(* Title: HOL/Library/Countable.thy
Author: Alexander Krauss, TU Muenchen
Author: Brian Huffman, Portland State University
Author: Jasmin Blanchette, TU Muenchen
*)
section ‹Encoding (almost) everything into natural numbers
›
theory Countable
imports Old_Datatype HOL.Rat Nat_Bijection
begin
subsection ‹The
class of countable
types›
class countable =
assumes ex_inj:
"\to_nat :: 'a \ nat. inj to_nat"
lemma countable_classI:
fixes f ::
"'a \ nat"
assumes "\x y. f x = f y \ x = y"
shows "OFCLASS('a, countable_class)"
proof (intro_classes, rule exI)
show "inj f"
by (rule injI [OF assms]) assumption
qed
subsection ‹Conversion functions
›
definition to_nat ::
"'a::countable \ nat" where
"to_nat = (SOME f. inj f)"
definition from_nat ::
"nat \ 'a::countable" where
"from_nat = inv (to_nat :: 'a \ nat)"
lemma inj_to_nat [simp]:
"inj to_nat"
by (rule exE_some [OF ex_inj]) (simp add: to_nat_def)
lemma inj_on_to_nat[simp, intro]:
"inj_on to_nat S"
using inj_to_nat
by (auto simp: inj_on_def)
lemma surj_from_nat [simp]:
"surj from_nat"
unfolding from_nat_def
by (simp add: inj_imp_surj_inv)
lemma to_nat_split [simp]:
"to_nat x = to_nat y \ x = y"
using injD [OF inj_to_nat]
by auto
lemma from_nat_to_nat [simp]:
"from_nat (to_nat x) = x"
by (simp add: from_nat_def)
subsection ‹Finite
types are countable
›
subclass (
in finite) countable
proof
have "finite (UNIV::'a set)" by (rule finite_UNIV)
with finite_conv_nat_seg_image [of
"UNIV::'a set"]
obtain n
and f ::
"nat \ 'a"
where "UNIV = f ` {i. i < n}" by auto
then have "surj f" unfolding surj_def
by auto
then have "inj (inv f)" by (rule surj_imp_inj_inv)
then show "\to_nat :: 'a \ nat. inj to_nat" by (rule exI[of inj])
qed
subsection ‹Automatically proving countability of old-style datatypes
›
context
begin
qualified
inductive finite_item ::
"'a Old_Datatype.item \ bool" where
undefined:
"finite_item undefined"
| In0:
"finite_item x \ finite_item (Old_Datatype.In0 x)"
| In1:
"finite_item x \ finite_item (Old_Datatype.In1 x)"
| Leaf:
"finite_item (Old_Datatype.Leaf a)"
| Scons:
"\finite_item x; finite_item y\ \ finite_item (Old_Datatype.Scons x y)"
qualified
function nth_item ::
"nat \ ('a::countable) Old_Datatype.item"
where
"nth_item 0 = undefined"
|
"nth_item (Suc n) =
(
case sum_decode n of
Inl i
==>
(
case sum_decode i of
Inl j
==> Old_Datatype.In0 (nth_item j)
| Inr j
==> Old_Datatype.In1 (nth_item j))
| Inr i
==>
(
case sum_decode i of
Inl j
==> Old_Datatype.Leaf (from_nat j)
| Inr j
==>
(
case prod_decode j of
(a, b)
==> Old_Datatype.Scons (nth_item a) (nth_item b))))
"
by pat_completeness auto
lemma le_sum_encode_Inl:
"x \ y \ x \ sum_encode (Inl y)"
unfolding sum_encode_def
by simp
lemma le_sum_encode_Inr:
"x \ y \ x \ sum_encode (Inr y)"
unfolding sum_encode_def
by simp
qualified
termination
by (relation
"measure id")
(auto simp flip: sum_encode_eq prod_encode_eq
simp: le_imp_less_Suc le_sum_encode_Inl le_sum_encode_Inr
le_prod_encode_1 le_prod_encode_2)
lemma nth_item_covers:
"finite_item x \ \n. nth_item n = x"
proof (induct set: finite_item)
case undefined
have "nth_item 0 = undefined" by simp
thus ?
case ..
next
case (In0 x)
then obtain n
where "nth_item n = x" by fast
hence "nth_item (Suc (sum_encode (Inl (sum_encode (Inl n))))) = Old_Datatype.In0 x" by simp
thus ?
case ..
next
case (In1 x)
then obtain n
where "nth_item n = x" by fast
hence "nth_item (Suc (sum_encode (Inl (sum_encode (Inr n))))) = Old_Datatype.In1 x" by simp
thus ?
case ..
next
case (Leaf a)
have "nth_item (Suc (sum_encode (Inr (sum_encode (Inl (to_nat a)))))) = Old_Datatype.Leaf a"
by simp
thus ?
case ..
next
case (Scons x y)
then obtain i j
where "nth_item i = x" and "nth_item j = y" by fast
hence "nth_item
(Suc (sum_encode (Inr (sum_encode (Inr (prod_encode (i, j))))))) = Old_Datatype.Scons x y
"
by simp
thus ?
case ..
qed
theorem countable_datatype:
fixes Rep ::
"'b \ ('a::countable) Old_Datatype.item"
fixes Abs ::
"('a::countable) Old_Datatype.item \ 'b"
fixes rep_set ::
"('a::countable) Old_Datatype.item \ bool"
assumes type:
"type_definition Rep Abs (Collect rep_set)"
assumes finite_item:
"\x. rep_set x \ finite_item x"
shows "OFCLASS('b, countable_class)"
proof
define f
where "f y = (LEAST n. nth_item n = Rep y)" for y
{
fix y ::
'b
have "rep_set (Rep y)"
using type_definition.Rep [OF type]
by simp
hence "finite_item (Rep y)"
by (rule finite_item)
hence "\n. nth_item n = Rep y"
by (rule nth_item_covers)
hence "nth_item (f y) = Rep y"
unfolding f_def
by (rule LeastI_ex)
hence "Abs (nth_item (f y)) = y"
using type_definition.Rep_inverse [OF type]
by simp
}
hence "inj f"
by (rule inj_on_inverseI)
thus "\f::'b \ nat. inj f"
by - (rule exI)
qed
ML
‹
fun old_countable_datatype_tac ctxt =
SUBGOAL (fn (goal, _) =>
let
val ty_name =
(
case goal of
(_ $ Const (
🍋‹Pure.type
›, Type (
🍋‹itself
›, [Type (n, _)]))) => n
| _ => raise Match)
val typedef_info = hd (
Typedef.get_info ctxt ty_name)
val typedef_thm = #type_definition (snd typedef_info)
val pred_name =
(
case HOLogic.dest_Trueprop (
Thm.concl_of typedef_thm) of
(_ $ _ $ _ $ (_ $ Const (n, _))) => n
| _ => raise Match)
val induct_info =
Inductive.the_inductive_global ctxt pred_name
val pred_names = #names (fst induct_info)
val induct_thms = #inducts (snd induct_info)
val alist = pred_names ~~ induct_thms
val induct_thm = the (AList.lookup (op =) alist pred_name)
val vars = rev (
Term.add_vars (
Thm.prop_of induct_thm) [])
val insts = vars |> map (fn (_, T) => try (
Thm.cterm_of ctxt)
(Const (
🍋‹Countable.finite_item
›, T)))
val induct_thm
' = Thm.instantiate' [] insts induct_thm
val rules = @{thms finite_item.
intros}
in
SOLVED
' (fn i => EVERY
[resolve_tac ctxt @{thms countable_datatype} i,
resolve_tac ctxt [typedef_thm] i,
eresolve_tac ctxt [induct_thm
'] i,
REPEAT (resolve_tac ctxt rules i ORELSE assume_tac ctxt i)]) 1
end)
›
end
subsection ‹Automatically proving countability of datatypes
›
ML_file
‹../Tools/BNF/bnf_lfp_countable.ML
›
ML
‹
fun countable_datatype_tac ctxt st =
(
case 🍋‹HEADGOAL (old_countable_datatype_tac ctxt) st
› of
SOME res => res
| NONE => BNF_LFP_Countable.countable_datatype_tac ctxt st);
(* compatibility *)
fun countable_tac ctxt =
SELECT_GOAL (countable_datatype_tac ctxt);
›
method_setup countable_datatype =
‹
Scan.succeed (SIMPLE_METHOD o countable_datatype_tac)
› "prove countable class instances for datatypes"
subsection ‹More Countable
types›
text ‹Naturals
›
instance nat :: countable
by (rule countable_classI [of
"id"]) simp
text ‹Pairs
›
instance prod :: (countable, countable) countable
by (rule countable_classI [of
"\(x, y). prod_encode (to_nat x, to_nat y)"])
(auto simp add: prod_encode_eq)
text ‹Sums
›
instance sum :: (countable, countable) countable
by (rule countable_classI [of
"(\x. case x of Inl a \ to_nat (False, to_nat a)
| Inr b
==> to_nat (True, to_nat b))
"])
(simp split: sum.split_asm)
text ‹Integers
›
instance int :: countable
by (rule countable_classI [of int_encode]) (simp add: int_encode_eq)
text ‹Options
›
instance option :: (countable) countable
by countable_datatype
text ‹Lists
›
instance list :: (countable) countable
by countable_datatype
text ‹String literals
›
instance String.literal :: countable
by (rule countable_classI [of
"to_nat \ String.explode"]) (simp add: String.explode_inj
ect)
text ‹Functions›
instance "fun" :: (finite, countable) countable
proof
obtain xs :: "'a list" where xs: "set xs = UNIV"
using finite_list [OF finite_UNIV] ..
show "\to_nat::('a \ 'b) \ nat. inj to_nat"
proof
show "inj (\f. to_nat (map f xs))"
by (rule injI, simp add: xs fun_eq_iff)
qed
qed
text ‹Typereps›
instance typerep :: countable
by countable_datatype
subsection ‹The rationals are countably infinite›
definition nat_to_rat_surj :: "nat \ rat" where
"nat_to_rat_surj n = (let (a, b) = prod_decode n in Fract (int_decode a) (int_decode b))"
lemma surj_nat_to_rat_surj: "surj nat_to_rat_surj"
unfolding surj_def
proof
fix r::rat
show "\n. r = nat_to_rat_surj n"
proof (cases r)
fix i j assume [simp]: "r = Fract i j" and "j > 0"
have "r = (let m = int_encode i; n = int_encode j in nat_to_rat_surj (prod_encode (m, n)))"
by (simp add: Let_def nat_to_rat_surj_def)
thus "\n. r = nat_to_rat_surj n" by(auto simp: Let_def)
qed
qed
lemma Rats_eq_range_nat_to_rat_surj: "\ = range nat_to_rat_surj"
by (simp add: Rats_def surj_nat_to_rat_surj)
context field_char_0
begin
lemma Rats_eq_range_of_rat_o_nat_to_rat_surj:
"\ = range (of_rat \ nat_to_rat_surj)"
using surj_nat_to_rat_surj
by (auto simp: Rats_def image_def surj_def) (blast intro: arg_cong[where f = of_rat])
lemma surj_of_rat_nat_to_rat_surj:
"r \ \ \ \n. r = of_rat (nat_to_rat_surj n)"
by (simp add: Rats_eq_range_of_rat_o_nat_to_rat_surj image_def)
end
instance rat :: countable
proof
show "\to_nat::rat \ nat. inj to_nat"
proof
have "surj nat_to_rat_surj"
by (rule surj_nat_to_rat_surj)
then show "inj (inv nat_to_rat_surj)"
by (rule surj_imp_inj_inv)
qed
qed
theorem rat_denum: "\f :: nat \ rat. surj f"
using surj_nat_to_rat_surj by metis
end