lemma eval_minus [simp]: "eval (P - Q) = eval P - eval Q" by (simp add: minus_pred_def)
instanceproof fix A::"'a pred set set" show"⊓(Sup ` A) ≤⊔(Inf ` {f ` A |f. ∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y})" proof (simp add: less_eq_pred_def Sup_fun_def Inf_fun_def, safe) fix w assume A: "∀x∈A. ∃f∈x. eval f w"
define F where"F = (λ x . SOME f . f ∈ x ∧ eval f w)" have [simp]: "(∀f∈ (F ` A). eval f w)" by (metis (no_types, lifting) A F_def image_iff some_eq_ex) have"(∃f. F ` A = f ` A ∧ (∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y)) ∧ (∀f∈(F ` A). eval f w)" using A by (simp, metis (no_types, lifting) F_def someI)+ from this show"∃x. (∃f. x = f ` A ∧ (∀Y∈A. f Y ∈ Y)) ∧ (∀f∈x. eval f w)" by (rule exI [of _ "F ` A"]) qed qed (auto intro!: pred_eqI)
end
definition single :: "'a ==> 'a pred"where "single x = Pred ((=) x)"
lemma is_empty_sup: "is_empty (A ⊔ B) ⟷ is_empty A ∧ is_empty B" by (auto simp add: is_empty_def)
definition singleton :: "(unit ==> 'a) ==> 'a pred ==> 'a"where "singleton default A = (if ∃!x. eval A x then THE x. eval A x else default ())"for default
lemma singleton_eqI: "∃!x. eval A x ==> eval A x ==> singleton default A = x"for default by (auto simp add: singleton_def)
lemma eval_singletonI: "∃!x. eval A x ==> eval A (singleton default A)"for default proof - assume assm: "∃!x. eval A x" thenobtain x where x: "eval A x" .. with assm have"singleton default A = x"by (rule singleton_eqI) with x show ?thesis by simp qed
lemma single_singleton: "∃!x. eval A x ==> single (singleton default A) = A"for default proof - assume assm: "∃!x. eval A x" thenhave"eval A (singleton default A)" by (rule eval_singletonI) moreoverfrom assm have"∧x. eval A x ==> singleton default A = x" by (rule singleton_eqI) ultimatelyhave"eval (single (singleton default A)) = eval A" by (simp (no_asm_use) add: single_def fun_eq_iff) blast thenhave"∧x. eval (single (singleton default A)) x = eval A x" by simp thenshow ?thesis by (rule pred_eqI) qed
lemma singleton_undefinedI: "¬ (∃!x. eval A x) ==> singleton default A = default ()"for default by (simp add: singleton_def)
lemma singleton_sup_single_single: "singleton default (single x ⊔ single y) = (if x = y then x else default ())"fordefault proof (cases "x = y") case True thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: singleton_single) next case False have"eval (single x ⊔ single y) x" and"eval (single x ⊔ single y) y" by (auto intro: supI1 supI2 singleI) with False have"¬ (∃!z. eval (single x ⊔ single y) z)" by blast thenhave"singleton default (single x ⊔ single y) = default ()" by (rule singleton_undefinedI) with False show ?thesis by simp qed
lemma singleton_sup_aux: "singleton default (A ⊔ B) = (if A = ⊥ then singleton default B else if B = ⊥ then singleton default A else singleton default (single (singleton default A) ⊔ single (singleton default B)))"for default proof (cases "(∃!x. eval A x) ∧ (∃!y. eval B y)") case True thenshow ?thesis by (simp add: single_singleton) next case False from False have A_or_B: "singleton default A = default () ∨ singleton default B = default ()" by (auto intro!: singleton_undefinedI) thenhave rhs: "singleton default (single (singleton default A) ⊔ single (singleton default B)) = default ()" by (auto simp add: singleton_sup_single_single singleton_single) from False have not_unique: "¬ (∃!x. eval A x) ∨¬ (∃!y. eval B y)"by simp show ?thesis proof (cases "A ≠⊥∧ B ≠⊥") case True thenobtain a b where a: "eval A a"and b: "eval B b" by (blast elim: not_bot) with True not_unique have"¬ (∃!x. eval (A ⊔ B) x)" by (auto simp add: sup_pred_def bot_pred_def) thenhave"singleton default (A ⊔ B) = default ()"by (rule singleton_undefinedI) with True rhs show ?thesis by simp next case False thenshow ?thesis by auto qed qed
lemma singleton_sup: "singleton default (A ⊔ B) = (if A = ⊥ then singleton default B else if B = ⊥ then singleton default A else if singleton default A = singleton default B then singleton default A else default ())"for default using singleton_sup_aux [of default A B] by (simp only: singleton_sup_single_single)
subsection‹Derived operations›
definition if_pred :: "bool ==> unit pred"where
if_pred_eq: "if_pred b = (if b then single () else ⊥)"
definition holds :: "unit pred ==> bool"where
holds_eq: "holds P = eval P ()"
definition not_pred :: "unit pred ==> unit pred"where
not_pred_eq: "not_pred P = (if eval P () then ⊥ else single ())"
primrec pred_of_seq :: "'a seq ==> 'a pred"where "pred_of_seq Empty = ⊥"
| "pred_of_seq (Insert x P) = single x ⊔ P"
| "pred_of_seq (Join P xq) = P ⊔ pred_of_seq xq"
definition Seq :: "(unit ==> 'a seq) ==> 'a pred"where "Seq f = pred_of_seq (f ())"
code_datatype Seq
primrec member :: "'a seq ==> 'a ==> bool"where "member Empty x ⟷ False"
| "member (Insert y P) x ⟷ x = y ∨ eval P x"
| "member (Join P xq) x ⟷ eval P x ∨ member xq x"
lemma eval_member: "member xq = eval (pred_of_seq xq)" proof (induct xq) case Empty show ?case by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff elim: botE) next case Insert show ?case by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff elim: supE singleE intro: supI1 supI2 singleI) next case Join thenshow ?case by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff elim: supE intro: supI1 supI2) qed
lemma single_code [code]: "single x = Seq (λu. Insert x ⊥)" unfolding Seq_def by simp
primrec"apply" :: "('a ==> 'b pred) ==> 'a seq ==> 'b seq"where "apply f Empty = Empty"
| "apply f (Insert x P) = Join (f x) (Join (P 🍋 f) Empty)"
| "apply f (Join P xq) = Join (P 🍋 f) (apply f xq)"
lemma apply_bind: "pred_of_seq (apply f xq) = pred_of_seq xq 🍋 f" proof (induct xq) case Empty show ?case by (simp add: bottom_bind) next case Insert show ?case by (simp add: single_bind sup_bind) next case Join thenshow ?case by (simp add: sup_bind) qed
lemma bind_code [code]: "Seq g 🍋 f = Seq (λu. apply f (g ()))" unfolding Seq_def by (rule sym, rule apply_bind)
primrec adjunct :: "'a pred ==> 'a seq ==> 'a seq"where "adjunct P Empty = Join P Empty"
| "adjunct P (Insert x Q) = Insert x (Q ⊔ P)"
| "adjunct P (Join Q xq) = Join Q (adjunct P xq)"
lemma adjunct_sup: "pred_of_seq (adjunct P xq) = P ⊔ pred_of_seq xq" by (induct xq) (simp_all add: sup_assoc sup_commute sup_left_commute)
lemma sup_code [code]: "Seq f ⊔ Seq g = Seq (λu. case f () of Empty ==> g () | Insert x P ==> Insert x (P ⊔ Seq g) | Join P xq ==> adjunct (Seq g) (Join P xq))" proof (cases "f ()") case Empty thus ?thesis unfolding Seq_def by (simp add: sup_commute [of "⊥"]) next case Insert thus ?thesis unfolding Seq_def by (simp add: sup_assoc) next case Join thus ?thesis unfolding Seq_def by (simp add: adjunct_sup sup_assoc sup_commute sup_left_commute) qed
primrec contained :: "'a seq ==> 'a pred ==> bool"where "contained Empty Q ⟷ True"
| "contained (Insert x P) Q ⟷ eval Q x ∧ P ≤ Q"
| "contained (Join P xq) Q ⟷ P ≤ Q ∧ contained xq Q"
lemma single_less_eq_eval: "single x ≤ P ⟷ eval P x" by (auto simp add: less_eq_pred_def le_fun_def)
lemma less_eq_pred_code [code]: "Seq f ≤ Q = (case f () of Empty ==> True | Insert x P ==> eval Q x ∧ P ≤ Q | Join P xq ==> P ≤ Q ∧ contained xq Q)" by (cases "f ()")
(simp_all add: Seq_def single_less_eq_eval contained_less_eq)
instantiation pred :: (type) equal begin
definition equal_pred where [simp]: "HOL.equal P Q ⟷ P = (Q :: 'a pred)"
instanceby standard simp
end
lemma [code nbe]: "HOL.equal P P ⟷ True"for P :: "'a pred" by (fact equal_refl)
lemma [code]: "HOL.equal P Q ⟷ P ≤ Q ∧ Q ≤ P"for P Q :: "'a pred" by auto
lemma [code]: "case_pred f P = f (eval P)" by (fact pred.case_eq_if)
lemma [code]: "rec_pred f P = f (eval P)" by (cases P) simp
inductive eq :: "'a ==> 'a ==> bool"where"eq x x"
lemma eq_is_eq: "eq x y ≡ (x = y)" by (rule eq_reflection) (auto intro: eq.intros elim: eq.cases)
primrec null :: "'a seq ==> bool"where "null Empty ⟷ True"
| "null (Insert x P) ⟷ False"
| "null (Join P xq) ⟷ is_empty P ∧ null xq"
primrec the_only :: "(unit ==> 'a) ==> 'a seq ==> 'a"where "the_only default Empty = default ()"for default
| "the_only default (Insert x P) = (if is_empty P then x else let y = singleton default P in if x = y then x else default ())"for default
| "the_only default (Join P xq) = (if is_empty P then the_only default xq else if null xq then singleton default P else let x = singleton default P; y = the_only default xq in if x = y then x else default ())"for default
lemma singleton_code [code]: "singleton default (Seq f) = (case f () of Empty ==> default () | Insert x P ==> if is_empty P then x else let y = singleton default P in if x = y then x else default () | Join P xq ==> if is_empty P then the_only default xq else if null xq then singleton default P else let x = singleton default P; y = the_only default xq in if x = y then x else default ())"for default by (cases "f ()")
(auto simp add: Seq_def the_only_singleton is_empty_def
null_is_empty singleton_bot singleton_single singleton_sup Let_def)
definition the :: "'a pred ==> 'a"where "the A = (THE x. eval A x)"
lemma the_eqI: "(THE x. eval P x) = x ==> the P = x" by (simp add: the_def)
lemma the_eq [code]: "the A = singleton (λx. Code.abort (STR ''not_unique'') (λ_. the A)) A" by (rule the_eqI) (simp add: singleton_def the_def)
code_reflect Predicate
datatypes pred = Seq and seq = Empty | Insert | Join
ML ‹ signature PREDICATE = sig val anamorph: ('a -> ('b * 'a) option) -> int -> 'a -> 'b list * 'a datatype 'a pred = Seq of (unit -> 'a seq) and 'a seq = Empty | Insert of 'a * 'a pred | Join of 'a pred * 'a seq val map: ('a -> 'b) -> 'a pred -> 'b pred val yield: 'a pred -> ('a * 'a pred) option val yieldn: int -> 'a pred -> 'a list * 'a pred end; structure Predicate : PREDICATE = struct fun anamorph f k x = (if k = 0 then ([], x) else case f x of NONE => ([], x) | SOME (v, y) => let val k' = k - 1; val (vs, z) = anamorph f k' y in (v :: vs, z) end); datatype pred = datatype Predicate.pred datatype seq = datatype Predicate.seq fun map f = @{code Predicate.map} f; fun yield (Seq f) = next (f ()) and next Empty = NONE | next (Insert (x, P)) = SOME (x, P) | next (Join (P, xq)) = (case yield P of NONE => next xq | SOME (x, Q) => SOME (x, Seq (fn _ => Join (Q, xq)))); fun yieldn k = anamorph yield k; end; ›
text‹Conversion from and to sets›
definition pred_of_set :: "'a set ==> 'a pred"where "pred_of_set = Pred ∘ (λA x. x ∈ A)"
lemma eval_pred_of_set [simp]: "eval (pred_of_set A) x ⟷ x ∈A" by (simp add: pred_of_set_def)
definition set_of_pred :: "'a pred ==> 'a set"where "set_of_pred = Collect ∘ eval"
lemma member_set_of_pred [simp]: "x ∈ set_of_pred P ⟷ Predicate.eval P x" by (simp add: set_of_pred_def)
lemma of_pred_code [code]: "set_of_pred (Predicate.Seq f) = (case f () of Predicate.Empty ==> {} | Predicate.Insert x P ==> insert x (set_of_pred P) | Predicate.Join P xq ==> set_of_pred P ∪ set_of_seq xq)" by (auto split: seq.split simp add: eval_code)
lemma of_seq_code [code]: "set_of_seq Predicate.Empty = {}" "set_of_seq (Predicate.Insert x P) = insert x (set_of_pred P)" "set_of_seq (Predicate.Join P xq) = set_of_pred P ∪ set_of_seq xq" by auto
text‹Lazy Evaluation of an indexed function›
function iterate_upto :: "(natural ==> 'a) ==> natural ==> natural ==> 'a Predicate.pred" where "iterate_upto f n m = Predicate.Seq (%u. if n > m then Predicate.Empty else Predicate.Insert (f n) (iterate_upto f (n + 1) m))" by pat_completeness auto
terminationby (relation "measure (%(f, n, m). nat_of_natural (m + 1 - n))")
(auto simp add: less_natural_def)
text‹Misc›
declare Inf_set_fold [where 'a = "'a Predicate.pred", code] declare Sup_set_fold [where 'a = "'a Predicate.pred", code]
(* FIXME: better implement conversion by bisection *)
lemma pred_of_set_fold_sup: assumes"finite A" shows"pred_of_set A = Finite_Set.fold sup bot (Predicate.single ` A)" (is"?lhs = ?rhs") proof (rule sym) interpret comp_fun_idem "sup :: 'a Predicate.pred ==> 'a Predicate.pred ==> 'a Predicate.pred" by (fact comp_fun_idem_sup) from‹finite A›show"?rhs = ?lhs"by (induct A) (auto intro!: pred_eqI) qed
lemma pred_of_set_set_fold_sup: "pred_of_set (set xs) = fold sup (List.map Predicate.single xs) bot" proof - interpret comp_fun_idem "sup :: 'a Predicate.pred ==> 'a Predicate.pred ==> 'a Predicate.pred" by (fact comp_fun_idem_sup) show ?thesis by (simp add: pred_of_set_fold_sup fold_set_fold [symmetric]) qed
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