(* Title: ZF/Perm.thy
Author: Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
Copyright 1991 University of Cambridge
The theory underlying permutation groups
-- Composition of relations, the identity relation
-- Injections, surjections, bijections
-- Lemmas for the Schroeder-Bernstein Theorem
*)
section
‹Injections, Surjections, Bijections, Composition
›
theory Perm
imports func
begin
definition
(*composition of relations and functions; NOT Suppes's relative product*)
comp ::
"[i,i]\i" (
infixr ‹O
› 60)
where
"r O s \ {xz \ domain(s)*range(r) .
∃x y z. xz=
⟨x,z
⟩ ∧ ⟨x,y
⟩:s
∧ ⟨y,z
⟩:r}
"
definition
(*the identity function for A*)
id ::
"i\i" where
"id(A) \ (\x\A. x)"
definition
(*one-to-one functions from A to B*)
inj ::
"[i,i]\i" where
"inj(A,B) \ { f \ A->B. \w\A. \x\A. f`w=f`x \ w=x}"
definition
(*onto functions from A to B*)
surj ::
"[i,i]\i" where
"surj(A,B) \ { f \ A->B . \y\B. \x\A. f`x=y}"
definition
(*one-to-one and onto functions*)
bij ::
"[i,i]\i" where
"bij(A,B) \ inj(A,B) \ surj(A,B)"
subsection
‹Surjective
Function Space
›
lemma surj_is_fun:
"f \ surj(A,B) \ f \ A->B"
unfolding surj_def
apply (erule CollectD1)
done
lemma fun_is_surj:
"f \ Pi(A,B) \ f \ surj(A,range(f))"
unfolding surj_def
apply (blast intro: apply_equality range_of_fun domain_type)
done
lemma surj_range:
"f \ surj(A,B) \ range(f)=B"
unfolding surj_def
apply (best intro: apply_Pair elim: range_type)
done
text‹A
function with a right inverse
is a surjection
›
lemma f_imp_surjective:
"\f \ A->B; \y. y \ B \ d(y): A; \y. y \ B \ f`d(y) = y\
==> f
∈ surj(A,B)
"
by (simp add: surj_def, blast)
lemma lam_surjective:
"\\x. x \ A \ c(x): B;
∧y. y
∈ B
==> d(y): A;
∧y. y
∈ B
==> c(d(y)) = y
] ==> (λx
∈A. c(x))
∈ surj(A,B)
"
apply (rule_tac d = d
in f_imp_surjective)
apply (simp_all add: lam_type)
done
text‹Cantor
's theorem revisited\
lemma cantor_surj:
"f \ surj(A,Pow(A))"
apply (unfold surj_def, safe)
apply (cut_tac cantor)
apply (best del: subsetI)
done
subsection
‹Injective
Function Space
›
lemma inj_is_fun:
"f \ inj(A,B) \ f \ A->B"
unfolding inj_def
apply (erule CollectD1)
done
text‹Good
for dealing
with sets of pairs, but a bit ugly
in use [used
in AC]
›
lemma inj_equality:
"\\a,b\:f; \c,b\:f; f \ inj(A,B)\ \ a=c"
unfolding inj_def
apply (blast dest: Pair_mem_PiD)
done
lemma inj_apply_equality:
"\f \ inj(A,B); f`a=f`b; a \ A; b \ A\ \ a=b"
by (unfold inj_def, blast)
text‹A
function with a left inverse
is an injection
›
lemma f_imp_injective:
"\f \ A->B; \x\A. d(f`x)=x\ \ f \ inj(A,B)"
apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: inj_def)
apply (blast intro: subst_context [
THEN box_equals])
done
lemma lam_injective:
"\\x. x \ A \ c(x): B;
∧x. x
∈ A
==> d(c(x)) = x
]
==> (λx
∈A. c(x))
∈ inj(A,B)
"
apply (rule_tac d = d
in f_imp_injective)
apply (simp_all add: lam_type)
done
subsection
‹Bijections
›
lemma bij_is_inj:
"f \ bij(A,B) \ f \ inj(A,B)"
unfolding bij_def
apply (erule IntD1)
done
lemma bij_is_surj:
"f \ bij(A,B) \ f \ surj(A,B)"
unfolding bij_def
apply (erule IntD2)
done
lemma bij_is_fun:
"f \ bij(A,B) \ f \ A->B"
by (rule bij_is_inj [
THEN inj_is_fun])
lemma lam_bijective:
"\\x. x \ A \ c(x): B;
∧y. y
∈ B
==> d(y): A;
∧x. x
∈ A
==> d(c(x)) = x;
∧y. y
∈ B
==> c(d(y)) = y
] ==> (λx
∈A. c(x))
∈ bij(A,B)
"
unfolding bij_def
apply (blast intro!: lam_injective lam_surjective)
done
lemma RepFun_bijective:
"(\y\x. \!y'. f(y') = f(y))
==> (λz
∈{f(y). y
∈ x}. THE y. f(y) = z)
∈ bij({f(y). y
∈ x}, x)
"
apply (rule_tac d = f
in lam_bijective)
apply (auto simp add: the_equality2)
done
subsection
‹Identity
Function›
lemma idI [intro!]:
"a \ A \ \a,a\ \ id(A)"
unfolding id_def
apply (erule lamI)
done
lemma idE [elim!]:
"\p \ id(A); \x.\x \ A; p=\x,x\\ \ P\ \ P"
by (simp add: id_def lam_def, blast)
lemma id_type:
"id(A) \ A->A"
unfolding id_def
apply (rule lam_type, assumption)
done
lemma id_conv [simp]:
"x \ A \ id(A)`x = x"
unfolding id_def
apply (simp (no_asm_simp))
done
lemma id_mono:
"A<=B \ id(A) \ id(B)"
unfolding id_def
apply (erule lam_mono)
done
lemma id_subset_inj:
"A<=B \ id(A): inj(A,B)"
apply (simp add: inj_def id_def)
apply (blast intro: lam_type)
done
lemmas id_inj = subset_refl [
THEN id_subset_inj]
lemma id_surj:
"id(A): surj(A,A)"
unfolding id_def surj_def
apply (simp (no_asm_simp))
done
lemma id_bij:
"id(A): bij(A,A)"
unfolding bij_def
apply (blast intro: id_inj id_surj)
done
lemma subset_iff_id:
"A \ B \ id(A) \ A->B"
unfolding id_def
apply (force intro!: lam_type dest: apply_type)
done
text‹🍋‹id
› as the identity relation
›
lemma id_iff [simp]:
"\x,y\ \ id(A) \ x=y \ y \ A"
by auto
subsection
‹Converse of a
Function›
lemma inj_converse_fun:
"f \ inj(A,B) \ converse(f) \ range(f)->A"
unfolding inj_def
apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: Pi_iff function_def)
apply (erule CollectE)
apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: apply_iff)
apply (blast dest: fun_is_rel)
done
text‹Equations
for converse(f)
›
text‹The premises are equivalent
to saying that f
is injective...
›
lemma left_inverse_lemma:
"\f \ A->B; converse(f): C->A; a \ A\ \ converse(f)`(f`a) = a"
by (blast intro: apply_Pair apply_equality converseI)
lemma left_inverse [simp]:
"\f \ inj(A,B); a \ A\ \ converse(f)`(f`a) = a"
by (blast intro: left_inverse_lemma inj_converse_fun inj_is_fun)
lemma left_inverse_eq:
"\f \ inj(A,B); f ` x = y; x \ A\ \ converse(f) ` y = x"
by auto
lemmas left_inverse_bij = bij_is_inj [
THEN left_inverse]
lemma right_inverse_lemma:
"\f \ A->B; converse(f): C->A; b \ C\ \ f`(converse(f)`b) = b"
by (rule apply_Pair [
THEN converseD [
THEN apply_equality]], auto)
(*Should the premises be f \<in> surj(A,B), b \<in> B for symmetry with left_inverse?
No: they would not imply that converse(f) was a function! *)
lemma right_inverse [simp]:
"\f \ inj(A,B); b \ range(f)\ \ f`(converse(f)`b) = b"
by (blast intro: right_inverse_lemma inj_converse_fun inj_is_fun)
lemma right_inverse_bij:
"\f \ bij(A,B); b \ B\ \ f`(converse(f)`b) = b"
by (force simp add: bij_def surj_range)
subsection
‹Converses of Injections, Surjections, Bijections
›
lemma inj_converse_inj:
"f \ inj(A,B) \ converse(f): inj(range(f), A)"
apply (rule f_imp_injective)
apply (erule inj_converse_fun, clarify)
apply (rule right_inverse)
apply assumption
apply blast
done
lemma inj_converse_surj:
"f \ inj(A,B) \ converse(f): surj(range(f), A)"
by (blast intro: f_imp_surjective inj_converse_fun left_inverse inj_is_fun
range_of_fun [
THEN apply_type])
text‹Adding this as an intro! rule seems
to cause looping
›
lemma bij_converse_bij [TC]:
"f \ bij(A,B) \ converse(f): bij(B,A)"
unfolding bij_def
apply (fast elim: surj_range [
THEN subst] inj_converse_inj inj_converse_surj)
done
subsection
‹Composition of Two Relations
›
text‹The
inductive definition package could derive these
theorems for 🍋‹r O s
››
lemma compI [intro]:
"\\a,b\:s; \b,c\:r\ \ \a,c\ \ r O s"
by (unfold comp_def, blast)
lemma compE [elim!]:
"\xz \ r O s;
∧x y z.
[xz=
⟨x,z
⟩;
⟨x,y
⟩:s;
⟨y,z
⟩:r
] ==> P
]
==> P
"
by (unfold comp_def, blast)
lemma compEpair:
"\\a,c\ \ r O s;
∧y.
[⟨a,y
⟩:s;
⟨y,c
⟩:r
] ==> P
]
==> P
"
by (erule compE, simp)
lemma converse_comp:
"converse(R O S) = converse(S) O converse(R)"
by blast
subsection
‹Domain and Range -- see Suppes, Section 3.1
›
text‹Boyer et al., Set
Theory in First-Order Logic, JAR 2 (1986), 287-327
›
lemma range_comp:
"range(r O s) \ range(r)"
by blast
lemma range_comp_eq:
"domain(r) \ range(s) \ range(r O s) = range(r)"
by (rule range_comp [
THEN equalityI], blast)
lemma domain_comp:
"domain(r O s) \ domain(s)"
by blast
lemma domain_comp_eq:
"range(s) \ domain(r) \ domain(r O s) = domain(s)"
by (rule domain_comp [
THEN equalityI], blast)
lemma image_comp:
"(r O s)``A = r``(s``A)"
by blast
lemma inj_inj_range:
"f \ inj(A,B) \ f \ inj(A,range(f))"
by (auto simp add: inj_def Pi_iff function_def)
lemma inj_bij_range:
"f \ inj(A,B) \ f \ bij(A,range(f))"
by (auto simp add: bij_def intro: inj_inj_range inj_is_fun fun_is_surj)
subsection
‹Other Results
›
lemma comp_mono:
"\r'<=r; s'<=s\ \ (r' O s') \ (r O s)"
by blast
text‹composition preserves relations
›
lemma comp_rel:
"\s<=A*B; r<=B*C\ \ (r O s) \ A*C"
by blast
text‹associative law
for composition
›
lemma comp_assoc:
"(r O s) O t = r O (s O t)"
by blast
(*left identity of composition; provable inclusions are
id(A) O r \<subseteq> r
and \<lbrakk>r<=A*B; B<=C\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> r \<subseteq> id(C) O r *)
lemma left_comp_id:
"r<=A*B \ id(B) O r = r"
by blast
(*right identity of composition; provable inclusions are
r O id(A) \<subseteq> r
and \<lbrakk>r<=A*B; A<=C\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> r \<subseteq> r O id(C) *)
lemma right_comp_id:
"r<=A*B \ r O id(A) = r"
by blast
subsection
‹Composition Preserves Functions, Injections,
and Surjections
›
lemma comp_function:
"\function(g); function(f)\ \ function(f O g)"
by (unfold function_def, blast)
text‹Don
't think the premises can be weakened much\
lemma comp_fun:
"\g \ A->B; f \ B->C\ \ (f O g) \ A->C"
apply (auto simp add: Pi_def comp_function Pow_iff comp_rel)
apply (subst range_rel_subset [
THEN domain_comp_eq], auto)
done
(*Thanks to the new definition of "apply", the premise f \<in> B->C is gone!*)
lemma comp_fun_apply [simp]:
"\g \ A->B; a \ A\ \ (f O g)`a = f`(g`a)"
apply (frule apply_Pair, assumption)
apply (simp add: apply_def image_comp)
apply (blast dest: apply_equality)
done
text‹Simplifies compositions of lambda-abstractions
›
lemma comp_lam:
"\\x. x \ A \ b(x): B\
==> (λy
∈B. c(y)) O (λx
∈A. b(x)) = (λx
∈A. c(b(x)))
"
apply (subgoal_tac
"(\x\A. b(x)) \ A -> B")
apply (rule fun_extension)
apply (blast intro: comp_fun lam_funtype)
apply (rule lam_funtype)
apply simp
apply (simp add: lam_type)
done
lemma comp_inj:
"\g \ inj(A,B); f \ inj(B,C)\ \ (f O g) \ inj(A,C)"
apply (frule inj_is_fun [of g])
apply (frule inj_is_fun [of f])
apply (rule_tac d =
"\y. converse (g) ` (converse (f) ` y)" in f_imp_injective)
apply (blast intro: comp_fun, simp)
done
lemma comp_surj:
"\g \ surj(A,B); f \ surj(B,C)\ \ (f O g) \ surj(A,C)"
unfolding surj_def
apply (blast intro!: comp_fun comp_fun_apply)
done
lemma comp_bij:
"\g \ bij(A,B); f \ bij(B,C)\ \ (f O g) \ bij(A,C)"
unfolding bij_def
apply (blast intro: comp_inj comp_surj)
done
subsection
‹Dual Properties of
🍋‹inj
› and 🍋‹surj
››
text‹Useful
for proofs
from
D Pastre. Automatic
theorem proving
in set
theory.
Artificial Intelligence, 10:1--27, 1978.
›
lemma comp_mem_injD1:
"\(f O g): inj(A,C); g \ A->B; f \ B->C\ \ g \ inj(A,B)"
by (unfold inj_def, force)
lemma comp_mem_injD2:
"\(f O g): inj(A,C); g \ surj(A,B); f \ B->C\ \ f \ inj(B,C)"
apply (unfold inj_def surj_def, safe)
apply (rule_tac x1 = x
in bspec [
THEN bexE])
apply (erule_tac [3] x1 = w
in bspec [
THEN bexE], assumption+, safe)
apply (rule_tac t =
"(`) (g) " in subst_context)
apply (erule asm_rl bspec [
THEN bspec,
THEN mp])+
apply (simp (no_asm_simp))
done
lemma comp_mem_surjD1:
"\(f O g): surj(A,C); g \ A->B; f \ B->C\ \ f \ surj(B,C)"
unfolding surj_def
apply (blast intro!: comp_fun_apply [symmetric] apply_funtype)
done
lemma comp_mem_surjD2:
"\(f O g): surj(A,C); g \ A->B; f \ inj(B,C)\ \ g \ surj(A,B)"
apply (unfold inj_def surj_def, safe)
apply (drule_tac x =
"f`y" in bspec, auto)
apply (blast intro: apply_funtype)
done
subsubsection
‹Inverses of Composition
›
text‹left inverse of composition; one inclusion
is
🍋‹f
∈ A->B
==> id(A)
⊆ converse(f) O f
››
lemma left_comp_inverse:
"f \ inj(A,B) \ converse(f) O f = id(A)"
apply (unfold inj_def, clarify)
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (auto simp add: apply_iff, blast)
done
text‹right inverse of composition; one inclusion
is
🍋‹f
∈ A->B
==> f O converse(f)
⊆ id(B)
››
lemma right_comp_inverse:
"f \ surj(A,B) \ f O converse(f) = id(B)"
apply (simp add: surj_def, clarify)
apply (rule equalityI)
apply (best elim: domain_type range_type dest: apply_equality2)
apply (blast intro: apply_Pair)
done
subsubsection
‹Proving that a
Function is a Bijection
›
lemma comp_eq_id_iff:
"\f \ A->B; g \ B->A\ \ f O g = id(B) \ (\y\B. f`(g`y)=y)"
apply (unfold id_def, safe)
apply (drule_tac t =
"\h. h`y " in subst_context)
apply simp
apply (rule fun_extension)
apply (blast intro: comp_fun lam_type)
apply auto
done
lemma fg_imp_bijective:
"\f \ A->B; g \ B->A; f O g = id(B); g O f = id(A)\ \ f \ bij(A,B)"
unfolding bij_def
apply (simp add: comp_eq_id_iff)
apply (blast intro: f_imp_injective f_imp_surjective apply_funtype)
done
lemma nilpotent_imp_bijective:
"\f \ A->A; f O f = id(A)\ \ f \ bij(A,A)"
by (blast intro: fg_imp_bijective)
lemma invertible_imp_bijective:
"\converse(f): B->A; f \ A->B\ \ f \ bij(A,B)"
by (simp add: fg_imp_bijective comp_eq_id_iff
left_inverse_lemma right_inverse_lemma)
subsubsection
‹Unions of Functions
›
text‹See similar
theorems in func.thy
›
text‹Theorem by KG,
proof by LCP
›
lemma inj_disjoint_Un:
"\f \ inj(A,B); g \ inj(C,D); B \ D = 0\
==> (λa
∈A
∪ C.
if a
∈ A
then f`a else g`a)
∈ inj(A
∪ C, B
∪ D)
"
apply (rule_tac d =
"\z. if z \ B then converse (f) `z else converse (g) `z"
in lam_injective)
apply (auto simp add: inj_is_fun [
THEN apply_type])
done
lemma surj_disjoint_Un:
"\f \ surj(A,B); g \ surj(C,D); A \ C = 0\
==> (f
∪ g)
∈ surj(A
∪ C, B
∪ D)
"
apply (simp add: surj_def fun_disjoint_Un)
apply (blast dest!: domain_of_fun
intro!: fun_disjoint_apply1 fun_disjoint_apply2)
done
text‹A simple, high-level
proof; the version
for injections follows
from it,
using 🍋‹f
∈ inj(A,B)
⟷ f
∈ bij(A,range(f))
››
lemma bij_disjoint_Un:
"\f \ bij(A,B); g \ bij(C,D); A \ C = 0; B \ D = 0\
==> (f
∪ g)
∈ bij(A
∪ C, B
∪ D)
"
apply (rule invertible_imp_bijective)
apply (subst converse_Un)
apply (auto intro: fun_disjoint_Un bij_is_fun bij_converse_bij)
done
subsubsection
‹Restrictions as Surjections
and Bijections
›
lemma surj_image:
"f \ Pi(A,B) \ f \ surj(A, f``A)"
apply (simp add: surj_def)
apply (blast intro: apply_equality apply_Pair Pi_type)
done
lemma surj_image_eq:
"f \ surj(A, B) \ f``A = B"
by (auto simp add: surj_def image_fun) (blast dest: apply_type)
lemma restrict_image [simp]:
"restrict(f,A) `` B = f `` (A \ B)"
by (auto simp add: restrict_def)
lemma restrict_inj:
"\f \ inj(A,B); C<=A\ \ restrict(f,C): inj(C,B)"
unfolding inj_def
apply (safe elim!: restrict_type2, auto)
done
lemma restrict_surj:
"\f \ Pi(A,B); C<=A\ \ restrict(f,C): surj(C, f``C)"
apply (insert restrict_type2 [
THEN surj_image])
apply (simp add: restrict_image)
done
lemma restrict_bij:
"\f \ inj(A,B); C<=A\ \ restrict(f,C): bij(C, f``C)"
apply (simp add: inj_def bij_def)
apply (blast intro: restrict_surj surj_is_fun)
done
subsubsection
‹Lemmas for Ramsey
's Theorem\
lemma inj_weaken_type:
"\f \ inj(A,B); B<=D\ \ f \ inj(A,D)"
unfolding inj_def
apply (blast intro: fun_weaken_type)
done
lemma inj_succ_restrict:
"\f \ inj(succ(m), A)\ \ restrict(f,m) \ inj(m, A-{f`m})"
apply (rule restrict_bij [
THEN bij_is_inj,
THEN inj_weaken_type], assumption, blast)
unfolding inj_def
apply (fast elim: range_type mem_irrefl dest: apply_equality)
done
lemma inj_extend:
"\f \ inj(A,B); a\A; b\B\
==> cons(
⟨a,b
⟩,f)
∈ inj(cons(a,A), cons(b,B))
"
unfolding inj_def
apply (force intro: apply_type simp add: fun_extend)
done
end