(* Title: HOL/Algebra/Sylow.thy Author: Florian Kammueller, with new proofs by L C Paulson *)
theory Sylow imports Coset Exponent begin
text‹See also 🍋‹"Kammueller-Paulson:1999"›.›
text‹The combinatorial argument is in theory ‹Exponent›.›
lemma le_extend_mult: "[0 < c; a ≤ b]==> a ≤ b * c"for c :: nat using gr0_conv_Suc by fastforce
locale sylow = group + fixes p and a and m and calM and RelM assumes prime_p: "prime p" and order_G: "order G = (p^a) * m" and finite_G[iff]: "finite (carrier G)" defines"calM ≡ {s. s ⊆ carrier G ∧ card s = p^a}" and"RelM ≡ {(N1, N2). N1 ∈ calM ∧ N2 ∈ calM ∧ (∃g ∈ carrier G. N1 = N2 #> g)}" begin
locale sylow_central = sylow + fixes H and M1 and M assumes M_in_quot: "M ∈ calM // RelM" and not_dvd_M: "¬ (p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card M)" and M1_in_M: "M1 ∈ M" defines"H ≡ {g. g ∈ carrier G ∧ M1 #> g = M1}" begin
lemma M_subset_calM: "M ⊆ calM" by (simp add: M_in_quot M_subset_calM_prep)
lemma card_M1: "card M1 = p^a" using M1_in_M M_subset_calM calM_def by blast
lemma exists_x_in_M1: "∃x. x ∈ M1" using prime_p [THEN prime_gt_Suc_0_nat] card_M1 one_in_subset by fastforce
lemma M1_subset_G [simp]: "M1 ⊆ carrier G" using M1_in_M M_subset_calM calM_def mem_Collect_eq subsetCE by blast
lemma M1_inj_H: "∃f ∈ H→M1. inj_on f H" proof - from exists_x_in_M1 obtain m1 where m1M: "m1 ∈ M1".. show ?thesis proof have"m1 ∈ carrier G" by (simp add: m1M M1_subset_G [THEN subsetD]) thenshow"inj_on (λz∈H. m1 ⊗ z) H" by (simp add: H_def inj_on_def) show"restrict ((⊗) m1) H ∈ H → M1" using H_def m1M rcosI by auto qed qed
end
subsection‹Discharging the Assumptions of ‹sylow_central›\›
context sylow begin
lemma EmptyNotInEquivSet: "{} ∉ calM // RelM" using RelM_equiv in_quotient_imp_non_empty by blast
lemma existsM1inM: "M ∈ calM // RelM ==>∃M1. M1 ∈ M" using RelM_equiv equiv_Eps_in by blast
lemma zero_less_o_G: "0 < order G" by (simp add: order_def card_gt_0_iff carrier_not_empty)
lemma zero_less_m: "m > 0" using zero_less_o_G by (simp add: order_G)
lemma card_calM: "card calM = (p^a) * m choose p^a" by (simp add: calM_def n_subsets order_G [symmetric] order_def)
lemma max_p_div_calM: "¬ (p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card calM)" proof assume"p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card calM" with zero_less_card_calM prime_p have"Suc (multiplicity p m) ≤ multiplicity p (card calM)" by (intro multiplicity_geI) auto thenshow False by (simp add: card_calM const_p_fac prime_p zero_less_m) qed
lemma finite_calM: "finite calM" unfolding calM_def by (rule finite_subset [where B = "Pow (carrier G)"]) auto
lemma lemma_A1: "∃M ∈ calM // RelM. ¬ (p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card M)" using RelM_equiv equiv_imp_dvd_card finite_calM max_p_div_calM by blast
end
subsubsection ‹Introduction and Destruct Rules for ‹H›\›
context sylow_central begin
lemma H_I: "[g ∈ carrier G; M1 #> g = M1]==> g ∈ H" by (simp add: H_def)
lemma H_into_carrier_G: "x ∈ H ==> x ∈ carrier G" by (simp add: H_def)
lemma in_H_imp_eq: "g ∈ H ==> M1 #> g = M1" by (simp add: H_def)
lemma H_m_closed: "[x ∈ H; y ∈ H]==> x ⊗ y ∈ H" by (simp add: H_def coset_mult_assoc [symmetric])
lemma H_is_subgroup: "subgroup H G" proof (rule subgroupI) show"H ⊆ carrier G" using H_into_carrier_G by blast show"∧a. a ∈ H ==> inv a ∈ H" by (metis H_I H_into_carrier_G M1_subset_G coset_mult_assoc coset_mult_one in_H_imp_eq inv_closed r_inv) show"∧a b. [a ∈ H; b ∈ H]==> a ⊗ b ∈ H" by (blast intro: H_m_closed) qed (use H_not_empty in auto)
lemma rcosetGM1g_subset_G: "[g ∈ carrier G; x ∈ M1 #> g]==> x ∈ carrier G" by (blast intro: M1_subset_G [THEN r_coset_subset_G, THEN subsetD])
lemma finite_M1: "finite M1" by (rule finite_subset [OF M1_subset_G finite_G])
lemma finite_rcosetGM1g: "g ∈ carrier G ==> finite (M1 #> g)" using rcosetGM1g_subset_G finite_G M1_subset_G cosets_finite rcosetsI by blast
lemma M1_cardeq_rcosetGM1g: "g ∈ carrier G ==> card (M1 #> g) = card M1" by (metis M1_subset_G card_rcosets_equal rcosetsI)
lemma M1_RelM_rcosetGM1g: assumes"g ∈ carrier G" shows"(M1, M1 #> g) ∈ RelM" proof - have"M1 #> g ⊆ carrier G" by (simp add: assms r_coset_subset_G) moreoverhave"card (M1 #> g) = p ^ a" using assms by (simp add: card_M1 M1_cardeq_rcosetGM1g) moreoverhave"∃h∈carrier G. M1 = M1 #> g #> h" by (metis assms M1_subset_G coset_mult_assoc coset_mult_one r_inv_ex) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by (simp add: RelM_def calM_def card_M1) qed
end
subsection‹Equal Cardinalities of ‹M›and the Set of Cosets›
text‹Injections between 🍋‹M›and 🍋‹rcosets🪙G🪙 H› show that their cardinalities are equal.›
lemma ElemClassEquiv: "[equiv A r; C ∈ A // r]==>∀x ∈ C. ∀y ∈ C. (x, y) ∈ r" unfolding equiv_def quotient_def sym_def trans_def by blast
context sylow_central begin
lemma M_elem_map: "M2 ∈ M ==>∃g. g ∈ carrier G ∧ M1 #> g = M2" using M1_in_M M_in_quot [THEN RelM_equiv [THEN ElemClassEquiv]] by (simp add: RelM_def) (blast dest!: bspec)
lemmas M_elem_map_carrier = M_elem_map [THEN someI_ex, THEN conjunct1]
lemmas M_elem_map_eq = M_elem_map [THEN someI_ex, THEN conjunct2]
lemma M_funcset_rcosets_H: "(λx∈M. H #> (SOME g. g ∈ carrier G ∧ M1 #> g = x)) ∈ M → rcosets H" by (metis (lifting) H_is_subgroup M_elem_map_carrier rcosetsI restrictI subgroup.subset)
lemma inj_M_GmodH: "∃f ∈ M → rcosets H. inj_on f M" proof let ?inv = "λx. SOME g. g ∈ carrier G ∧ M1 #> g = x" show"inj_on (λx∈M. H #> ?inv x) M" proof (rule inj_onI, simp) fix x y assume eq: "H #> ?inv x = H #> ?inv y"and xy: "x ∈ M""y ∈ M" have"x = M1 #> ?inv x" by (simp add: M_elem_map_eq ‹x ∈ M›) alsohave"… = M1 #> ?inv y" proof (rule coset_mult_inv1 [OF in_H_imp_eq [OF coset_join1]]) show"H #> ?inv x ⊗ inv (?inv y) = H" by (simp add: H_into_carrier_G M_elem_map_carrier xy coset_mult_inv2 eq subsetI) qed (simp_all add: H_is_subgroup M_elem_map_carrier xy) alsohave"… = y" using M_elem_map_eq ‹y ∈ M›by simp finallyshow"x=y" . qed show"(λx∈M. H #> ?inv x) ∈ M → rcosets H" by (rule M_funcset_rcosets_H) qed
end
subsubsection ‹The Opposite Injection›
context sylow_central begin
lemma H_elem_map: "H1 ∈ rcosets H ==>∃g. g ∈ carrier G ∧ H #> g = H1" by (auto simp: RCOSETS_def)
lemmas H_elem_map_carrier = H_elem_map [THEN someI_ex, THEN conjunct1]
lemmas H_elem_map_eq = H_elem_map [THEN someI_ex, THEN conjunct2]
lemma rcosets_H_funcset_M: "(λC ∈ rcosets H. M1 #> (SOME g. g ∈ carrier G ∧ H #> g = C)) ∈ rcosets H → M" using in_quotient_imp_closed [OF RelM_equiv M_in_quot _ M1_RelM_rcosetGM1g] by (simp add: M1_in_M H_elem_map_carrier RCOSETS_def)
lemma inj_GmodH_M: "∃g ∈ rcosets H→M. inj_on g (rcosets H)" proof let ?inv = "λx. SOME g. g ∈ carrier G ∧ H #> g = x" show"inj_on (λC∈rcosets H. M1 #> ?inv C) (rcosets H)" proof (rule inj_onI, simp) fix x y assume eq: "M1 #> ?inv x = M1 #> ?inv y"and xy: "x ∈ rcosets H""y ∈ rcosets H" have"x = H #> ?inv x" by (simp add: H_elem_map_eq ‹x ∈ rcosets H›) alsohave"… = H #> ?inv y" proof (rule coset_mult_inv1 [OF coset_join2]) show"?inv x ⊗ inv (?inv y) ∈ carrier G" by (simp add: H_elem_map_carrier ‹x ∈ rcosets H›‹y ∈ rcosets H›) thenshow"(?inv x) ⊗ inv (?inv y) ∈ H" by (simp add: H_I H_elem_map_carrier xy coset_mult_inv2 eq) show"H ⊆ carrier G" by (simp add: H_is_subgroup subgroup.subset) qed (simp_all add: H_is_subgroup H_elem_map_carrier xy) alsohave"… = y" by (simp add: H_elem_map_eq ‹y ∈ rcosets H›) finallyshow"x=y" . qed show"(λC∈rcosets H. M1 #> ?inv C) ∈ rcosets H → M" using rcosets_H_funcset_M by blast qed
lemma finite_M: "finite M" by (metis M_subset_calM finite_calM rev_finite_subset)
lemma cardMeqIndexH: "card M = card (rcosets H)" using inj_M_GmodH inj_GmodH_M by (metis H_is_subgroup card_bij finite_G finite_M finite_UnionD rcosets_part_G)
lemma index_lem: "card M * card H = order G" by (simp add: cardMeqIndexH lagrange H_is_subgroup)
lemma card_H_eq: "card H = p^a" proof (rule antisym) show"p^a ≤ card H" proof (rule dvd_imp_le) have"p ^ (a + multiplicity p m) dvd card M * card H" by (simp add: index_lem multiplicity_dvd order_G power_add) thenshow"p ^ a dvd card H" using div_combine not_dvd_M prime_p by blast show"0 < card H" by (blast intro: subgroup.finite_imp_card_positive H_is_subgroup) qed next show"card H ≤ p^a" using M1_inj_H card_M1 card_inj finite_M1 by fastforce qed
end
lemma (in sylow) sylow_thm: "∃H. subgroup H G ∧ card H = p^a" proof - obtain M where M: "M ∈ calM // RelM""¬ (p ^ Suc (multiplicity p m) dvd card M)" using lemma_A1 by blast thenobtain M1 where"M1 ∈ M" by (metis existsM1inM)
define H where"H ≡ {g. g ∈ carrier G ∧ M1 #> g = M1}" with M ‹M1 ∈ M› interpret sylow_central G p a m calM RelM H M1 M by unfold_locales (auto simp add: H_def calM_def RelM_def) show ?thesis using H_is_subgroup card_H_eq by blast qed
text‹Needed because the locale's automatic definition refers to 🍋‹semigroup G›and 🍋‹group_axioms G› rather than simply to 🍋‹group G›.› lemma sylow_eq: "sylow G p a m ⟷ group G ∧ sylow_axioms G p a m" by (simp add: sylow_def group_def)
subsection‹Sylow's Theorem›
theorem sylow_thm: "[prime p; group G; order G = (p^a) * m; finite (carrier G)] ==>∃H. subgroup H G ∧ card H = p^a" by (rule sylow.sylow_thm [of G p a m]) (simp add: sylow_eq sylow_axioms_def)
end
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