<!-- This is an automatically generated file. -->
<Chapter Label="Chapter_high">
<Heading>Using the high-level API</Heading>
<P/>
<Section Label="Chapter_Using_the_high-level_API_Section_Charts_and_Plots">
<Heading>Charts and Plots</Heading>
<P/>
This section covers the <Ref Func="Plot"/> function in the high-level
API, which is used for showing charts and plots. If invoked in a Jupyter
Notebook, it will show the resulting visualization in the appropriate
output cell of the notebook. If invoked from the &GAP; command line, it
will use the system default web browser to show the resulting
visualization, from which the user can save a permanent copy, print it,
etc. This section covers that function through a series of
examples, but you can see full details in the function reference in
Chapter <Ref Chap="Chapter_funcref"/>.
<P/>
To plot a list of numbers as a single data series, just pass the list to
<Ref Func="Plot"/>.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
Plot( [ 6.2, 0.3, 9.1, 8.8 ] );
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=4in]{plot-1.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img width="500" src="plot-1.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
Notice that the default <Math>x</Math> values for the data are the
sequence <Code>[1..n]</Code>, where <Math>n</Math> is the length of the
data. You can specify the <Math>x</Math> values manually, like so:
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
Plot( [ 1 .. 4 ], [ 6.2, 0.3, 9.1, 8.8 ] );
]]></Log>
<P/>
This is useful if you have a scatter plot of data to make, or if your
<Math>x</Math> values are not numbers at all.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
Plot( [ "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu" ], [ 6.2, 0.3, 9.1, 8.8 ] );
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=4in]{plot-2.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img width="500" src="plot-2.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
It is also permissible to send in a list of <Math>(x,y)</Math> pairs
rather than placing the <Math>x</Math>s and <Math>y</Math>s in separate
lists. This would do the same as the previous:
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
Plot( [ [ "Mon", 6.2 ], [ "Tue", 0.3 ], [ "Wed", 9.1 ], [ "Thu", 8.8 ] ] );
]]></Log>
<P/>
You can also pass a single-variable numeric function to have it plotted.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
Plot( x -> x^0.5 );
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=4in]{plot-3.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img width="500" src="plot-3.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
It assumes a small domain of positive integers, which you can customize
as follows. Note that the <Math>x</Math> values are passed just as
before, but in place of the <Math>y</Math> values, we pass the function
that computes them.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
Plot( [1..50], NrSmallGroups );
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=3in]{01plotfunction.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img height="350" src="01plotfunction.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
You can append a final parameter to the <Ref Func="Plot"/> command, a
record containing a set of options. Here is an example of using that
options record to choose the visualization tool, title, and axis
labels. Section <Ref Sect="Section_plotopts"/> covers options in
detail; this is only a preview.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
Plot( [1..50], n -> Length( DivisorsInt( n ) ),
rec(
tool := "chartjs",
title := "Number of divisors of some small integers",
xaxis := "n",
yaxis := "number of divisors of n"
)
);
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2.5in]{02plotoptions.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img height="300" src="02plotoptions.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
You can also put multiple data series (or functions) on the same plot.
Let's pretend you wanted to compare the number of divisors of
<Math>n</Math> with the number of groups of order <Math>n</Math> for the
first 50 positive integers <Math>n</Math>.
<P/>
To do so, take each call you would make to <Ref Func="Plot"/> to make the
separate plots, and place those arguments in a list. Pass both lists to
<Ref Func="Plot"/> to combine the plots, as shown below. You can put
the options record in either list. Options specified earlier take
precedence if there's a conflict.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
# We're combining Plot( [1..50], NrSmallGroups );
# with Plot( [1..50], n -> Length( DivisorsInt( n ) ) );
# and adding some options:
Plot(
[ [1..50], NrSmallGroups,
rec( title := "Comparison", tool := "anychart" ) ],
[ [1..50], n -> Length( DivisorsInt( n ) ) ]
);
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=3in]{03dataseries.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img height="350" src="03dataseries.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
The default plot type is "line", as you've been seeing in the
preceding examples. You can also choose "bar", "column", "pie",
and others. Let's use a pie chart to show the relative sizes of
the conjugacy classes in a group.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
G := Group( (1,2,3,4,5,6,7), (1,2) );;
CCs := List( ConjugacyClasses( G ), Set );;
Plot(
# x values are class labels; we'll use the first element in the class
List( CCs, C -> PrintString( C[1] ) ),
# y values are class sizes; these determine the size of pie slices
List( CCs, Length ),
# ask for a pie chart with enough height that we can read the legend
rec( type := "pie", height := 500 )
);
]]></Log>
<Section Label="Section_plotopts">
<Heading>Options for charts and plots</Heading>
<P/>
The options record passed as the final parameter to <Ref Func="Plot"/>
(or as the final element in each list passed to <Ref Func="Plot"/>, if
you are plotting multiple series on the same plot) can have the following
entries.
<List>
<Item><Code>tool</Code> - the visualization tool to use to make
the plot, as a string. The default is "plotly". The full list
of tools is available in Section <Ref Sect="Section_term"/>.</Item>
<Item><Code>type</Code> - the type of chart, as a string, the
default for which is "line". Which types are available depends
on which tool you are using, though it is safe to assume that
most common chart types (line, bar, pie) are supported by all
tools. Section <Ref Sect="Section_tooldocs"/> contains links to
the documentation for each tool, so that you might see its
full list of capabilities.</Item>
<Item><Code>height</Code> - the height in pixels of the
visualization to produce. A sensible default is provided,
which varies by tool.</Item>
<Item><Code>width</Code> - the width in pixels of the
visualization to produce. If omitted, the tool usually fills
the width available. In a Jupyter Notebook output cell, this is
the width of the cell. A visualization shown outside of a Jupyter
notebook will take up the entire width of the web page in which
it is displayed.</Item>
<Item><Code>title</Code> - the title to place at the top of the
chart, as a string. Can be omitted.</Item>
<Item><Code>xaxis</Code> - the text to write below the
<Math>x</Math> axis, as a string. Can be omitted.</Item>
<Item><Code>yaxis</Code> - the text to write to the left of the
<Math>y</Math> axis, as a string. Can be omitted.</Item>
<Item><Code>name</Code> - this option should be specified in the
options object for each separate data series, as opposed to just once
for the entire plot. It assigns a string name to that data series,
typically included in the chart's legend.
</List>
<P/>
</Section>
<P/>
This section covers the <Ref Func="PlotGraph"/> function in the
high-level API, which is used for drawing graphs. If invoked in a
Jupyter Notebook, it will show the resulting visualization in the
appropriate output cell of the notebook. If invoked from the &GAP;
command line, it will use the system default web browser to show the
resulting visualization. This section covers that function through a
series of examples, but you can see full details in the function
reference in Chapter <Ref Chap="Chapter_funcref"/>.
<P/>
You can make a graph by calling <Ref Func="PlotGraph"/> on a list of
edges, each of which is a pair (a list of length two).
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
PlotGraph( [ [ "start", "option1" ], [ "start", "option2" ],
[ "option1", "end" ], [ "option2", "end" ] ] );
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=1.5in]{graph-1.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img height="180" src="graph-1.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
Vertex names can be strings, as shown above, or any &GAP; data; they will
be converted to strings using <Code>PrintString</Code>. As you can see,
the set of vertices is assumed to be the set of things mentioned in the
edges. But you can specify the vertex set separately.
<P/>
For example, if you wanted to graph the divisibility relation on a set
of integers, some elements may not be included in any edge.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
PlotGraph( [ 2 .. 10 ],
[ [ 2, 4 ], [ 2, 6 ], [ 2, 8 ], [ 2, 10 ],
[ 3, 6 ], [ 3, 9 ], [ 4, 8 ], [ 5, 10 ] ] );
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=3in]{graph-2.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img height="350" src="graph-2.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
But for anything other than a small graph, specifying the vertex or edge
set manually may be inconvenient. Thus if you have a vertex set, you can
create the edge set by passing a binary relation as a &GAP; function.
Here is an example to create a subgroup lattice.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
G := Group( (1,2,3), (1,2) );
S := function ( H, G )
return IsSubgroup( G, H ) and H <> G;
end;
PlotGraph( AllSubgroups( G ), S );
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2in]{graph-3.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img height="240" src="graph-3.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
But all three of the graphs just shown would be better if they had
directed edges. And we might want to organize them differently in the
view, perhaps even with some colors, etc. To this end, you can pass an
options parameter as the final parameter to <Ref Func="PlotGraph"/>,
just as you could for <Ref Func="Plot"/>.
<P/>
<Log><![CDATA[
G := Group( (1,2,3), (1,2) );
S := function ( H, G )
return IsSubgroup( G, H ) and H <> G;
end;
PlotGraph( AllSubgroups( G ), S,
rec( directed := true, layout := "grid", arrowscale := 3 ) );
]]></Log>
<Alt Only="LaTeX">
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2in]{graph-4.png}
\end{center}
</Alt>
<Alt Only="HTML"><![CDATA[<img height="240" src="graph-4.png"/>]]></Alt>
<Alt Not="LaTeX HTML">Resulting image not shown here.</Alt>
<P/>
The next section covers all options in detail.
<P/>
</Section>
<Section Label="Section_graphopts">
<Heading>Options for graphs</Heading>
<P/>
The options record passed as the final parameter to
<Ref Func="PlotGraph"/> can have the following entries.
<List>
<Item><Code>tool</Code> - the visualization tool to use to make
the plot, as a string. The default is "cytoscape". The full
list of tools is available in Section
<Ref Sect="Section_term"/>.</Item>
<Item><Code>layout</Code> - the name of the layout algorithm to
use, as a string. Permitted values vary by tool. Currently
cytoscape supports "preset" (meaning you must have specified
the nodes' positions manually), "cose" (virtual-spring-based
automatic layout), "random", "grid", "circle", "concentric"
(multiple concentric circles), and "breadthfirst" (a
hierarchy).</Item>
<Item><Code>vertexwidth</Code> and <Code>vertexheight</Code> -
the dimensions of each vertex.</Item>
<Item><Code>vertexcolor</Code> - the color of the vertices in the
graph. This should be a string representing an HTML color,
such as "#ccc" or "red".</Item>
<Item><Code>edgewidth</Code> - the thickness of each edge.</Item>
<Item><Code>edgecolor</Code> - the color of each edge and its
corresponding arrow. This should be a string representing an HTML color, such as "#ccc" or "red".</Item>
<Item><Code>directed</Code> - a boolean defaulting to false,
whether to draw arrows to visually indicate that the graph is
a directed graph</Item>
<Item><Code>arrowscale</Code> - a multiplier to increase or
decrease the size of arrows in a directed graph.</Item>
<Item><Code>height</Code> - the height in pixels of the
visualization to produce. A sensible default is provided,
which varies by tool.</Item>
<Item><Code>width</Code> - the width in pixels of the
visualization to produce. If omitted, the tool usually fills
the width available. In a Jupyter Notebook output cell, this is
the width of the cell. A visualization shown outside of a Jupyter
notebook will take up the entire width of the web page in which
it is displayed.</Item>
</List>
<P/>
</Section>
</Chapter>
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