(* Title: HOL/Hahn_Banach/Vector_Space.thy Author: Gertrud Bauer, TU Munich *)
section‹Vector spaces›
theory Vector_Space imports Complex_Main Bounds begin
subsection‹Signature›
text‹ For the definition of real vector spaces a type 🍋‹'a›of the sort ‹{plus, minus, zero}›is considered, on which a real scalar multiplication ‹⋅›is declared. ›
text‹ A 🪙‹vector space›is a non-empty set ‹V› of elements from 🍋‹'a› with the following vector space laws: The set ‹V›is closed under addition and scalar multiplication, addition is associative and commutative; ‹- x›is the inverse of ‹x›wrt.\ addition and ‹0› is the neutral element of addition. Addition and multiplication are distributive; scalar multiplication is associative and the real number ‹1›is the neutral element of scalar multiplication. ›
locale vectorspace = fixes V assumes non_empty [iff, intro?]: "V ≠ {}" and add_closed [iff]: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> x + y ∈ V" and mult_closed [iff]: "x ∈ V ==> a ⋅ x ∈ V" and add_assoc: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> z ∈ V ==> (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)" and add_commute: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> x + y = y + x" and diff_self [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> x - x = 0" and add_zero_left [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> 0 + x = x" and add_mult_distrib1: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> a ⋅ (x + y) = a ⋅ x + a ⋅ y" and add_mult_distrib2: "x ∈ V ==> (a + b) ⋅ x = a ⋅ x + b ⋅ x" and mult_assoc: "x ∈ V ==> (a * b) ⋅ x = a ⋅ (b ⋅ x)" and mult_1 [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> 1 ⋅ x = x" and negate_eq1: "x ∈ V ==> - x = (- 1) ⋅ x" and diff_eq1: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> x - y = x + - y" begin
lemma negate_eq2: "x ∈ V ==> (- 1) ⋅ x = - x" by (rule negate_eq1 [symmetric])
lemma negate_eq2a: "x ∈ V ==> -1 ⋅ x = - x" by (simp add: negate_eq1)
lemma diff_eq2: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> x + - y = x - y" by (rule diff_eq1 [symmetric])
lemma diff_closed [iff]: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> x - y ∈ V" by (simp add: diff_eq1 negate_eq1)
lemma neg_closed [iff]: "x ∈ V ==> - x ∈ V" by (simp add: negate_eq1)
lemma add_left_commute: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> z ∈ V ==> x + (y + z) = y + (x + z)" proof - assume xyz: "x ∈ V""y ∈ V""z ∈ V" thenhave"x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z" by (simp only: add_assoc) alsofrom xyz have"… = (y + x) + z"by (simp only: add_commute) alsofrom xyz have"… = y + (x + z)"by (simp only: add_assoc) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
text‹ The existence of the zero element of a vector space follows from the non-emptiness of carrier set. ›
lemma zero [iff]: "0 ∈ V" proof - from non_empty obtain x where x: "x ∈ V"by blast thenhave"0 = x - x"by (rule diff_self [symmetric]) alsofrom x x have"…∈ V"by (rule diff_closed) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma add_zero_right [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> x + 0 = x" proof - assume x: "x ∈ V" from this and zero have"x + 0 = 0 + x"by (rule add_commute) alsofrom x have"… = x"by (rule add_zero_left) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma mult_assoc2: "x ∈ V ==> a ⋅ b ⋅ x = (a * b) ⋅ x" by (simp only: mult_assoc)
lemma diff_mult_distrib1: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> a ⋅ (x - y) = a ⋅ x - a ⋅ y" by (simp add: diff_eq1 negate_eq1 add_mult_distrib1 mult_assoc2)
lemma diff_mult_distrib2: "x ∈ V ==> (a - b) ⋅ x = a ⋅ x - (b ⋅ x)" proof - assume x: "x ∈ V" have" (a - b) ⋅ x = (a + - b) ⋅ x" by simp alsofrom x have"… = a ⋅ x + (- b) ⋅ x" by (rule add_mult_distrib2) alsofrom x have"… = a ⋅ x + - (b ⋅ x)" by (simp add: negate_eq1 mult_assoc2) alsofrom x have"… = a ⋅ x - (b ⋅ x)" by (simp add: diff_eq1) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma mult_zero_left [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> 0 ⋅ x = 0" proof - assume x: "x ∈ V" have"0 ⋅ x = (1 - 1) ⋅ x"by simp alsohave"… = (1 + - 1) ⋅ x"by simp alsofrom x have"… = 1 ⋅ x + (- 1) ⋅ x" by (rule add_mult_distrib2) alsofrom x have"… = x + (- 1) ⋅ x"by simp alsofrom x have"… = x + - x"by (simp add: negate_eq2a) alsofrom x have"… = x - x"by (simp add: diff_eq2) alsofrom x have"… = 0"by simp finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma mult_zero_right [simp]: "a ⋅ 0 = (0::'a)" proof - have"a ⋅ 0 = a ⋅ (0 - (0::'a))"by simp alsohave"… = a ⋅ 0 - a ⋅ 0" by (rule diff_mult_distrib1) simp_all alsohave"… = 0"by simp finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma minus_mult_cancel [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> (- a) ⋅ - x = a ⋅ x" by (simp add: negate_eq1 mult_assoc2)
lemma add_minus_left_eq_diff: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> - x + y = y - x" proof - assume xy: "x ∈ V""y ∈ V" thenhave"- x + y = y + - x"by (simp add: add_commute) alsofrom xy have"… = y - x"by (simp add: diff_eq1) finallyshow ?thesis . qed
lemma add_minus [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> x + - x = 0" by (simp add: diff_eq2)
lemma add_minus_left [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> - x + x = 0" by (simp add: diff_eq2 add_commute)
lemma minus_minus [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> - (- x) = x" by (simp add: negate_eq1 mult_assoc2)
lemma minus_zero_iff [simp]: assumes x: "x ∈ V" shows"(- x = 0) = (x = 0)" proof from x have"x = - (- x)"by simp alsoassume"- x = 0" alsohave"- … = 0"by (rule minus_zero) finallyshow"x = 0" . next assume"x = 0" thenshow"- x = 0"by simp qed
lemma add_minus_cancel [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> x + (- x + y) = y" by (simp add: add_assoc [symmetric])
lemma minus_add_cancel [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> - x + (x + y) = y" by (simp add: add_assoc [symmetric])
lemma minus_add_distrib [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> - (x + y) = - x + - y" by (simp add: negate_eq1 add_mult_distrib1)
lemma diff_zero [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> x - 0 = x" by (simp add: diff_eq1)
lemma diff_zero_right [simp]: "x ∈ V ==> 0 - x = - x" by (simp add: diff_eq1)
lemma add_left_cancel: assumes x: "x ∈ V"and y: "y ∈ V"and z: "z ∈ V" shows"(x + y = x + z) = (y = z)" proof from y have"y = 0 + y"by simp alsofrom x y have"… = (- x + x) + y"by simp alsofrom x y have"… = - x + (x + y)"by (simp add: add.assoc) alsoassume"x + y = x + z" alsofrom x z have"- x + (x + z) = - x + x + z"by (simp add: add.assoc) alsofrom x z have"… = z"by simp finallyshow"y = z" . next assume"y = z" thenshow"x + y = x + z"by (simp only:) qed
lemma add_right_cancel: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> z ∈ V ==> (y + x = z + x) = (y = z)" by (simp only: add_commute add_left_cancel)
lemma add_assoc_cong: "x ∈ V ==> y ∈ V ==> x' ∈ V ==> y' ∈ V ==> z ∈ V ==> x + y = x' + y' ==> x + (y + z) = x' + (y' + z)" by (simp only: add_assoc [symmetric])
lemma mult_left_commute: "x ∈ V ==> a ⋅ b ⋅ x = b ⋅ a ⋅ x" by (simp add: mult.commute mult_assoc2)
lemma mult_zero_uniq: assumes x: "x ∈ V""x ≠ 0"and ax: "a ⋅ x = 0" shows"a = 0" proof (rule classical) assume a: "a ≠ 0" from x a have"x = (inverse a * a) ⋅ x"by simp alsofrom‹x ∈ V›have"… = inverse a ⋅ (a ⋅ x)"by (rule mult_assoc) alsofrom ax have"… = inverse a ⋅ 0"by simp alsohave"… = 0"by simp finallyhave"x = 0" . with‹x ≠ 0›show"a = 0"by contradiction qed
lemma mult_left_cancel: assumes x: "x ∈ V"and y: "y ∈ V"and a: "a ≠ 0" shows"(a ⋅ x = a ⋅ y) = (x = y)" proof from x have"x = 1 ⋅ x"by simp alsofrom a have"… = (inverse a * a) ⋅ x"by simp alsofrom x have"… = inverse a ⋅ (a ⋅ x)" by (simp only: mult_assoc) alsoassume"a ⋅ x = a ⋅ y" alsofrom a y have"inverse a ⋅… = y" by (simp add: mult_assoc2) finallyshow"x = y" . next assume"x = y" thenshow"a ⋅ x = a ⋅ y"by (simp only:) qed
lemma mult_right_cancel: assumes x: "x ∈ V"and neq: "x ≠ 0" shows"(a ⋅ x = b ⋅ x) = (a = b)" proof from x have"(a - b) ⋅ x = a ⋅ x - b ⋅ x" by (simp add: diff_mult_distrib2) alsoassume"a ⋅ x = b ⋅ x" with x have"a ⋅ x - b ⋅ x = 0"by simp finallyhave"(a - b) ⋅ x = 0" . with x neq have"a - b = 0"by (rule mult_zero_uniq) thenshow"a = b"by simp next assume"a = b" thenshow"a ⋅ x = b ⋅ x"by (simp only:) qed
lemma eq_diff_eq: assumes x: "x ∈ V"and y: "y ∈ V"and z: "z ∈ V" shows"(x = z - y) = (x + y = z)" proof assume"x = z - y" thenhave"x + y = z - y + y"by simp alsofrom y z have"… = z + - y + y" by (simp add: diff_eq1) alsohave"… = z + (- y + y)" by (rule add_assoc) (simp_all add: y z) alsofrom y z have"… = z + 0" by (simp only: add_minus_left) alsofrom z have"… = z" by (simp only: add_zero_right) finallyshow"x + y = z" . next assume"x + y = z" thenhave"z - y = (x + y) - y"by simp alsofrom x y have"… = x + y + - y" by (simp add: diff_eq1) alsohave"… = x + (y + - y)" by (rule add_assoc) (simp_all add: x y) alsofrom x y have"… = x"by simp finallyshow"x = z - y" .. qed
lemma add_minus_eq_minus: assumes x: "x ∈ V"and y: "y ∈ V"and xy: "x + y = 0" shows"x = - y" proof - from x y have"x = (- y + y) + x"by simp alsofrom x y have"… = - y + (x + y)"by (simp add: add_ac) alsonote xy alsofrom y have"- y + 0 = - y"by simp finallyshow"x = - y" . qed
lemma add_minus_eq: assumes x: "x ∈ V"and y: "y ∈ V"and xy: "x - y = 0" shows"x = y" proof - from x y xy have eq: "x + - y = 0"by (simp add: diff_eq1) with _ _ have"x = - (- y)" by (rule add_minus_eq_minus) (simp_all add: x y) with x y show"x = y"by simp qed
lemma add_diff_swap: assumes vs: "a ∈ V""b ∈ V""c ∈ V""d ∈ V" and eq: "a + b = c + d" shows"a - c = d - b" proof - from assms have"- c + (a + b) = - c + (c + d)" by (simp add: add_left_cancel) alsohave"… = d"using‹c ∈ V›‹d ∈ V›by (rule minus_add_cancel) finallyhave eq: "- c + (a + b) = d" . from vs have"a - c = (- c + (a + b)) + - b" by (simp add: add_ac diff_eq1) alsofrom vs eq have"… = d + - b" by (simp add: add_right_cancel) alsofrom vs have"… = d - b"by (simp add: diff_eq2) finallyshow"a - c = d - b" . qed
lemma vs_add_cancel_21: assumes vs: "x ∈ V""y ∈ V""z ∈ V""u ∈ V" shows"(x + (y + z) = y + u) = (x + z = u)" proof from vs have"x + z = - y + y + (x + z)"by simp alsohave"… = - y + (y + (x + z))" by (rule add_assoc) (simp_all add: vs) alsofrom vs have"y + (x + z) = x + (y + z)" by (simp add: add_ac) alsoassume"x + (y + z) = y + u" alsofrom vs have"- y + (y + u) = u"by simp finallyshow"x + z = u" . next assume"x + z = u" with vs show"x + (y + z) = y + u" by (simp only: add_left_commute [of x]) qed
lemma add_cancel_end: assumes vs: "x ∈ V""y ∈ V""z ∈ V" shows"(x + (y + z) = y) = (x = - z)" proof assume"x + (y + z) = y" with vs have"(x + z) + y = 0 + y"by (simp add: add_ac) with vs have"x + z = 0"by (simp only: add_right_cancel add_closed zero) with vs show"x = - z"by (simp add: add_minus_eq_minus) next assume eq: "x = - z" thenhave"x + (y + z) = - z + (y + z)"by simp alsohave"… = y + (- z + z)"by (rule add_left_commute) (simp_all add: vs) alsofrom vs have"… = y"by simp finallyshow"x + (y + z) = y" . qed
end
end
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