner morphism from <span class="SimpleMath">\(\calX\)</span> to <span class="SimpleMath">\({\rm Act}(\calX)\)</span> whose kernel is the centre of <span class="SimpleMath">\(\calX\)</span>.</p>
<p>The sixth part, which remains under development, contains functions to compute induced crossed modules.</p>
<p>Since version 2.007 there are experimental functions for <em>crossed squares</em> and their morphisms, structures which arise as <span class="SimpleMath">\(3\)</span>-dimensional groups. Examples of these are inclusions of normal sub-crossed modules, and the inner morphism from a crossed module to its actor.</p>
<p>The eighth part has some experimental functions for crossed modules of groupoids, interacting with the package <strong class="pkg">groupoids</strong>. Much more work on this is needed.</p>
<p>Future plans include the implementation of <em>group-graphs</em> which will provide examples of pre-crossed modules (their implementation will require interaction with graph-theoretic functions in <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> 4). There are also plans to implement cat2-groups, and conversion betwen these and crossed squares.</p>
<p>The equivalent categories <code class="code">XMod</code> (crossed modules) and <code class="code">Cat1</code> (cat1-groups) are also equivalent to <code class="code">GpGpd</code>, the subcategory of group objects in the category <code class="code">Gpd</code> of groupoids. Finite groupoids have been implemented in Emma Moore's package <strong class="pkg">groupoids</strong> <a href="chapBib_mj.html#biBM1">[Moo01]</a> for groupoids and crossed resolutions.</p>
<p>In order that the user has some control of the verbosity of the <strong class="pkg">XMod</strong> package's functions, an <code class="code">InfoClass</code> <code class="code">InfoXMod</code> is provided (see Chapter <code class="code">ref:Info Functions</code> in the <strong class="pkg">GAP</strong> Reference Manual for a description of the <code class="code">Info</code> mechanism). By default, the <code class="code">InfoLevel</code> of <code class="code">InfoXMod</code> is <code class="code">0</code>; progressively more information is supplied by raising the <code class="code">InfoLevel</code> to <code class="code">1</code>, <code class="code">2</code> and <code class="code">3</code>.</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">SetInfoLevel( InfoXMod, 1); #sets the InfoXMod level to 1</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Once the package is loaded, the manual <code class="code">doc/manual.pdf</code> can be found in the documentation folder. The <code class="code">html</code> versions, with or without MathJax, should be rebuilt as follows:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">ReadPackage( "xmod, "makedoc.g" ); </span>
</pre></div>
<p>It is possible to check that the package has been installed correctly by running the test files:</p>
<div class="example"><pre>
<span class="GAPprompt">gap></span> <span class="GAPinput">ReadPackage( "xmod", "tst/testall.g" );</span>
#I Testing .../pkg/xmod/tst/gp2obj.tst
...
</pre></div>
<p>Additional information can be found on the <em>Computational Higher-dimensional Discrete Algebra</em> website at: <span class="URL"><a href="https://github.com/cdwensley">https://github.com/cdwensley</a></span>.</p>
<div class="chlinkprevnextbot"> <a href="chap0_mj.html">[Top of Book]</a> <a href="chap0_mj.html#contents">[Contents]</a> <a href="chap0_mj.html">[Previous Chapter]</a> <a href="chap2_mj.html">[Next Chapter]</a> </div>
<div class="chlinkbot"><span class="chlink1">Goto Chapter: </span><a href="chap0_mj.html">Top</a> <a href="chap1_mj.html">1</a> <a href="chap2_mj.html">2</a> <a href="chap3_mj.html">3</a> <a href="chap4_mj.html">4</a> <a href="chap5_mj.html">5</a> <a href="chap6_mj.html">6</a> <a href="chap7_mj.html">7</a> <a href="chap8_mj.html">8</a> <a href="chap9_mj.html">9</a> <a href="chap10_mj.html">10</a> <a href="chap11_mj.html">11</a> <a href="chap12_mj.html">12</a> <a href="chap13_mj.html">13</a> <a href="chap14_mj.html">14</a> <a href="chap15_mj.html">15</a> <a href="chapBib_mj.html">Bib</a> <a href="chapInd_mj.html">Ind</a> </div>
<hr />
<p class="foot">generated by <a href="https://www.math.rwth-aachen.de/~Frank.Luebeck/GAPDoc">GAPDoc2HTML</a></p>
</body>
</html>
¤ Dauer der Verarbeitung: 0.9 Sekunden
¤
*© Formatika GbR, Deutschland
|
|
2026-11-01
|
|
|
|
|
Neuigkeiten |
| Aktuelles |
| Motto des Tages |
|
Open Source Software |
|
|
|
Jenseits des Üblichen ....
|
|
Besucherstatistik |
|
|
| Statistik |
| #Sources=1104850 |
| #Domains=416982 |
|
|