(* Title: HOL/Zorn.thy Author: Jacques D. Fleuriot Author: Tobias Nipkow, TUM Author: Christian Sternagel, JAIST Zorn's Lemma (ported from Larry Paulson's Zorn.thy in ZF). *)
section‹Zorn's Lemma and the Well-ordering Theorem›
theory Zorn imports Order_Relation Hilbert_Choice begin
subsection‹Zorn's Lemma for the Subset Relation›
subsubsection ‹Results that do not require an order›
text‹Let ‹P›be a binary predicate on the set ‹A›.› locale pred_on = fixes A :: "'a set" and P :: "'a ==> 'a ==> bool" (infix‹⊏› 50) begin
abbreviation Peq :: "'a ==> 'a ==> bool" (infix‹⊑› 50) where"x ⊑ y ≡ P🪙=🪙= x y"
text‹A chain is a totally ordered subset of ‹A›.› definition chain :: "'a set ==> bool" where"chain C ⟷ C ⊆ A ∧ (∀x∈C. ∀y∈C. x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x)"
text‹ We call a chain that is a proper superset of some set ‹X›, but not necessarily a chain itself, a superchain of ‹X›. › abbreviation superchain :: "'a set ==> 'a set ==> bool" (infix‹🚫› 50) where"X ≡ chain C ∧ X ⊂ C"
text‹A maximal chain is a chain that does not have a superchain.› definition maxchain :: "'a set ==> bool" where"maxchain C ⟷ chain C ∧ (∄S. C
text‹ We define the successor of a set to be an arbitrary superchain, if such exists, or the set itself, otherwise. › definition suc :: "'a set ==> 'a set" where"suc C = (if ¬ chain C ∨ maxchain C then C else (SOME D. C
lemma chainI [Pure.intro?]: "C ⊆ A ==> (∧x y. x ∈ C ==> y ∈ C ==> x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x) ==> chain C" unfolding chain_def by blast
lemma chain_total: "chain C ==> x ∈ C ==> y ∈ C ==> x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x" by (simp add: chain_def)
lemma not_chain_suc [simp]: "¬ chain X ==> suc X = X" by (simp add: suc_def)
lemma maxchain_suc [simp]: "maxchain X ==> suc X = X" by (simp add: suc_def)
lemma chain_empty [simp]: "chain {}" by (auto simp: chain_def)
lemma not_maxchain_Some: "chain C ==>¬ maxchain C ==> C by (rule someI_ex) (auto simp: maxchain_def)
lemma suc_not_equals: "chain C ==>¬ maxchain C ==> suc C ≠ C" using not_maxchain_Some by (auto simp: suc_def)
lemma subset_suc: assumes"X ⊆ Y" shows"X ⊆ suc Y" using assms by (rule subset_trans) (rule suc_subset)
text‹ We build a set 🍋‹C›that is closed under applications of 🍋‹suc›and contains the union of all its subsets. › inductive_set suc_Union_closed (‹C›) where
suc: "X ∈C==> suc X ∈C"
| Union [unfolded Pow_iff]: "X ∈ Pow C==>∪X ∈C"
text‹ Since the empty set as well as the set itself is a subset of every set, 🍋‹C›contains at least 🍋‹{} ∈C› and 🍋‹∪C∈C›. › lemma suc_Union_closed_empty: "{} ∈C" and suc_Union_closed_Union: "∪C∈C" using Union [of "{}"] and Union [of "C"] by simp_all
text‹Thus closure under 🍋‹suc›will hit a maximal chain eventually, as is shown below.›
lemma suc_Union_closed_induct [consumes 1, case_names suc Union, induct pred: suc_Union_closed]: assumes"X ∈C" and"∧X. X ∈C==> Q X ==> Q (suc X)" and"∧X. X ⊆C==>∀x∈X. Q x ==> Q (∪X)" shows"Q X" using assms by induct blast+
lemma suc_Union_closed_cases [consumes 1, case_names suc Union, cases pred: suc_Union_closed]: assumes"X ∈C" and"∧Y. X = suc Y ==> Y ∈C==> Q" and"∧Y. X = ∪Y ==> Y ⊆C==> Q" shows"Q" using assms by cases simp_all
text‹On chains, 🍋‹suc›yields a chain.› lemma chain_suc: assumes"chain X" shows"chain (suc X)" using assms by (cases "¬ chain X ∨ maxchain X") (force simp: suc_def dest: not_maxchain_Some)+
lemma chain_sucD: assumes"chain X" shows"suc X ⊆ A ∧ chain (suc X)" proof - from‹chain X›have *: "chain (suc X)" by (rule chain_suc) thenhave"suc X ⊆ A" unfolding chain_def by blast with * show ?thesis by blast qed
lemma suc_Union_closed_total': assumes"X ∈C"and"Y ∈C" and *: "∧Z. Z ∈C==> Z ⊆ Y ==> Z = Y ∨ suc Z ⊆ Y" shows"X ⊆ Y ∨ suc Y ⊆ X" using‹X ∈C› proof induct case (suc X) with * show ?caseby (blast del: subsetI intro: subset_suc) next case Union thenshow ?caseby blast qed
lemma suc_Union_closed_subsetD: assumes"Y ⊆ X"and"X ∈C"and"Y ∈C" shows"X = Y ∨ suc Y ⊆ X" using assms(2,3,1) proof (induct arbitrary: Y) case (suc X) note * = ‹∧Y. Y ∈C==> Y ⊆ X ==> X = Y ∨ suc Y ⊆ X› with suc_Union_closed_total' [OF ‹Y ∈C›‹X ∈C›] have"Y ⊆ X ∨ suc X ⊆ Y"by blast thenshow ?case proof assume"Y ⊆ X" with * and‹Y ∈C› subset_suc show ?thesis by fastforce next assume"suc X ⊆ Y" with‹Y ⊆ suc X›show ?thesis by blast qed next case (Union X) show ?case proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis" with‹Y ⊆∪X›obtain x y z where"¬ suc Y ⊆∪X" and"x ∈ X"and"y ∈ x"and"y ∉ Y" and"z ∈ suc Y"and"∀x∈X. z ∉ x"by blast with‹X ⊆C›have"x ∈C"by blast from Union and‹x ∈ X›have *: "∧y. y ∈C==> y ⊆ x ==> x = y ∨ suc y ⊆ x" by blast with suc_Union_closed_total' [OF ‹Y ∈C›‹x ∈C›] have"Y ⊆ x ∨ suc x ⊆ Y" by blast thenshow False proof assume"Y ⊆ x" with * [OF ‹Y ∈C›] ‹y ∈ x›‹y ∉ Y›‹x ∈ X›‹¬ suc Y ⊆∪X›show False by blast next assume"suc x ⊆ Y" with‹y ∉ Y› suc_subset ‹y ∈ x›show False by blast qed qed qed
text‹The elements of 🍋‹C›are totally ordered by the subset relation.› lemma suc_Union_closed_total: assumes"X ∈C"and"Y ∈C" shows"X ⊆ Y ∨ Y ⊆ X" proof (cases "∀Z∈C. Z ⊆ Y ⟶ Z = Y ∨ suc Z ⊆ Y") case True with suc_Union_closed_total' [OF assms] have"X ⊆ Y ∨ suc Y ⊆ X"by blast with suc_subset [of Y] show ?thesis by blast next case False thenobtain Z where"Z ∈C"and"Z ⊆ Y"and"Z ≠ Y"and"¬ suc Z ⊆ Y" by blast with suc_Union_closed_subsetD and‹Y ∈C›show ?thesis by blast qed
text‹Once we hit a fixed point w.r.t. 🍋‹suc›, all other elements of 🍋‹C›are subsets of this fixed point.› lemma suc_Union_closed_suc: assumes"X ∈C"and"Y ∈C"and"suc Y = Y" shows"X ⊆ Y" using‹X ∈C› proof induct case (suc X) with‹Y ∈C›and suc_Union_closed_subsetD have"X = Y ∨ suc X ⊆ Y" by blast thenshow ?case by (auto simp: ‹suc Y = Y›) next case Union thenshow ?caseby blast qed
lemma eq_suc_Union: assumes"X ∈C" shows"suc X = X ⟷ X = ∪C"
(is"?lhs ⟷ ?rhs") proof assume ?lhs thenhave"∪C⊆ X" by (rule suc_Union_closed_suc [OF suc_Union_closed_Union ‹X ∈C›]) with‹X ∈C›show ?rhs by blast next from‹X ∈C›have"suc X ∈C"by (rule suc) thenhave"suc X ⊆∪C"by blast moreoverassume ?rhs ultimatelyhave"suc X ⊆ X"by simp moreoverhave"X ⊆ suc X"by (rule suc_subset) ultimatelyshow ?lhs .. qed
lemma suc_in_carrier: assumes"X ⊆ A" shows"suc X ⊆ A" using assms by (cases "¬ chain X ∨ maxchain X") (auto dest: chain_sucD)
lemma suc_Union_closed_in_carrier: assumes"X ∈C" shows"X ⊆ A" using assms by induct (auto dest: suc_in_carrier)
text‹All elements of 🍋‹C›are chains.› lemma suc_Union_closed_chain: assumes"X ∈C" shows"chain X" using assms proof induct case (suc X) thenshow ?case using not_maxchain_Some by (simp add: suc_def) next case (Union X) thenhave"∪X ⊆ A" by (auto dest: suc_Union_closed_in_carrier) moreoverhave"∀x∈∪X. ∀y∈∪X. x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x" proof (intro ballI) fix x y assume"x ∈∪X"and"y ∈∪X" thenobtain u v where"x ∈ u"and"u ∈ X"and"y ∈ v"and"v ∈ X" by blast with Union have"u ∈C"and"v ∈C"and"chain u"and"chain v" by blast+ with suc_Union_closed_total have"u ⊆ v ∨ v ⊆ u" by blast thenshow"x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x" proof assume"u ⊆ v" from‹chain v›show ?thesis proof (rule chain_total) show"y ∈ v"by fact show"x ∈ v"using‹u ⊆ v›and‹x ∈ u›by blast qed next assume"v ⊆ u" from‹chain u›show ?thesis proof (rule chain_total) show"x ∈ u"by fact show"y ∈ u"using‹v ⊆ u›and‹y ∈ v›by blast qed qed qed ultimatelyshow ?caseunfolding chain_def .. qed
subsubsection ‹Hausdorff's Maximum Principle›
text‹There exists a maximal totally ordered subset of ‹A›. (Note that we do not require ‹A›to be partially ordered.)›
theorem Hausdorff: "∃C. maxchain C" proof - let ?M = "∪C" have"maxchain ?M" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis" thenhave"suc ?M ≠ ?M" using suc_not_equals and suc_Union_closed_chain [OF suc_Union_closed_Union] by simp moreoverhave"suc ?M = ?M" using eq_suc_Union [OF suc_Union_closed_Union] by simp ultimatelyshow False by contradiction qed thenshow ?thesis by blast qed
lemma chain_extend: "chain C ==> z ∈ A ==>∀x∈C. x ⊑ z ==> chain ({z} ∪ C)" unfolding chain_def by blast
lemma maxchain_imp_chain: "maxchain C ==> chain C" by (simp add: maxchain_def)
end
text‹Hide constant 🍋‹pred_on.suc_Union_closed›, which was just needed for the proof of Hausforff's maximum principle.›
hide_const pred_on.suc_Union_closed
lemma chain_mono: assumes"∧x y. x ∈ A ==> y ∈ A ==> P x y ==> Q x y" and"pred_on.chain A P C" shows"pred_on.chain A Q C" using assms unfolding pred_on.chain_def by blast
subsubsection ‹Results for the proper subset relation›
interpretation subset: pred_on "A""(⊂)"for A .
lemma subset_maxchain_max: assumes"subset.maxchain A C" and"X ∈ A" and"∪C ⊆ X" shows"∪C = X" proof (rule ccontr) let ?C = "{X} ∪ C" from‹subset.maxchain A C›have"subset.chain A C" and *: "∧S. subset.chain A S ==>¬ C ⊂ S" by (auto simp: subset.maxchain_def) moreoverhave"∀x∈C. x ⊆ X"using‹∪C ⊆ X›by auto ultimatelyhave"subset.chain A ?C" using subset.chain_extend [of A C X] and‹X ∈ A›by auto moreoverassume **: "∪C ≠ X" moreoverfrom ** have"C ⊂ ?C"using‹∪C ⊆ X›by auto ultimatelyshow False using * by blast qed
lemma subset_chain_def: "∧A. subset.chain AC = (C⊆A∧ (∀X∈C. ∀Y∈C. X ⊆ Y ∨ Y ⊆X))" by (auto simp: subset.chain_def)
lemma subset_chain_insert: "subset.chain A (insert B B) ⟷ B ∈A∧ (∀X∈B. X ⊆ B ∨ B ⊆ X) ∧ subset.chain AB" by (fastforce simp add: subset_chain_def)
subsubsection ‹Zorn's lemma›
text‹If every chain has an upper bound, then there is a maximal set.› theorem subset_Zorn: assumes"∧C. subset.chain A C ==>∃U∈A. ∀X∈C. X ⊆ U" shows"∃M∈A. ∀X∈A. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M" proof - from subset.Hausdorff [of A] obtain M where"subset.maxchain A M" .. thenhave"subset.chain A M" by (rule subset.maxchain_imp_chain) with assms obtain Y where"Y ∈ A"and"∀X∈M. X ⊆ Y" by blast moreoverhave"∀X∈A. Y ⊆ X ⟶ Y = X" proof (intro ballI impI) fix X assume"X ∈ A"and"Y ⊆ X" show"Y = X" proof (rule ccontr) assume"¬ ?thesis" with‹Y ⊆ X›have"¬ X ⊆ Y"by blast from subset.chain_extend [OF ‹subset.chain A M›‹X ∈ A›] and‹∀X∈M. X ⊆ Y› have"subset.chain A ({X} ∪ M)" using‹Y ⊆ X›by auto moreoverhave"M ⊂ {X} ∪ M" using‹∀X∈M. X ⊆ Y›and‹¬ X ⊆ Y›by auto ultimatelyshow False using‹subset.maxchain A M›by (auto simp: subset.maxchain_def) qed qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed
text‹Alternative version of Zorn's lemma for the subset relation.› lemma subset_Zorn': assumes"∧C. subset.chain A C ==>∪C ∈ A" shows"∃M∈A. ∀X∈A. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M" proof - from subset.Hausdorff [of A] obtain M where"subset.maxchain A M" .. thenhave"subset.chain A M" by (rule subset.maxchain_imp_chain) with assms have"∪M ∈ A" . moreoverhave"∀Z∈A. ∪M ⊆ Z ⟶∪M = Z" proof (intro ballI impI) fix Z assume"Z ∈ A"and"∪M ⊆ Z" with subset_maxchain_max [OF ‹subset.maxchain A M›] show"∪M = Z" . qed ultimatelyshow ?thesis by blast qed
subsection‹Zorn's Lemma for Partial Orders›
text‹Relate old to new definitions.›
definition chain_subset :: "'a set set ==> bool" (‹chain🪙⊆›) (* Define globally? In Set.thy? *) where"chain🪙⊆ C ⟷ (∀A∈C. ∀B∈C. A ⊆ B ∨ B ⊆ A)"
definition chains :: "'a set set ==> 'a set set set" where"chains A = {C. C ⊆ A ∧ chain🪙⊆ C}"
definition Chains :: "('a × 'a) set ==> 'a set set"(* Define globally? In Relation.thy? *) where"Chains r = {C. ∀a∈C. ∀b∈C. (a, b) ∈ r ∨ (b, a) ∈ r}"
lemma chains_extend: "c ∈ chains S ==> z ∈ S ==>∀x ∈ c. x ⊆ z ==> {z} ∪ c ∈ chains S" for z :: "'a set" unfolding chains_def chain_subset_def by blast
lemma mono_Chains: "r ⊆ s ==> Chains r ⊆ Chains s" unfolding Chains_def by blast
lemma chain_subset_alt_def: "chain🪙⊆ C = subset.chain UNIV C" unfolding chain_subset_def subset.chain_def by fast
lemma chains_alt_def: "chains A = {C. subset.chain A C}" by (simp add: chains_def chain_subset_alt_def subset.chain_def)
lemma Chains_subset: "Chains r ⊆ {C. pred_on.chain UNIV (λx y. (x, y) ∈ r) C}" by (force simp add: Chains_def pred_on.chain_def)
lemma Chains_subset': assumes"refl r" shows"{C. pred_on.chain UNIV (λx y. (x, y) ∈ r) C} ⊆ Chains r" using assms by (auto simp add: Chains_def pred_on.chain_def refl_on_def)
lemma Chains_alt_def: assumes"refl r" shows"Chains r = {C. pred_on.chain UNIV (λx y. (x, y) ∈ r) C}" using assms Chains_subset Chains_subset' by blast
lemma Chains_relation_of: assumes"C ∈ Chains (relation_of P A)"shows"C ⊆ A" using assms unfolding Chains_def relation_of_def by auto
lemma pairwise_chain_Union: assumes P: "∧S. S ∈C==> pairwise R S"and"chain🪙⊆C" shows"pairwise R (∪C)" using‹chain🪙⊆C›unfolding pairwise_def chain_subset_def by (blast intro: P [unfolded pairwise_def, rule_format])
lemma Zorn_Lemma: "∀C∈chains A. ∪C ∈ A ==>∃M∈A. ∀X∈A. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M" using subset_Zorn' [of A] by (force simp: chains_alt_def)
lemma Zorn_Lemma2: "∀C∈chains A. ∃U∈A. ∀X∈C. X ⊆ U ==>∃M∈A. ∀X∈A. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M" using subset_Zorn [of A] by (auto simp: chains_alt_def)
subsection‹Other variants of Zorn's Lemma›
lemma chainsD: "c ∈ chains S ==> x ∈ c ==> y ∈ c ==> x ⊆ y ∨ y ⊆ x" unfolding chains_def chain_subset_def by blast
lemma chainsD2: "c ∈ chains S ==> c ⊆ S" unfolding chains_def by blast
lemma Zorns_po_lemma: assumes po: "Partial_order r" and u: "∧C. C ∈ Chains r ==>∃u∈Field r. ∀a∈C. (a, u) ∈ r" shows"∃m∈Field r. ∀a∈Field r. (m, a) ∈ r ⟶ a = m" proof - have"Preorder r" using po by (simp add: partial_order_on_def) txt‹Mirror ‹r› in the set of subsets below (wrt ‹r›) elements of ‹A›.› let ?B = "λx. r-1 `` {x}" let ?S = "?B ` Field r" have"∃u∈Field r. ∀A∈C. A ⊆ r-1 `` {u}" (is"∃u∈Field r. ?P u") if 1: "C ⊆ ?S"and 2: "∀A∈C. ∀B∈C. A ⊆ B ∨ B ⊆ A"for C proof - let ?A = "{x∈Field r. ∃M∈C. M = ?B x}" from 1 have"C = ?B ` ?A"by (auto simp: image_def) have"?A ∈ Chains r" proof (simp add: Chains_def, intro allI impI, elim conjE) fix a b assume"a ∈ Field r"and"?B a ∈ C"and"b ∈ Field r"and"?B b ∈ C" with 2 have"?B a ⊆ ?B b ∨ ?B b ⊆ ?B a"by auto thenshow"(a, b) ∈ r ∨ (b, a) ∈ r" using‹Preorder r›and‹a ∈ Field r›and‹b ∈ Field r› by (simp add:subset_Image1_Image1_iff) qed thenobtain u where uA: "u ∈ Field r""∀a∈?A. (a, u) ∈ r" by (auto simp: dest: u) have"?P u" proof auto fix a B assume aB: "B ∈ C""a ∈ B" with 1 obtain x where"x ∈ Field r"and"B = r-1 `` {x}"by auto thenshow"(a, u) ∈ r" using uA and aB and‹Preorder r› unfolding preorder_on_def refl_on_def by simp (fast dest: transD) qed thenshow ?thesis using‹u ∈ Field r›by blast qed thenhave"∀C∈chains ?S. ∃U∈?S. ∀A∈C. A ⊆ U" by (auto simp: chains_def chain_subset_def) from Zorn_Lemma2 [OF this] obtain m B where"m ∈ Field r" and"B = r-1 `` {m}" and"∀x∈Field r. B ⊆ r-1 `` {x} ⟶ r-1 `` {x} = B" by auto thenhave"∀a∈Field r. (m, a) ∈ r ⟶ a = m" using po and‹Preorder r›and‹m ∈ Field r› by (auto simp: subset_Image1_Image1_iff Partial_order_eq_Image1_Image1_iff) thenshow ?thesis using‹m ∈ Field r›by blast qed
lemma predicate_Zorn: assumes po: "partial_order_on A (relation_of P A)" and ch: "∧C. C ∈ Chains (relation_of P A) ==>∃u ∈ A. ∀a ∈ C. P a u" shows"∃m ∈ A. ∀a ∈ A. P m a ⟶ a = m" proof - have"a ∈ A"if"C ∈ Chains (relation_of P A)"and"a ∈ C"for C a using that unfolding Chains_def relation_of_def by auto moreoverhave"(a, u) ∈ relation_of P A"if"a ∈ A"and"u ∈ A"and"P a u"for a u unfolding relation_of_def using that by auto ultimatelyhave"∃m∈A. ∀a∈A. (m, a) ∈ relation_of P A ⟶ a = m" using Zorns_po_lemma[OF Partial_order_relation_ofI[OF po], rule_format] ch unfolding Field_relation_of[OF partial_order_onD(4)[OF po] partial_order_onD(1)[OF po]] by blast thenshow ?thesis by (auto simp: relation_of_def) qed
lemma Union_in_chain: "[finite B; B≠ {}; subset.chain AB]==>∪B∈B" proof (inductionB rule: finite_induct) case (insert B B) show ?case proof (cases "B = {}") case False thenshow ?thesis using insert sup.absorb2 by (auto simp: subset_chain_insert dest!: bspec [where x="∪B"]) qed auto qed simp
lemma Inter_in_chain: "[finite B; B≠ {}; subset.chain AB]==>∩B∈B" proof (inductionB rule: finite_induct) case (insert B B) show ?case proof (cases "B = {}") case False thenshow ?thesis using insert inf.absorb2 by (auto simp: subset_chain_insert dest!: bspec [where x="∩B"]) qed auto qed simp
lemma finite_subset_Union_chain: assumes"finite A""A ⊆∪B""B≠ {}"and sub: "subset.chain AB" obtains B where"B ∈B""A ⊆ B" proof - obtainFwhereF: "finite F""F⊆B""A ⊆∪F" using assms by (auto intro: finite_subset_Union) show thesis proof (cases "F = {}") case True thenshow ?thesis using‹A ⊆∪F›‹B≠ {}› that by fastforce next case False show ?thesis proof show"∪F∈B" using sub ‹F⊆B›‹finite F› by (simp add: Union_in_chain False subset.chain_def subset_iff) show"A ⊆∪F" using‹A ⊆∪F›by blast qed qed qed
lemma subset_Zorn_nonempty: assumes"A≠ {}"and ch: "∧C. [C≠{}; subset.chain AC]==>∪C∈A" shows"∃M∈A. ∀X∈A. M ⊆ X ⟶ X = M" proof (rule subset_Zorn) show"∃U∈A. ∀X∈C. X ⊆ U"if"subset.chain AC"forC proof (cases "C = {}") case True thenshow ?thesis using‹A≠ {}›by blast next case False show ?thesis by (blast intro!: ch False that Union_upper) qed qed
subsection‹The Well Ordering Theorem›
(* The initial segment of a relation appears generally useful. Move to Relation.thy? Definition correct/most general? Naming? *) definition init_seg_of :: "(('a × 'a) set × ('a × 'a) set) set" where"init_seg_of = {(r, s). r ⊆ s ∧ (∀a b c. (a, b) ∈ s ∧ (b, c) ∈ r ⟶ (a, b) ∈ r)}"
abbreviation initial_segment_of_syntax :: "('a × 'a) set ==> ('a × 'a) set ==> bool"
(infix‹initial'_segment'_of› 55) where"r initial_segment_of s ≡ (r, s) ∈ init_seg_of"
lemma refl_on_init_seg_of [simp]: "r initial_segment_of r" by (simp add: init_seg_of_def)
lemma trans_init_seg_of: "r initial_segment_of s ==> s initial_segment_of t ==> r initial_segment_of t" by (simp (no_asm_use) add: init_seg_of_def) blast
lemma antisym_init_seg_of: "r initial_segment_of s ==> s initial_segment_of r ==>r = s" unfolding init_seg_of_def by safe
lemma Chains_init_seg_of_Union: "R ∈ Chains init_seg_of ==> r∈R ==> r initial_segment_of ∪R" by (auto simp: init_seg_of_def Ball_def Chains_def) blast
lemma chain_subset_trans_Union: assumes"chain🪙⊆ R""∀r∈R. trans r" shows"trans (∪R)" proof (intro transI, elim UnionE) fix S1 S2 :: "'a rel"and x y z :: 'a assume"S1 ∈ R""S2 ∈ R" with assms(1) have"S1 ⊆ S2 ∨ S2 ⊆ S1" unfolding chain_subset_def by blast moreoverassume"(x, y) ∈ S1""(y, z) ∈ S2" ultimatelyhave"((x, y) ∈ S1 ∧ (y, z) ∈ S1) ∨ ((x, y) ∈ S2 ∧ (y, z) ∈ S2)" by blast with‹S1 ∈ R›‹S2 ∈ R› assms(2) show"(x, z) ∈∪R" by (auto elim: transE) qed
lemma chain_subset_antisym_Union: assumes"chain🪙⊆ R""∀r∈R. antisym r" shows"antisym (∪R)" proof (intro antisymI, elim UnionE) fix S1 S2 :: "'a rel"and x y :: 'a assume"S1 ∈ R""S2 ∈ R" with assms(1) have"S1 ⊆ S2 ∨ S2 ⊆ S1" unfolding chain_subset_def by blast moreoverassume"(x, y) ∈ S1""(y, x) ∈ S2" ultimatelyhave"((x, y) ∈ S1 ∧ (y, x) ∈ S1) ∨ ((x, y) ∈ S2 ∧ (y, x) ∈ S2)" by blast with‹S1 ∈ R›‹S2 ∈ R› assms(2) show"x = y" unfolding antisym_def by auto qed
lemma chain_subset_Total_Union: assumes"chain🪙⊆ R"and"∀r∈R. Total r" shows"Total (∪R)" proof (simp add: total_on_def Ball_def, auto del: disjCI) fix r s a b assume A: "r ∈ R""s ∈ R""a ∈ Field r""b ∈ Field s""a ≠ b" from‹chain🪙⊆ R›and‹r ∈ R›and‹s ∈ R›have"r ⊆ s ∨ s ⊆ r" by (auto simp add: chain_subset_def) thenshow"(∃r∈R. (a, b) ∈ r) ∨ (∃r∈R. (b, a) ∈ r)" proof assume"r ⊆ s" thenhave"(a, b) ∈ s ∨ (b, a) ∈ s" using assms(2) A mono_Field[of r s] by (auto simp add: total_on_def) thenshow ?thesis using‹s ∈ R›by blast next assume"s ⊆ r" thenhave"(a, b) ∈ r ∨ (b, a) ∈ r" using assms(2) A mono_Field[of s r] by (fastforce simp add: total_on_def) thenshow ?thesis using‹r ∈ R›by blast qed qed
lemma wf_Union_wf_init_segs: assumes"R ∈ Chains init_seg_of" and"∀r∈R. wf r" shows"wf (∪R)" proof (simp add: wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain, rule ccontr, auto) fix f assume 1: "∀i. ∃r∈R. (f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r" thenobtain r where"r ∈ R"and"(f (Suc 0), f 0) ∈ r"by auto have"(f (Suc i), f i) ∈ r"for i proof (induct i) case 0 show ?caseby fact next case (Suc i) thenobtain s where s: "s ∈ R""(f (Suc (Suc i)), f(Suc i)) ∈ s" using 1 by auto thenhave"s initial_segment_of r ∨ r initial_segment_of s" using assms(1) ‹r ∈ R›by (simp add: Chains_def) with Suc s show ?caseby (simp add: init_seg_of_def) blast qed thenshow False using assms(2) and‹r ∈ R› by (simp add: wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain) blast qed
lemma initial_segment_of_Diff: "p initial_segment_of q ==> p - s initial_segment_of q - s" unfolding init_seg_of_def by blast
lemma Chains_inits_DiffI: "R ∈ Chains init_seg_of ==> {r - s |r. r ∈ R} ∈ Chains init_seg_of" unfolding Chains_def by (blast intro: initial_segment_of_Diff)
theorem well_ordering: "∃r::'a rel. Well_order r ∧ Field r = UNIV" proof - 🍋‹The initial segment relation on well-orders:› let ?WO = "{r::'a rel. Well_order r}"
define I where"I = init_seg_of ∩ ?WO × ?WO" thenhave I_init: "I ⊆ init_seg_of"by simp thenhave subch: "∧R. R ∈ Chains I ==> chain🪙⊆ R" unfolding init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chains_def by blast have Chains_wo: "∧R r. R ∈ Chains I ==> r ∈ R ==> Well_order r" by (simp add: Chains_def I_def) blast have FI: "Field I = ?WO" by (auto simp add: I_def init_seg_of_def Field_def) thenhave 0: "Partial_order I" by (auto simp: partial_order_on_def preorder_on_def antisym_def antisym_init_seg_of refl_on_def
trans_def I_def elim!: trans_init_seg_of) 🍋‹‹I›-chains have upper bounds in ‹?WO› wrt ‹I›: their Union› have"∪R ∈ ?WO ∧ (∀r∈R. (r, ∪R) ∈ I)"if"R ∈ Chains I"for R proof - from that have Ris: "R ∈ Chains init_seg_of" using mono_Chains [OF I_init] by blast have subch: "chain🪙⊆ R" using‹R ∈ Chains I› I_init by (auto simp: init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chains_def) have"∀r∈R. Refl r"and"∀r∈R. trans r"and"∀r∈R. antisym r" and"∀r∈R. Total r"and"∀r∈R. wf (r - Id)" using Chains_wo [OF ‹R ∈ Chains I›] by (simp_all add: order_on_defs) have"(∪ R) ⊆ Field (∪ R) × Field (∪ R)" unfolding Field_def by auto moreoverhave"Refl (∪R)" using‹∀r∈R. Refl r›unfolding refl_on_def by fastforce moreoverhave"trans (∪R)" by (rule chain_subset_trans_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. trans r›]) moreoverhave"antisym (∪R)" by (rule chain_subset_antisym_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. antisym r›]) moreoverhave"Total (∪R)" by (rule chain_subset_Total_Union [OF subch ‹∀r∈R. Total r›]) moreoverhave"wf ((∪R) - Id)" proof - have"(∪R) - Id = ∪{r - Id | r. r ∈ R}"by blast with‹∀r∈R. wf (r - Id)›and wf_Union_wf_init_segs [OF Chains_inits_DiffI [OF Ris]] show ?thesis by fastforce qed ultimatelyhave"Well_order (∪R)" by (simp add:order_on_defs) moreoverhave"∀r ∈ R. r initial_segment_of ∪R" using Ris by (simp add: Chains_init_seg_of_Union) ultimatelyshow ?thesis using mono_Chains [OF I_init] Chains_wo[of R] and‹R ∈ Chains I› unfolding I_def by blast qed thenhave 1: "∃u∈Field I. ∀r∈R. (r, u) ∈ I"if"R ∈ Chains I"for R using that by (subst FI) blast 🍋‹Zorn's Lemma yields a maximal well-order ‹m›:› thenobtain m :: "'a rel" where"Well_order m" and max: "∀r. Well_order r ∧ (m, r) ∈ I ⟶ r = m" using Zorns_po_lemma[OF 0 1] unfolding FI by fastforce 🍋‹Now show by contradiction that ‹m›covers the whole type:› have False if"x ∉ Field m"for x :: 'a proof - 🍋‹Assuming that ‹x›is not covered and extend ‹m› at the top with ‹x›\› have"m ≠ {}" proof assume"m = {}" moreoverhave"Well_order {(x, x)}" by (simp add: order_on_defs refl_on_def trans_def antisym_def total_on_def Field_def) ultimatelyshow False using max by (auto simp: I_def init_seg_of_def simp del: Field_insert) qed thenhave"Field m ≠ {}"by (auto simp: Field_def) moreoverhave"wf (m - Id)" using‹Well_order m›by (simp add: well_order_on_def) 🍋‹The extension of ‹m›by ‹x›:› let ?s = "{(a, x) | a. a ∈ Field m}" let ?m = "insert (x, x) m ∪ ?s" have Fm: "Field ?m = insert x (Field m)" by (auto simp: Field_def) have"Refl m"and"trans m"and"antisym m"and"Total m"and"wf (m - Id)"and "m ⊆ Field m × Field m" using‹Well_order m›by (simp_all add: order_on_defs) 🍋‹We show that the extension is a well-order› have"?m ⊆ Field ?m × Field ?m" using‹m ⊆ Field m × Field m›by auto moreoverhave"Refl ?m" using‹Refl m› Fm unfolding refl_on_def by blast moreoverhave"trans ?m"using‹trans m›and‹x ∉ Field m› unfolding trans_def Field_def by blast moreoverhave"antisym ?m" using‹antisym m›and‹x ∉ Field m›unfolding antisym_def Field_def by blast moreoverhave"Total ?m" using‹Total m›and Fm by (auto simp: total_on_def) moreoverhave"wf (?m - Id)" proof - have"wf ?s" using‹x ∉ Field m›by (auto simp: wf_eq_minimal Field_def Bex_def) thenshow ?thesis using‹wf (m - Id)›and‹x ∉ Field m› wf_subset [OF ‹wf ?s› Diff_subset] by (auto simp: Un_Diff Field_def intro: wf_Un) qed ultimatelyhave"Well_order ?m" by (simp add: order_on_defs) 🍋‹We show that the extension is above ‹m›\› moreoverhave"(m, ?m) ∈ I" using‹Well_order ?m›and‹Well_order m›and‹x ∉ Field m› by (fastforce simp: I_def init_seg_of_def Field_def) ultimately 🍋‹This contradicts maximality of ‹m›:› show False using max and‹x ∉ Field m›unfolding Field_def by blast qed thenhave"Field m = UNIV"by auto with‹Well_order m›show ?thesis by blast qed
corollary well_order_on: "∃r::'a rel. well_order_on A r" proof - obtain r :: "'a rel"where wo: "Well_order r"and univ: "Field r = UNIV" using well_ordering [where 'a = "'a"] by blast let ?r = "{(x, y). x ∈ A ∧ y ∈ A ∧ (x, y) ∈ r}" have 1: "Field ?r = A" using wo univ by (fastforce simp: Field_def order_on_defs refl_on_def) from‹Well_order r›have"Refl r""trans r""antisym r""Total r""wf (r - Id)"and "r ⊆ Field r × Field r" by (simp_all add: order_on_defs) have"?r ⊆ Field ?r × Field ?r" using‹r ⊆ Field r × Field r›by (auto simp: 1) moreoverfrom‹Refl r›have"Refl ?r" by (auto simp: refl_on_def 1 univ) moreoverfrom‹trans r›have"trans ?r" unfolding trans_def by blast moreoverfrom‹antisym r›have"antisym ?r" unfolding antisym_def by blast moreoverfrom‹Total r›have"Total ?r" by (simp add:total_on_def 1 univ) moreoverhave"wf (?r - Id)" by (rule wf_subset [OF ‹wf (r - Id)›]) blast ultimatelyhave"Well_order ?r" by (simp add: order_on_defs) with 1 show ?thesis by auto qed
lemma dependent_wf_choice: fixes P :: "('a ==> 'b) ==> 'a ==> 'b ==> bool" assumes"wf R" and adm: "∧f g x r. (∧z. (z, x) ∈ R ==> f z = g z) ==> P f x r = P g x r" and P: "∧x f. (∧y. (y, x) ∈ R ==> P f y (f y)) ==>∃r. P f x r" shows"∃f. ∀x. P f x (f x)" proof (intro exI allI) fix x
define f where"f ≡ wfrec R (λf x. SOME r. P f x r)" from‹wf R›show"P f x (f x)" proof (induct x) case (less x) show"P f x (f x)" proof (subst (2) wfrec_def_adm[OF f_def ‹wf R›]) show"adm_wf R (λf x. SOME r. P f x r)" by (auto simp: adm_wf_def intro!: arg_cong[where f=Eps] adm) show"P f x (Eps (P f x))" using P by (rule someI_ex) fact qed qed qed
lemma (in wellorder) dependent_wellorder_choice: assumes"∧r f g x. (∧y. y < x ==> f y = g y) ==> P f x r = P g x r" and P: "∧x f. (∧y. y < x ==> P f y (f y)) ==>∃r. P f x r" shows"∃f. ∀x. P f x (f x)" using wf by (rule dependent_wf_choice) (auto intro!: assms)
end
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