<h4>4.1 <span class="Heading">Pcp-elements -- elements of a pc-presented group</span></h4>
<p>A <em>pcp-element</em> is an element of a group defined by a consistent pc-presentation given by a collector. Suppose that <span class="SimpleMath">\(g_1, \ldots, g_n\)</span> are the defining generators of the collector. Recall that each element <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span> in this group can be written uniquely as a collected word <span class="SimpleMath">\(g_1^{e_1} \cdots g_n^{e_n}\)</span> with <span class="SimpleMath">\(e_i \in ℤ\)</span> and <span class="SimpleMath">\(0 \leq e_i < r_i\)</span> for <span class="SimpleMath">\(i \in I\)</span>. The integer vector <span class="SimpleMath">\([e_1, \ldots, e_n]\)</span> is called the <em>exponent vector</em> of <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span>. The following functions can be used to define pcp-elements via their exponent vector or via an arbitrary generator exponent word as introduced in Chapter <a href="chap3_mj.html#X792305CC81E8606A"><span class="RefLink">3</span></a>.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ PcpElementByExponentsNC</code>( <var class="Arg">coll</var>, <var class="Arg">exp</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ PcpElementByExponents</code>( <var class="Arg">coll</var>, <var class="Arg">exp</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the pcp-element with exponent vector <var class="Arg">exp</var>. The exponent vector is considered relative to the defining generators of the pc-presentation.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ PcpElementByGenExpListNC</code>( <var class="Arg">coll</var>, <var class="Arg">word</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ PcpElementByGenExpList</code>( <var class="Arg">coll</var>, <var class="Arg">word</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the pcp-element with generators exponent list <var class="Arg">word</var>. This list <var class="Arg">word</var> consists of a sequence of generator numbers and their corresponding exponents and is of the form <span class="SimpleMath">\([i_1, e_{i_1}, i_2, e_{i_2}, \ldots, i_r, e_{i_r}]\)</span>. The generators exponent list is considered relative to the defining generators of the pc-presentation.</p>
<p>These functions return pcp-elements in the category <code class="code">IsPcpElement</code>. Presently, the only representation implemented for this category is <code class="code">IsPcpElementRep</code>. (This allows us to be a little sloppy right now. The basic set of operations for <code class="code">IsPcpElement</code> has not been defined yet. This is going to happen in one of the next version, certainly as soon as the need for different representations arises.)</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsPcpElementCollection</code>( <var class="Arg">obj</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( category )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns true if the object <var class="Arg">obj</var> is a collection of pcp-elements.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsPcpElementRep</code>( <var class="Arg">obj</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( representation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns true if the object <var class="Arg">obj</var> is represented as a pcp-element.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ IsPcpGroup</code>( <var class="Arg">obj</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( filter )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns true if the object <var class="Arg">obj</var> is a group and also a pcp-element collection.</p>
<h4>4.2 <span class="Heading">Methods for pcp-elements</span></h4>
<p>Now we can describe attributes and functions for pcp-elements. The four basic attributes of a pcp-element, <code class="code">Collector</code>, <code class="code">Exponents</code>, <code class="code">GenExpList</code> and <code class="code">NameTag</code> are computed at the creation of the pcp-element. All other attributes are determined at runtime.</p>
<p>Let <var class="Arg">g</var> be a pcp-element and <span class="SimpleMath">\(g_1, \ldots, g_n\)</span> a polycyclic generating sequence of the underlying pc-presented group. Let <span class="SimpleMath">\(C_1, \ldots, C_n\)</span> be the polycyclic series defined by <span class="SimpleMath">\(g_1, \ldots, g_n\)</span>.</p>
<p>The <em>depth</em> of a non-trivial element <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span> of a pcp-group (with respect to the defining generators) is the integer <span class="SimpleMath">\(i\)</span> such that <span class="SimpleMath">\(g \in C_i \setminus C_{i+1}\)</span>. The depth of the trivial element is defined to be <span class="SimpleMath">\(n+1\)</span>. If <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\not=1\)</span> has depth <span class="SimpleMath">\(i\)</span> and <span class="SimpleMath">\(g_i^{e_i} \cdots g_n^{e_n}\)</span> is the collected word for <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span>, then <span class="SimpleMath">\(e_i\)</span> is the <em>leading exponent</em> of <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span>.</p>
<p>If <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span> has depth <span class="SimpleMath">\(i\)</span>, then we call <span class="SimpleMath">\(r_i = [C_i:C_{i+1}]\)</span> the <em>factor order</em> of <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span>. If <span class="SimpleMath">\(r < \infty\)</span>, then the smallest positive integer <span class="SimpleMath">\(l\)</span> with <span class="SimpleMath">\(g^l \in C_{i+1}\)</span> is the called <em>relative order</em> of <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span>. If <span class="SimpleMath">\(r=\infty\)</span>, then the relative order of <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span> is defined to be <span class="SimpleMath">\(0\)</span>. The index <span class="SimpleMath">\(e\)</span> of <span class="SimpleMath">\(\langle g,C_{i+1}\rangle\)</span> in <spanclass="SimpleMath">\(C_i\)</span> is called <em>relative index</em> of <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span>. We have that <span class="SimpleMath">\(r = el\)</span>.</p>
<p>We call a pcp-element <em>normed</em>, if its leading exponent is equal to its relative index. For each pcp-element <span class="SimpleMath">\(g\)</span> there exists an integer <span class="SimpleMath">\(e\)</span> such that <span class="SimpleMath">\(g^e\)</span> is normed.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Exponents</code>( <var class="Arg">g</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the exponent vector of the pcp-element <var class="Arg">g</var> with respect to the defining generating set of the underlying collector.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ GenExpList</code>( <var class="Arg">g</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the generators exponent list of the pcp-element <var class="Arg">g</var> with respect to the defining generating set of the underlying collector.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ NameTag</code>( <var class="Arg">g</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>the name used for printing the pcp-element <var class="Arg">g</var>. Printing is done by using the name tag and appending the generator number of <var class="Arg">g</var>.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ LeadingExponent</code>( <var class="Arg">g</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( operation )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the leading exponent of pcp-element <var class="Arg">g</var> relative to the defining generators. If <var class="Arg">g</var> is the identity element, the functions returns 'fail'</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ RelativeOrder</code>( <var class="Arg">g</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the relative order of the pcp-element <var class="Arg">g</var> with respect to the defining generators.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ RelativeIndex</code>( <var class="Arg">g</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the relative index of the pcp-element <var class="Arg">g</var> with respect to the defining generators.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ FactorOrder</code>( <var class="Arg">g</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( attribute )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the factor order of the pcp-element <var class="Arg">g</var> with respect to the defining generators.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ NormingExponent</code>( <var class="Arg">g</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns a positive integer <span class="SimpleMath">\(e\)</span> such that the pcp-element <var class="Arg">g</var> raised to the power of <span class="SimpleMath">\(e\)</span> is normed.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ NormedPcpElement</code>( <var class="Arg">g</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the normed element corresponding to the pcp-element <var class="Arg">g</var>.</p>
<h4>4.3 <span class="Heading">Pcp-groups - groups of pcp-elements</span></h4>
<p>A <em>pcp-group</em> is a group consisting of pcp-elements such that all pcp-elements in the group share the same collector. Thus the group <span class="SimpleMath">\(G\)</span> defined by a polycyclic presentation and all its subgroups are pcp-groups.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ PcpGroupByCollector</code>( <var class="Arg">coll</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ PcpGroupByCollectorNC</code>( <var class="Arg">coll</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns a pcp-group build from the collector <var class="Arg">coll</var>.</p>
<p>The function calls <code class="func">UpdatePolycyclicCollector</code> (<a href="chap3_mj.html#X7E9903F57BC5CC24"><span class="RefLink">3.1-6</span></a>) and checks the confluence (see <code class="func">IsConfluent</code> (<a href="chap3_mj.html#X8006790B86328CE8"><span class="RefLink">3.1-7</span></a>)) of the collector.</p>
<p>The non-check version bypasses these checks.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Group</code>( <var class="Arg">gens</var>, <var class="Arg">id</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns the group generated by the pcp-elements <var class="Arg">gens</var> with identity <var class="Arg">id</var>.</p>
<div class="func"><table class="func" width="100%"><tr><td class="tdleft"><code class="func">‣ Subgroup</code>( <var class="Arg">G</var>, <var class="Arg">gens</var> )</td><td class="tdright">( function )</td></tr></table></div>
<p>returns a subgroup of the pcp-group <var class="Arg">G</var> generated by the list <var class="Arg">gens</var> of pcp-elements from <var class="Arg">G</var>.</p>
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