(* Title: HOL/Cardinals/Wellorder_Extension.thy Author: Christian Sternagel, JAIST *)
section‹Extending Well-founded Relations to Wellorders›
theory Wellorder_Extension imports Main Order_Union begin
subsection‹Extending Well-founded Relations to Wellorders›
text‹A \emph{downset} (also lower set, decreasing set, initial segment, or downward closed set) is closed w.r.t.\ smaller elements.› definition downset_on where "downset_on A r = (∀x y. (x, y) ∈ r ∧ y ∈ A ⟶ x ∈ A)"
(* text {*Connection to order filters of the @{theory Cardinals} theory.*} lemma (in wo_rel) ofilter_downset_on_conv: "ofilter A ⟷ downset_on A r ∧ A ⊆ Field r" by (auto simp: downset_on_def ofilter_def under_def) *)
lemma downset_onI: "(∧x y. (x, y) ∈ r ==> y ∈ A ==> x ∈ A) ==> downset_on A r" by (auto simp: downset_on_def)
lemma downset_onD: "downset_on A r ==> (x, y) ∈ r ==> y ∈ A ==> x ∈ A" unfolding downset_on_def by blast
text‹Extensions of relations w.r.t.\ a given set.› definition extension_on where "extension_on A r s = (∀x∈A. ∀y∈A. (x, y) ∈ s ⟶ (x, y) ∈ r)"
lemma extension_onI: "(∧x y. [x ∈ A; y ∈ A; (x, y) ∈ s]==> (x, y) ∈ r) ==> extension_on A r s" by (auto simp: extension_on_def)
lemma extension_onD: "extension_on A r s ==> x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> (x, y) ∈ s ==> (x, y) ∈ r" by (auto simp: extension_on_def)
lemma downset_on_Union: assumes"∧r. r ∈ R ==> downset_on (Field r) p" shows"downset_on (Field (∪R)) p" using assms by (auto intro: downset_onI dest: downset_onD)
lemma chain_subset_extension_on_Union: assumes"chain🪙⊆ R"and"∧r. r ∈ R ==> extension_on (Field r) r p" shows"extension_on (Field (∪R)) (∪R) p" using assms by (simp add: chain_subset_def extension_on_def)
(metis (no_types) mono_Field subsetD)
lemma downset_on_empty [simp]: "downset_on {} p" by (auto simp: downset_on_def)
lemma extension_on_empty [simp]: "extension_on {} p q" by (auto simp: extension_on_def)
text‹Every well-founded relation can be extended to a wellorder.› theorem well_order_extension: assumes"wf p" shows"∃w. p ⊆ w ∧ Well_order w" proof - let ?K = "{r. Well_order r ∧ downset_on (Field r) p ∧ extension_on (Field r) r p}"
define I where"I = init_seg_of ∩ ?K × ?K" have I_init: "I ⊆ init_seg_of"by (simp add: I_def) thenhave subch: "∧R. R ∈ Chains I ==> chain🪙⊆ R" by (auto simp: init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chains_def) have Chains_wo: "∧R r. R ∈ Chains I ==> r ∈ R ==> Well_order r ∧ downset_on (Field r) p ∧ extension_on (Field r) r p" by (simp add: Chains_def I_def) blast have FI: "Field I = ?K"by (auto simp: I_def init_seg_of_def Field_def) thenhave 0: "Partial_order I" by (auto simp: partial_order_on_def preorder_on_def antisym_def antisym_init_seg_of refl_on_def
trans_def I_def elim: trans_init_seg_of) have"∪R ∈ ?K ∧ (∀r∈R. (r,∪R) ∈ I)"if"R ∈ Chains I"for R proof - from that have Ris: "R ∈ Chains init_seg_of"using mono_Chains [OF I_init] by blast have subch: "chain🪙⊆ R"using‹R ∈ Chains I› I_init by (auto simp: init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chains_def) have"∀r∈R. Refl r"and"∀r∈R. trans r"and"∀r∈R. antisym r"and "∀r∈R. Total r"and"∀r∈R. wf (r - Id)"and "∧r. r ∈ R ==> downset_on (Field r) p"and "∧r. r ∈ R ==> extension_on (Field r) r p" using Chains_wo [OF ‹R ∈ Chains I›] by (simp_all add: order_on_defs) have"(∪R) ⊆ Field (∪R) × Field (∪R)" using Restr_Field by blast moreoverhave"Refl (∪R)"using‹∀r∈R. Refl r›unfolding refl_on_def by fastforce moreoverhave"trans (∪R)" by (rule chain_subset_trans_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. trans r›]) moreoverhave"antisym (∪R)" by (rule chain_subset_antisym_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. antisym r›]) moreoverhave"Total (∪R)" by (rule chain_subset_Total_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. Total r›]) moreoverhave"wf ((∪R) - Id)" proof - have"(∪R) - Id = ∪{r - Id | r. r ∈ R}"by blast with‹∀r∈R. wf (r - Id)› wf_Union_wf_init_segs [OF Chains_inits_DiffI [OF Ris]] show ?thesis by fastforce qed ultimatelyhave"Well_order (∪R)"by (simp add: order_on_defs) moreoverhave"∀r∈R. r initial_segment_of ∪R"using Ris by (simp add: Chains_init_seg_of_Union) moreoverhave"downset_on (Field (∪R)) p" by (rule downset_on_Union [OF ‹∧r. r ∈ R ==> downset_on (Field r) p›]) moreoverhave"extension_on (Field (∪R)) (∪R) p" by (rule chain_subset_extension_on_Union [OF subch ‹∧r. r ∈ R ==> extension_on (Field r) r p›]) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using mono_Chains [OF I_init] and‹R ∈ Chains I› by (simp (no_asm) add: I_def del: Field_Union) (metis Chains_wo) qed thenhave 1: "∃u∈Field I. ∀r∈R. (r, u) ∈ I"if"R∈Chains I"for R using that by (subst FI) blast txt‹Zorn's Lemma yields a maximal wellorder m.› from Zorns_po_lemma [OF 0 1] obtain m :: "('a × 'a) set" where"Well_order m"and"downset_on (Field m) p"and"extension_on (Field m) m p"and
max: "∀r. Well_order r ∧ downset_on (Field r) p ∧ extension_on (Field r) r p ∧ (m, r) ∈ I ⟶ r = m" by (auto simp: FI) have"Field p ⊆ Field m" proof (rule ccontr) let ?Q = "Field p - Field m" assume"¬ (Field p ⊆ Field m)" with assms [unfolded wf_eq_minimal, THEN spec, of ?Q] obtain x where"x ∈ Field p"and"x ∉ Field m"and
min: "∀y. (y, x) ∈ p ⟶ y ∉ ?Q"by blast txt‹Add 🍋‹x›as topmost element to 🍋‹m›.› let ?s = "{(y, x) | y. y ∈ Field m}" let ?m = "insert (x, x) m ∪ ?s" have Fm: "Field ?m = insert x (Field m)"by (auto simp: Field_def) have"Refl m"and"trans m"and"antisym m"and"Total m"and"wf (m - Id)"and "m ⊆ Field m × Field m" using‹Well_order m›by (simp_all add: order_on_defs) txt‹We show that the extension is a wellorder.› have"?m ⊆ Field ?m × Field ?m" using‹m ⊆ Field m × Field m›by auto moreoverhave"Refl ?m"using‹Refl m› Fm by (auto simp: refl_on_def) moreoverhave"trans ?m"using‹trans m›‹x ∉ Field m› unfolding trans_def Field_def Domain_unfold Domain_converse [symmetric] by blast moreoverhave"antisym ?m"using‹antisym m›‹x ∉ Field m› unfolding antisym_def Field_def Domain_unfold Domain_converse [symmetric] by blast moreoverhave"Total ?m"using‹Total m› Fm by (auto simp: Relation.total_on_def) moreoverhave"wf (?m - Id)" proof - have"wf ?s"using‹x ∉ Field m› by (simp add: wf_eq_minimal Field_def Domain_unfold Domain_converse [symmetric]) metis thus ?thesis using‹wf (m - Id)›‹x ∉ Field m›
wf_subset [OF ‹wf ?s› Diff_subset] by (fastforce intro!: wf_Un simp add: Un_Diff Field_def) qed ultimatelyhave"Well_order ?m"by (simp add: order_on_defs) moreoverhave"extension_on (Field ?m) ?m p" using‹extension_on (Field m) m p›‹downset_on (Field m) p› by (subst Fm) (auto simp: extension_on_def dest: downset_onD) moreoverhave"downset_on (Field ?m) p" apply (subst Fm) using‹downset_on (Field m) p›and min unfolding downset_on_def Field_def by blast moreoverhave"(m, ?m) ∈ I" using‹Well_order m›and‹Well_order ?m›and ‹downset_on (Field m) p›and‹downset_on (Field ?m) p›and ‹extension_on (Field m) m p›and‹extension_on (Field ?m) ?m p›and ‹Refl m›and‹x ∉ Field m› by (auto simp: I_def init_seg_of_def refl_on_def dest: well_order_on_domain) ultimately 🍋‹This contradicts maximality of m:› show False using max and‹x ∉ Field m›unfolding Field_def by blast qed have"p ⊆ m" using‹Field p ⊆ Field m›and‹extension_on (Field m) m p› unfolding Field_def extension_on_def by auto fast with‹Well_order m›show ?thesis by blast qed
text‹Every well-founded relation can be extended to a total wellorder.› corollary total_well_order_extension: assumes"wf p" shows"∃w. p ⊆ w ∧ Well_order w ∧ Field w = UNIV" proof - from well_order_extension [OF assms] obtain w where"p ⊆ w"and wo: "Well_order w"by blast let ?A = "UNIV - Field w" from well_order_on [of ?A] obtain w' where wo': "well_order_on ?A w'" .. have [simp]: "Field w' = ?A"using well_order_on_Well_order [OF wo'] by simp have *: "Field w ∩ Field w' = {}"by simp let ?w = "w ∪o w'" have"p ⊆ ?w"using‹p ⊆ w›by (auto simp: Osum_def) moreoverhave"Well_order ?w"using Osum_Well_order [OF * wo] and wo' by simp moreoverhave"Field ?w = UNIV"by (simp add: Field_Osum) ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed
corollary well_order_on_extension: assumes"wf p"and"Field p ⊆ A" shows"∃w. p ⊆ w ∧ well_order_on A w" proof - from total_well_order_extension [OF ‹wf p›] obtain r where"p ⊆ r"and wo: "Well_order r"and univ: "Field r = UNIV"by blast let ?r = "{(x, y). x ∈ A ∧ y ∈ A ∧ (x, y) ∈ r}" from‹p ⊆ r›have"p ⊆ ?r"using‹Field p ⊆ A›by (auto simp: Field_def) have"Refl r""trans r""antisym r""Total r""wf (r - Id)" using‹Well_order r›by (simp_all add: order_on_defs) have"?r ⊆ A × A"by blast moreoverhave"refl_on A ?r"using‹Refl r›by (auto simp: refl_on_def univ) moreoverhave"trans ?r"using‹trans r› unfolding trans_def by blast moreoverhave"antisym ?r"using‹antisym r› unfolding antisym_def by blast moreoverhave"total_on A ?r"using‹Total r›by (simp add: total_on_def univ) moreoverhave"wf (?r - Id)"by (rule wf_subset [OF ‹wf(r - Id)›]) blast ultimatelyhave"well_order_on A ?r"by (simp add: order_on_defs) with‹p ⊆ ?r›show ?thesis by blast qed
end
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