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Quellcode-Bibliothek
© Kompilation durch diese Firma
[Weder Korrektheit noch Funktionsfähigkeit der Software werden zugesichert.]
Datei:
UserGuide.lyx
Sprache: Unknown
Spracherkennung für: .lyx vermutete Sprache: Isabelle {Isabelle[154] Fortran[189] CS[240]} [Methode: Schwerpunktbildung, einfache Gewichte, sechs Dimensionen]
#This file was created by <mike> Fri Jan 29 00:36:21 1999
#LyX 1.0 (C) 1995-1998 Matthias Ettrich and the LyX Team
\lyxformat 2.15
\textclass book
\begin_preamble
% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!!
%
% I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints
% out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
% parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you
% have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
% the documentation team intead of messing around in here. --jpw 4/97
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\language default
\inputencoding latin1
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\paperfontsize default
\spacing single
\papersize letterpaper
\paperpackage a4
\use_geometry 0
\use_amsmath 0
\paperorientation portrait
\secnumdepth 3
\tocdepth 3
\paragraph_separation indent
\defskip medskip
\quotes_language english
\quotes_times 2
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle headings
\layout Title
The LyX User's Guide
\layout Author
by the LyX Team
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
This file is temporarily maintained by
\noun on
Mike Ressler
\noun default
, [email protected].
Please send comments or error corrections to that address.
\end_float
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents
\end_inset
\layout Chapter
Introduction
\layout Section
What Is LyX?
\layout Standard
LyX is a program that provides a more modern approach to writing documents
with a computer, an approach that breaks with the obsolete tradition of
the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
typewriter concept.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
It is designed for authors who want professional output quickly with a
minimum of effort without becoming specialists in typesetting.
Compared to common word processors, LyX will increase productivity a lot,
since the job of typesetting is done mostly by the computer, not the author.
With LyX, the author can concentrate on the contents of her writing, since
the computer takes care of the look.
\layout Standard
Technically this is done by combining the comfortable interface of a word
processor with the high quality of a real typesetting system.
LyX uses the most popular and, in our opinion, best typesetting system
available: LaTeX.
LaTeX is used for a wide range of documents, especially in science.
For example, it's difficult to find a mathematics or computer science book
that is not done with LaTeX.
So, some people claim that its main purpose is mathematical typesetting.
This isn't true.
LaTeX is equally good for writing letters, articles, books, or any other
kind of document, and does so much better than common word processors.
What prevents some people from using this powerful, free typesetting system,
one that is available for almost every computer system, is its difficult
usage.
With plain LaTeX, you need to enter a series of typesetting commands into
the text in order to produce your document.
As a result, you get no visual feedback until you feed your document to
the LaTeX program.
It's also difficult to read these documents before they have been printed.
So, online editing isn't very easy.
This is where LyX enters the game.
\layout Standard
LyX provides an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
almost-WYSIWYG
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
view of the document.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Almost
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means that the line- and page-breaks are not displayed exactly as they
will appear in the printed document.
However, that's not really necessary, since LyX uses a separate typesetter
program [here, LaTeX] to perform the final formatting of your text.
While LyX contains everything it needs to be a comfortable user interface,
the typesetting program contains everything necessary to format text, and
do so very, very well.
There's no need to reinvent the wheel, after all.
Besides, computers are best at following a set of rules, and doing so repeatedl
y and consistently.
Why should you do extra work remembering which subsubsection in which section
in which chapter you're in, what numbering scheme your using, how big the
different headings are, what font you used for the different types of headings,
and so on, and so on, and so on, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
when a computer can do all of that for
you? The answer is simple: you shouldn't, and with LyX, you don't have
to.
So, line- and page-breaks aren't your problem anymore.
Remembering which number to use for the next subsection isn't your problem
anymore.
Recalling what font you used for all of your section headings isn't your
problem anymore.
With LyX, you simply choose a so-called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
paragraph environment.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
That's it.
You're done.
\layout Standard
This gives you far more power than you may think.
No longer do you need to scroll through a 75 page document, changing all
of the section numbers because you deleted an old section.
You could even pick a section, heading and all, up out of one document
and drop it in a new one.
LyX does the renumbering for you, adds the section to the Table of Contents,
and more! Because you tell LyX [and LaTeX] what
\emph on
kind
\emph default
of document you're editing and what
\emph on
type
\emph default
of paragraph this-or-that text is, the computer can typeset it accordingly.
Cut some paragraphs from an old document [say, an article] and paste them
in a completely different one, [say, a letter] and LyX does the rest.
Of course you can also still do some low-level formatting for fine-tuning.
However, the proper way with LyX is to tell the computer what the text
\emph on
is
\emph default
, not what it should look like.
So, we like to say that LyX gives you WYSIWYM editing [What You See Is
What You
\emph on
Mean
\emph default
].
\layout Standard
Some people might be tempted to call LyX a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
frontend to LaTeX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
This isn't quite fair.
LyX performs some typesetting internally to generate the correct look on
the screen.
Furthermore, LyX has some extensions to LaTeX specially designed to work
with the WYSIWYM-concept.
So, it's actually better to call LyX a
\emph on
High Level Wordprocessor
\emph default
that uses LaTeX as its backend.
\layout Section
About This Document
\layout Standard
If you haven't read the
\emph on
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Introduction
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\emph default
, you need to.
Yes, we mean now.
\layout Standard
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
describes several things, most importantly, the format of all of the manuals.
If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
of this one.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
describes that, too.
\layout Standard
A full list of credits, containing of the LyX Documentation Project member,
appears at the end of this file.
\layout Section
Getting Started
\layout Subsection
Invoking LyX
\layout Standard
Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX
by simply typing
\family typewriter
lyx
\family default
at the command line.
You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file
names.
We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've
already done that in the
\family typewriter
man
\family default
page for LyX.
Check there for more info.
\layout Standard
There are one or two things we'd like to comment on:
\layout Itemize
If you include more than one file name on the command line, LyX will load
them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously.
More on that in a bit.
\layout Itemize
Many of you X-perts out there will try, in vain, to use the
\family typewriter
-geometry
\family default
option or its cousin, which has the form:
\family typewriter
-80x24+5+5
\family default
.
For now, there is a workaround via the options
\family typewriter
-height
\family default
,
\family typewriter
-width
\family default
,
\family typewriter
-xpos
\family default
and
\family typewriter
-ypos
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
How LyX Looks
\layout Subsubsection
The Main Window
\layout Standard
Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of
its window.
Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
documents.
At the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line
of text.
This is the
\emph on
minibuffer
\emph default
[a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs].
It not only displays status information, but takes input, as well.
\layout Standard
Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar.
This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
next line.
Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
only a vertical scrollbar.
\layout Standard
There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@.
This, however, is due
to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a
WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just
as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page.
The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
the LyX window.
That is indeed a problem, one which will be resolved in a future version
of LyX.
\layout Subsubsection
Popups
\layout Standard
Ever heard of a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
dialog box?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
We LyXers like to call them popups windows, or popups for short.
Almost all of the LyX popups have three basic buttons:
\family sans
OK
\family default
,
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
, and
\family sans
Cancel
\family default
.
The first and last ones are self-explanatory.
The
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
button works similarly to the
\family sans
OK
\family default
button, in that it activates whatever changes you made in the popup; however,
it doesn't close the popup, like
\family sans
OK
\family default
does.
Actually, pressing the
\family sans
OK
\family default
button is exactly the same as pressing
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
to commit the changes and then
\family sans
Cancel
\family default
to close the popup.
The three buttons also have shortcut keys:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
OK
\family default
is bound to the
\family sans
Return
\family default
key, as in most programs
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
is bound to
\family sans
M-a
\family default
[as you might expect]
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Cancel
\family default
is bound to the
\family sans
Esc
\family default
key.
\layout Standard
There are some popups that have different buttons.
Not to worry, they're typically self-explanatory.
We just wanted to document somewhere what that
\family sans
\bar under
A
\bar default
pply
\family default
does.
\layout Subsection
HELP!
\layout Standard
First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough or idiot-proof as
in many commercial applications.
Patience.
We're working on it.
\layout Standard
Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals.
You can read
\emph on
all
\emph default
of the manuals from inside LyX.
Just select the manual you want read from the
\family sans
\bar under
H
\bar default
elp
\family default
menu.
\layout Standard
While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals.
They're not idiot-proof, not in the least.
Here's what one of our authors,
\noun on
John Weiss
\noun default
, once said about manuals:
\layout Quotation
I hate manuals.
\layout Quotation
Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals.
They are aggravating.
I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating.
First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user
how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, et cetera, ad nauseum.
Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI,
then they should sit down and learn
\emph on
before
\emph default
they start up a major piece of software.
\layout Quotation
Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is
stupid.
Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless
and intimidated, not stupid.
Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a
manual for a piece of computer software can't give.
\layout Standard
\emph on
Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors
to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic.
As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well,
as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch.
- jw
\layout Section
The LyX Interface
\layout Subsection
Basic File Operations
\layout Standard
Under the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
N
\bar default
ew
\layout Itemize
\family sans
New from
\bar under
t
\bar default
emplate
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
pen
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
lose
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
S
\bar default
ave
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Save
\protected_separator
\bar under
A
\bar default
s
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
evert to saved
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
rint
\layout Itemize
\family sans
E
\bar under
x
\bar default
it
\layout Standard
They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
a few minor differences.
The
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile->New from template
\family default
command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts
you for a template to use.
Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
[see sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes}
\end_inset
]
\layout Standard
Note: There is no
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
default file
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or document named
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Untitled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
scratch.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank
space is just that --- a big, blank space.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
evert to saved
\family default
command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same
time
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
in LyX also.
Read
\emph on
Special Tools
\emph default
\SpecialChar \@.
\end_float
.
It will simply reload the document from disk.
You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
and want to restore it to the last save.
\layout Standard
The second matter of note concerns the commands
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile->
\bar under
C
\bar default
lose
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile->E
\bar under
x
\bar default
it
\family default
.
They both feature a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
nag box
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
to save us all from our own stupidity.
That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll
be informed that there are unsaved files.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Some of you will know that previous versions of LyX would crash if you tried
to kill the window from the window manager [i.e.
double-clicking the upper left corner].
This has been fixed in 0.12, so it's safe to do that now.
\end_float
\layout Subsection
Basic Editing Features
\layout Standard
Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations
on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and
can delete whole words as well as individual characters.
The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to
access them.
We'll start with cut and paste.
\layout Standard
As you might expect, the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features.
Some of these are special and covered in later sections, such as the
\family sans
Flo
\bar under
a
\bar default
ts
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Insets
\family default
submenu.
The basic ones are:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
C
\bar default
ut
\layout Itemize
\family sans
C
\bar under
o
\bar default
py
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
P
\bar default
aste
\layout Itemize
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ind
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Replace
\layout Standard
The first three are self-explanatory.
One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected,
it's automatically placed in the clipboard.
That is, the
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
keys also functions as the
\family sans
Cut
\family default
command.
Also, if you've selected text, be careful.
If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace
it with what you just typed.
You'll have to do an
\family sans
Undo
\family default
to get back the lost text.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit->
\bar under
F
\bar default
ind
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Replace
\family default
item opens the
\family sans
Find
\protected_separator
&
\protected_separator
Replace
\family default
popup.
LyX does its find and replace work a little bit differently than certain
commercial programs.
Obviously, the text you want to find goes in the
\family sans
Fi
\bar under
n
\bar default
d
\family default
box.
The two arrow buttons search backward and forward, respectively [it's obvious
which does which].
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
These two arrows can be accessed from the keyboard via the shortcuts
\family sans
M-f
\family default
and
\family sans
M-b
\family default
for forward and back.
\end_float
Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it.
Hitting the
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
eplace
\family default
button replaces the selected text with the contents of the
\family sans
Replace
\protected_separator
\bar under
w
\bar default
ith
\family default
box.
\layout Standard
Let's state that again: you can't do a replace unless you've done a find
first.
\layout Standard
To repeat a replace, click the arrow key to find the next/previous word,
then hit the
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
eplace
\family default
button.
There is no operation to do a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
replace all
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
[At least not yet\SpecialChar \ldots{}
]
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
Case sensitive
\family default
toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of
the search word.
If the toggle is set, searching for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
Match
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will not match the word
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
match
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
Match Word
\family default
toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words.
I.e.
searching for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
match
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
will not match
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
matches
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\layout Subsection
Undo and Redo
\layout Standard
If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
LyX has an infinite-capacity undo/redo buffer.
Select
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit->
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
to undo some mistake.
If you accidently undo too much, use
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit->
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
undo the undo.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\emph on
The undo-mechanism has been limited to 100 steps in the beta-version, as
this feature has not yet been properly tested out.
\layout Standard
You can't use
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
beyond the most recent change.
Likewise, you can't
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
beyond the first change you made after opening the file.
In such situations, the corresponding menu entries are grayed out.
Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as
it was last saved, the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
changed
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
This is a known bug.
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
work on almost everything in LyX.
They have some quirks, too.
They won't
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
or
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
text character by character, but by blocks of text.
That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll
hopefully appreciate how it works.
Also,
\family sans
\bar under
R
\bar default
edo
\family default
does not work inside of math mode.
Tip: if you enter
\family sans
Math mode
\family default
, change an equation, then leave math mode,
\family sans
\bar under
U
\bar default
ndo
\family default
will revert to the old version of the equation, the one which existed before
you entered
\family sans
Math mode
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
Basic Mouse Bindings
\layout Standard
We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here.
Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you
can do with the mouse.
Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations.
\layout Enumerate
Motion
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Click the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
once anywhere in the edit window.
The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
\layout Itemize
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Scroll Bar
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
The scrollbar in LyX works pretty much as any other scrollbar around, except
that we've enhanced it a bit.
The scrollbar arrow buttons can do more than meets the eye:
\layout Itemize
Use the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
to scroll by one line in the direction of the arrow.
\layout Itemize
Use the
\emph on
right mouse button
\emph default
to scroll a page in the
\emph on
same
\emph default
direction as the arrow.
\layout Itemize
Use the
\emph on
middle mouse button
\emph default
to scroll a page in the
\emph on
opposite
\emph default
direction of the arrow.
\end_deeper
\layout Itemize
References
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
Click on the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
to jump to the referenced section.
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Selecting Text
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
Hold down the
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
and drag the mouse.
LyX selects the text between the old and new mouse positions.
This is similar to how other programs work.
\layout Itemize
Click the
\emph on
middle mouse button
\emph default
to paste text.
LyX repositions the cursor under the mouse and puts the pasted material
into the text at that position.
Also, if you've selected any text, LyX copies it into the paste buffer
and pastes it.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
\emph on
Single click
\emph default
\emph on
the
\emph default
left mouse button to open or close any of these.
Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
\end_deeper
\layout Enumerate
Tables
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
\emph on
Single click the right mouse button
\emph default
to open a pop-up that will allow you to manipulate the table.
\end_deeper
\layout Subsection
Basic Key Bindings
\layout Standard
Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings.
You should know how to use a keyboard by now.
Besides, the
\emph on
Reference manual
\emph default
contains a complete list of
\emph on
all
\emph default
of the keybindings.
\layout Standard
Some keys, like
\family sans
PageUp
\family default
,
\family sans
PageDown
\family default
,
\family sans
Left
\family default
,
\family sans
Right
\family default
,
\family sans
Up
\family default
, and
\family sans
Down
\family default
, do exactly what you expect them to do.
Other keys don't:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Tab
\family default
There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
If you don't understand this, go read Section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments}
\end_inset
, especially sec.
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists}
\end_inset
, right now.
Yes, right now.
If you're still confused, look in the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Esc
\family default
This is the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
cancel key.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
It's used, generically, to cancel operations.
Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Home
\family default
\protected_separator
and
\protected_separator
\family sans
End
\family default
These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
\protected_separator
and
\protected_separator
\family sans
Delete
\family default
\emph on
If
\emph default
you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System,
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
works as expected and
\family sans
Delete
\family default
deletes the character to the right of the cursor [if no text is selected].
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean
by that, go read section
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys}
\end_inset
immediately.
You'll save yourself a lot of headaches.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Then there are the modifier keys:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Control-
\family default
This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used
in combination with:
\begin_deeper
\layout Itemize
With
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
or
\family sans
Delete
\family default
, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
\layout Itemize
With
\family sans
Left
\family default
and
\family sans
Right
\family default
, it moves by words instead of characters.
\layout Itemize
With
\family sans
Home
\family default
and
\family sans
End
\family default
, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
\end_deeper
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Shift-
\family default
Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old
and new cursor positions.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\family sans
Meta-
\family default
As we noted earlier, this is the
\family sans
Alt
\family default
- key on many keyboards.
This key does many different things, but it also activated the
\emph on
menu accelerator keys
\emph default
.
If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
If you use the accelerator key for a menu and then hit
\family sans
Space
\family default
, you'll open that menu.
\begin_deeper
\layout Standard
For example, the sequence
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
M-e
\protected_separator
p
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
pastes text.
Typing
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
M-f
\protected_separator
Space
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
opens the
\family sans
\bar under
F
\bar default
ile
\family default
menu.
\layout Standard
There are also other things bound to the
\family sans
Meta-
\family default
key, but you'll have to check in the
\emph on
Reference
\emph default
\emph on
manual
\emph default
for more info.
\end_deeper
\layout Standard
Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as
you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in
the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered,
and any existing keybindings for that action.
The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
M-p S-A
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means
\family sans
Meta-p
\family default
followed by a capital
\family sans
A
\family default
.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family sans
S-C-S
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means
\family sans
Shift-Control-s
\family default
.
\layout Section
Using LyX with Other Programs
\layout Subsection
Importing ASCII files
\layout Standard
You can import text from an ASCII file using the
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Import
\protected_separator
\bar under
A
\bar default
SCII
\protected_separator
File
\family default
submenu.
It contains two different options:
\family sans
As
\protected_separator
\bar under
L
\bar default
ines
\family default
and
\family sans
As
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraphs
\family default
.
\layout Standard
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Import
\protected_separator
\bar under
A
\bar default
SCII
\protected_separator
File->As
\protected_separator
\bar under
L
\bar default
ines
\family default
puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph.
This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it.
However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the
paragraphs if you use this form of import.
\layout Standard
\family sans
\bar under
I
\bar default
nsert->Import
\protected_separator
\bar under
A
\bar default
SCII
\protected_separator
File->As
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraphs
\family default
preserves paragraphs in text files.
Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph
on one line.
You used
\family sans
Return
\family default
to break up the paragraph into separate lines.
Using the
\family sans
As
\protected_separator
\bar under
P
\bar default
aragraphs
\family default
option, LyX won't mangle such paragraphs.
Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph.
\emph on
But Remember:
\emph default
you must make sure there is a
\emph on
completely blank
\emph default
line between each and every paragraph in your text file.
If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs.
\layout Standard
Use these options wisely.
You have been warned!
\layout Subsection
Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs
\layout Standard
The
\family sans
Cut
\family default
,
\family sans
Copy
\family default
, and
\family sans
Paste
\family default
operations work only
\emph on
inside
\emph default
LyX.
At the moment, you can't copy text from LyX to another X-Windows program.
Sorry, but this is not implemented yet.
\layout Standard
The LyX team has managed, however, to get the other direction working.
That is, you can copy text from another X-Windows program
\emph on
into
\emph default
LyX.
This special form of pasting works like the ASCII import feature; you can
paste as lines or as paragraphs.
Use:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Paste
\protected_separator
Primary
\protected_separator
Selection
\protected_separator
As
\protected_separator
\bar under
L
\bar default
ines
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Paste
\protected_separator
Primary
\protected_separator
Selection
\protected_separator
As
\protected_separator
Para
\bar under
g
\bar default
raphs
\layout Standard
from the
\family sans
\bar under
E
\bar default
dit
\family default
menu to do this.
\layout Chapter
LyX Setup and Supporting Applications
\layout Section
Introduction
\layout Standard
If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you
can safely skip this chapter.
It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files
distributed with it.
\layout Standard
If you're installing LyX on your system,
\emph on
you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then
\family sans
\emph default
Help->LaTeX
\protected_separator
configuration
\family default
\emph on
.
\emph default
Do that first.
This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary
[Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{}
].
It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running
LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful.
\end_float
\layout Section
Requirements
\layout Standard
The version of LyX distributed as binaries only needs X-Windows (X11R6).
But it will compile under X11R5 as well.
LyX is quite small (about 1M without XForms) and doesn't even need much
memory to store the documents.
It's also not that fast,
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
It might take while if text in a new font has to be displayed, since the
font has to be loaded into the X-server.
LyX will not load fonts until they are really needed, so not all fonts
are immediately accessible in all possible styles and sizes.
\end_float
but fast enough to allow working on a 386DX40 with 8MB RAM.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
Note from
\noun on
Matthias
\noun default
:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
I know people who do this.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_float
\layout Standard
If you want to print and preview, you also need a complete LaTeX2e installation,
including
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
and
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
.
LyX will definitely not work with LaTeX2.09 (the changes you would have
to do in the LyX-sources are substantially more work than upgrading your
LaTeX).
\layout Standard
If you want to compile your own binary you also need the XForms-library.
As of version 1.0 you will need to use one of versions 0.81, 0.86 or 0.88 of
the XForms library.
We recommend using version 0.88, since that will give you a few extra features.
You can obtain it from:
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://bragg.phys.uwm.edu/xforms/}
\end_inset
\layout Itemize
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ftp/cs.ruu.nl/pub/XFORMS}
\end_inset
\layout Standard
You also need the pixmap library (libXpm).
Since this is usually a part of most modern Unixes it shouldn't be a problem.
Just make sure you have the right pixmap library for your version of the
XForms library.
There are some incompatibility issues.
As of version 1.0 you will need version 4.7 or 4.8 of libXpm.
\layout Standard
To compile LyX\SpecialChar \ldots{}
well, you wouldn't be reading this document if you hadn't
already done so, would you?
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
If, by some odd chance, someone has handed you a printed version of this
manual and the source files, please feel free to go ask
\emph on
them
\emph default
for help.
Or, look at the
\family typewriter
README
\family default
files that came in the source code distribution.
\end_float
\layout Section
Basic LyX Setup
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup}
\end_inset
Again, you probably wouldn't be reading this file if you didn't already
have a working LyX binary, so we won't discuss that here.
There are a few things we do want to mention about LyX setup and installation.
\layout Standard
There are two ways to run LyX.
The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system.
Of course, you need root privileges to do that.
The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
install
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
LyX somewhere in your own account.
LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories
are put in the correct places.
\layout Standard
There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX,
without resorting to configuration files.
First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document
classes and LaTeX packages are available.
It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several variables
of
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
.
Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed
on you system, you might have some items that you installed locally and
which are not seen by LyX.
To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use
\family sans
\bar under
O
\bar default
ptions->
\bar under
R
\bar default
econfigure
\family default
.
You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information
about what has been found under
\family sans
Help->L
\bar under
a
\bar default
TeX
\protected_separator
Configuration
\family default
.
\layout Standard
The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the
document-level setting that you can change via the
\family sans
\bar under
D
\bar default
ocument
\family default
,
\family sans
P
\bar under
a
\bar default
per
\family default
,
\family sans
\bar under
Q
\bar default
uotes
\family default
and
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
aTeX
\family default
\protected_separator
\family sans
Preamble
\family default
popups of the
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout
\family default
menu
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
LyX 0.10.x users might remember that these settings used to be accessible
in
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
.
This is not the case anymore.
\end_float
.
To do this, open a (possibly new) scrap document, set all these options
according to your taste and save them with
\family sans
\bar under
L
\bar default
ayout->
\bar under
S
\bar default
ave
\protected_separator
layout
\protected_separator
as
\protected_separator
default
\family default
.
This will create a template named
\family typewriter
default.lyx
\family default
which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template
such that the settings are automatically set up as you defined them.
\layout Standard
There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX.
Upon startup, LyX attempts to read a file called
\family typewriter
~/.lyx/lyxrc
\family default
beneath your home directory.
If this file does not exist, LyX will read a global options file called
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
.
The document
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
contains more information about these setup files.
\layout Section
Setting Up the X Keyboard
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys}
\end_inset
To use LyX properly, you
\emph on
must
\emph default
set X up correctly.
This is especially vital if you're using the international support features
of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings.
Unfortunately, almost nobody bothers to do this, especially those who've
installed Linux on a PC\SpecialChar \@.
Administrators of large systems can be guilty of
this, too, so don't assume that you're safe if you're using a large system.
Any user can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard.
You needn't rely on your sysadmin for this - in fact, you
\emph on
shouldn't
\emph default
! The following two programs are all you need to set up your keyboard the
way you want it.
\layout Subsection
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\family default
and
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\layout Standard
First of all read the man pages for these two programs.
They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping
correctly.
If you don't have them, install them.
\layout Subsubsection
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\layout Standard
This document contains no information on how to use
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\family default
.
There is a sample
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file in
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
.
To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\protected_separator
.Xmodmap
\family default
somewhere in your startup scripts [for example,
\family typewriter
.cshrc
\family default
,
\family typewriter
.profile
\family default
,
\family typewriter
.login
\family default
, or
\family typewriter
.xinitrc
\family default
are all possibilities].
\layout Subsubsection
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\layout Standard
This program is a dream come true! It brings up a graphical version of your
keyboard, allows you to make modifications, and then spits those modifications
out to the standard output in a form readable by
\family typewriter
xmodmap
\family default
.
It is very useful when you're trying to design a new
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting.
\layout Subsection
Modifiers and Mode_switch
\layout Standard
LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [
\family sans
S-
\family default
], Control [
\family sans
C-
\family default
], and Meta [
\family sans
M-
\family default
].
Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a
\family sans
Compose
\family default
key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your
keyboard.
This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like
\family sans
Shift
\family default
or
\family sans
Control
\family default
) or as a prefix key.
Here are some examples of what you can do with a
\family sans
Compose
\family default
key:
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+e+'
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \)
\end_inset
�
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+O+R
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \)
\end_inset
�
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+1+2
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \)
\end_inset
�
\layout Itemize
\family sans
Compose+<+<
\family default
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow \)
\end_inset
�
\layout Standard
This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters
only from time to time.
It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will
be used if you setup your locale correctly.
\layout Subsection
Helpful Hints and Tips
\layout Standard
First, open up two xterminals.
Use one to edit a new
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file and run
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
from the other.
Using
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
, remap your keyboard the way you want it.
There's a button in
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
to output the new keymap.
Once you hit it,
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from.
Just copy and paste all of that into your
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file, and you're done.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
You could also save yourself some typing by executing
\family typewriter
xkeycaps > .Xmodmap
\family default
.
This will create a usable map file.
Of course, if you hit the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
output keymap
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
button in
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
more than once, the resulting map file will be a mess.
As with all things,
\family typewriter
xkeycaps
\family default
is a tool, and only as intelligent as the person on the other end.
\end_float
\layout Standard
Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented.
Try executing the command
\family typewriter
xmodmap -v -pm
\family default
.
This will show you all of the currently active modifiers.
Also try
\family typewriter
xmodmap -v -pke | more
\family default
to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names.
It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the
\family typewriter
.Xmodmap
\family default
file.
\layout Standard
There's one thing you'll need to check.
Make sure that your
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
keys are
\emph on
not
\emph default
defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique
symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs.
Some programs bind
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
to the same operation.
Emacs is one.
Other programs, however, use
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
for different operations.
LyX is one of these programs, and if you have
\family sans
Delete
\family default
and
\family sans
BackSpace
\family default
labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX.
\layout Section
LaTeX
\layout Standard
If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
files, you'll need LaTeX.
\layout Standard
In case you were wondering, LaTeX is an extension to TeX, a document preparation
system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth.
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters,
\begin_inset Formula \( \tau \epsilon \chi \)
\end_inset
, which rhymes with
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
blech.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
That's how you pronounce
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
TeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
LaTeX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[If you're American, just pronounce the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
X
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
as a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
k
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and you've got it.]
\end_float
TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
device-independent
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
format, or Dvi, for short.
The Dvi file can then be sent to printers.
TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX
macros.
LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need
is a TeX package.
\layout Standard
There are two version of LaTeX commonly in use today.
One is the older LaTeX 2.09; the other is the newer LaTeX2e.
LyX will only work with LaTeX2e and will gag on the older version 2.09.
\layout Standard
Let us make that perfectly clear:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.23cm \added_space_bottom 0.23cm \align center
LyX
\emph on
WILL ONLY WORK WITH
\emph default
LaTeX2e!!!
\layout Standard
If your system has version 2.09, get the sysadmin to upgrade.
\layout Standard
If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution.
Look in the instructions that came with your Linux distribution [most likely
a CD-ROM] and install the TeX package, if you didn't do so already.
Everything you need will be there, along with some things you probably
don't need.
\layout Standard
For other systems, you'll probably have to talk to your sysadmin to get
TeX/LaTeX installed on your machine if it's not on there already.
\layout Standard
Oh, did we mention that LyX only works with LaTeX2e?
\layout Section
Dvips and Ghostscript
\layout Subsection
What You Need
\layout Standard
There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents.
Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next
section].
You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't
have them already:
\layout Itemize
\family typewriter
dvips
\layout Itemize
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\layout Itemize
\family typewriter
xdvi
\layout Itemize
\family typewriter
ghostview
\layout Standard
The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript�
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
PostScript� is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and
is the main page description language in the UN*X world.
\end_float
format.
If you don't know what a dvi-file is, you've probably also never worked
with LaTeX and should read the
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
document before proceeding further.
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
converts dvi-files into PostScript�, which is the format most printers
use nowadays.
For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter
the PostScript� through
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
, which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers.
The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically
every time you print.
For now, we'll concentrate on
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
\layout Subsection
Dvips
\layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig}
\end_inset
Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home,
you should configure
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
will either
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
print
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's
configured.
If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it
will simply turn
\family typewriter
foo.dvi
\family default
into
\family typewriter
foo.ps
\family default
.
Most systems have
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
set up to send output to the default printer.
For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both.
\layout Standard
If you are not a mood to configure
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section.
Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could
expect from your printer.
At least, it will print.
\layout Standard
If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular
on Linux), you should run the program
\family typewriter
texconfig
\family default
.
To make the name of a new printer recognized by
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
you should then select menu entry
\family sans
Dvips
\family default
, then add.
Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the
function
\family sans
Rehash
\family default
.
\layout Standard
Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
how to automagically convert a
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
file into a
\family typewriter
.ps
\family default
file adapted to printer
\family typewriter
foo
\family default
, you need to have a config-file,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
config.foo
\family default
,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
lying around somewhere.
Typically, the
\family typewriter
config.*
\family default
files for
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
will be in
\family typewriter
/usr/lib/texmf/dvips
\family default
in most TeX distributions.
Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the
main TeX directory for a subdirectory called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
It'll be there somewhere.
\layout Standard
Typically, there will be at least one config-file:
\family typewriter
config.ps
\family default
.
This file is the default configuration file, which is
\emph on
always
\emph default
read by dvips
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of
a file named
\family typewriter
ps
\family default
.
\end_float
.
Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula
r printer.
Then create a file
\family typewriter
config.foo
\family default
containing only the relevant lines.
\layout Standard
There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file.
There may exist a line that looks like,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
o | lpr
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
[without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{}
].
Change it to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
o | lpr -Pfoo
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, so that the output is sent by default to printer
\family typewriter
foo
\family default
.
However, you should probably investigate the entries
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
M
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\family typewriter
D
\family default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the
printer.
If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer
driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the
best possible result on your printer.
Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different
printers,
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take
valuable space.
\layout Standard
Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you
should tell LyX to make use of this configuration.
To do this, you should edit
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
and set correctly the entries
\family typewriter
\backslash
print_adapt_output
\family default
and
\family typewriter
\backslash
print_spool_command
\family default
as described there.
\layout Standard
You can use as many config-files as you like, one for each of your printers.
The default printer for LyX can be specified in
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
or with the
\family typewriter
PRINTER
\family default
environment variable.
You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in
a later section.Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript�
printer or file from LyX.
\layout Standard
If your printer doesn't understand PostScript�, you'll need to use
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
as a filter for your print spooler.
That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals.
We also have a section that covers a little bit of this.
\layout Standard
Some people don't seem to like using the
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
plus
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
combination.
As alternative, you can use a program that converts the dvi-file directly
into your printer language.
You can specify this program in
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
, too.
There is a major disadvantage to this method.
You can't include any PostScript� files, such as graphics, in your documents,
since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript�.
For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
and
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
for printing.
\layout Subsection
Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview
\layout Standard
\family typewriter
Xdvi
\family default
and
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
are viewers, The former handles
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
files, while the later interfaces with
\family typewriter
ghostscript
\family default
to allow you to view PostScript� files.
\layout Standard
A quick note on both of these programs.
Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file
\begin_float footnote
\layout Standard
That means the
\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default
or
\family typewriter
.ps
\family default
file, not the files used to make these.
\end_float
changes.
You can also force an update.
So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close
it.
Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same
features.
\layout Standard
The LyX team recommends using
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
for fine tuning documents.
Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before
you can view the changes.
Here's an example:
\layout Enumerate
Use
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running.
\layout Enumerate
Make changes to the document using LyX.
\layout Enumerate
To view those changes, just choose
\family sans
Update DVI
\family default
from the
\family sans
File
\family default
menu.
When LaTeX's all done, click on the
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
window, and voil�!
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
will update itself.
\layout Standard
Now, this doesn't mean
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
is useless.
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
is better suited to those occasions where you
\emph on
must
\emph default
view the PostScript� version of the document.
For repeated changes that aren't PostScript� dependent, you're better off
previewing with
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
.
There is an alternative to
\family typewriter
ghostview
\family default
which sports a much better interface:
\family typewriter
gv
\family default
.
LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostscript if it is available.
\layout Section
The Printer
\layout Standard
\size normal
Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here.
Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the
printers set up for your system.
All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use,
and configure your
\family typewriter
lyxrc
\family default
as described in the last section.
\layout Standard
\size normal
Those of you using Linux, however, will have a bit more work to do.
Many people now receive a Linux distribution, such as Red Hat or Slackware,
on CD-ROM
\size default
\SpecialChar \@.
\size normal
They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never
realize that they need to set up their printer.
If you've never touched the file
\family typewriter
/etc/printcap
\family default
, you need to set up your printer.
\size default
We've written a little something to help you out with that; check out the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\emph on
A Printer Tutorial
\emph default
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
chapter in the
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
manual for help.
\layout Chapter
LyX Basics
\layout Section
Document Types
\layout Subsection
Introduction
\layout Standard
Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
need to decide what
\emph on
type
\emph default
of document you want to edit.
Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
numbering schemes, and so on.
Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
and format the title of your document differently.
\layout Standard
A
\emph on
document class
\emph default
describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties,
making it easier to create the type of document you want.
If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
So, it behooves you to change the class of your document.
\layout Standard
Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
how to fine-tune some of their properties.
\layout Subsection
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes}
\end_inset
The Various Document Classes
\layout Subsubsection
Overview
\layout Standard
There are five standard document classes in LyX.
They are:
\layout Description
Article for basic articles
\layout Description
Report for basic reports
\layout Description
Book for writing a book
\layout Description
Letter for US-style letters
\layout Description
Slides is used to make transparencies
\layout Standard
There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
a LaTeX setup that supports them:
\layout Description
Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic
s
\layout Description
Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American
Mathematical Society].
There are three amsart layouts available.
The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems,
\emph on
etc.
\emph default
, that prepends the section number to the number of the result.
All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
sequential numbering
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
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