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products/sources/formale Sprachen/GAP/src/ (Algebra von RWTH Aachen Version 4.15.1^©) Datei vom 18.9.2025 mit Größe 107 kB

Quelle pperm.cc Sprache: C

/****************************************************************************
**
**  This file is part of GAP, a system for computational discrete algebra.
**
**  Copyright of GAP belongs to its developers, whose names are too numerous
**  to list here. Please refer to the COPYRIGHT file for details.
**
**  SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
*/

/*****************************************************************************
*
* A partial perm is of the form:
*
* [image set, domain, codegree, entries of image list]
*
* An element of the internal rep of a partial perm in T_PPERM2 must be
* at most 65535 and be of UInt2. The <codegree> is just the degree of
* the inverse or equivalently the maximum element of the image.
*
*****************************************************************************/

extern "C" {

#include "pperm.h"

#include "ariths.h"
#include "bool.h"
#include "error.h"
#include "gapstate.h"
#include "gvars.h"
#include "integer.h"
#include "intfuncs.h"
#include "io.h"
#include "listfunc.h"
#include "lists.h"
#include "modules.h"
#include "opers.h"
#include "permutat.h"
#include "plist.h"
#include "saveload.h"

} // extern "C"

#include "permutat_intern.hh"

//
// convert TNUM to underlying C data type
//
template <UInt tnum>
struct DataType;

template <>
struct DataType<T_PPERM2> {
    typedef UInt2 type;
};
template <>
struct DataType<T_PPERM4> {
    typedef UInt4 type;
};

//
// convert underlying C data type to TNUM
//
template <typename T>
struct T_PPERM {
};
template <>
struct T_PPERM<UInt2> {
    static const UInt tnum = T_PPERM2;
};
template <>
struct T_PPERM<UInt4> {
    static const UInt tnum = T_PPERM4;
};

//
// Various helper functions for partial permutations
//
template <typename T>
static void ASSERT_IS_PPERM(Obj pperm)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(TNUM_OBJ(pperm) == T_PPERM<T>::tnum);
}

template <typename T>
static inline T * ADDR_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<T>(f);
    return (T *)(ADDR_OBJ(f) + 2) + 1;
}

template <typename T>
static inline const T * CONST_ADDR_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<T>(f);
    return (const T *)(CONST_ADDR_OBJ(f) + 2) + 1;
}

template <typename T>
static inline UInt DEG_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<T>(f);
    return (UInt)(SIZE_OBJ(f) - sizeof(T) - 2 * sizeof(Obj)) / sizeof(T);
}

#define MAX(a, b) (a < b ? b : a)
#define MIN(a, b) (a < b ? a : b)

#define IMAGEPP(i, ptf, deg) (i <= deg ? ptf[i - 1] : 0)

static Obj EmptyPartialPerm;

#define RequirePartialPerm(funcname, op)                                     \
    RequireArgumentCondition(funcname, op, IS_PPERM(op),                     \
                             "must be a partial permutation")

static ModuleStateOffset PPermStateOffset = -1;

typedef struct {

    /**************************************************************************
     *
     *V TmpPPerm . . . . . . . handle of the buffer bag of the pperm package
     *
     * 'TmpPPerm' is the handle of a bag of type 'T_PPERM4', which is
     * created at initialization time of this package.  Functions in this
     * package can use this bag for  whatever purpose they want.  They have
     * to make sure of course that it is large enough.
     *
     * The buffer is *not* guaranteed to have any particular value, routines
     * that require a zero-initialization need to do this at the start.
     */
    Obj TmpPPerm;

} PPermModuleState;

#define TmpPPerm MODULE_STATE(PPerm).TmpPPerm

static inline void ResizeTmpPPerm(UInt len)
{
    if (TmpPPerm == (Obj)0) {
        TmpPPerm =
            NewBag(T_PPERM4, (len + 1) * sizeof(UInt4) + 2 * sizeof(Obj));
    }
    else if (SIZE_OBJ(TmpPPerm) <
             (len + 1) * sizeof(UInt4) + 2 * sizeof(Obj)) {
        ResizeBag(TmpPPerm, (len + 1) * sizeof(UInt4) + 2 * sizeof(Obj));
    }
}

/*****************************************************************************
* Static functions for partial perms
*****************************************************************************/

template <typename T>
static inline UInt GET_CODEG_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<T>(f);
    return *(const T *)(CONST_ADDR_OBJ(f) + 2);
}

template <typename T>
static inline void SET_CODEG_PPERM(Obj f, T codeg)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<T>(f);
    *(T *)(ADDR_OBJ(f) + 2) = codeg;
}

template <typename T>
static UInt CODEG_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<T>(f);
    if (GET_CODEG_PPERM<T>(f) != 0) {
        return GET_CODEG_PPERM<T>(f);
    }
    // The following is only ever entered by the EmptyPartialPerm.
    UInt    codeg = 0;
    UInt    i;
    const T * ptf = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<T>(f);
    for (i = 0; i < DEG_PPERM<T>(f); i++) {
        if (ptf[i] > codeg) {
            codeg = ptf[i];
        }
    }
    SET_CODEG_PPERM<T>(f, codeg);
    return codeg;
}

static inline void SET_CODEG_PPERM2(Obj f, UInt2 codeg)
{
    SET_CODEG_PPERM<UInt2>(f, codeg);
}

static inline void SET_CODEG_PPERM4(Obj f, UInt4 codeg)
{
    SET_CODEG_PPERM<UInt4>(f, codeg);
}

UInt CODEG_PPERM2(Obj f)
{
    return CODEG_PPERM<UInt2>(f);
}

UInt CODEG_PPERM4(Obj f)
{
    return CODEG_PPERM<UInt4>(f);
}

template <typename T>
static inline Obj NEW_PPERM(UInt deg)
{
    return NewBag(T_PPERM<T>::tnum, (deg + 1) * sizeof(T) + 2 * sizeof(Obj));

}

Obj NEW_PPERM2(UInt deg)
{
    // No assert since the values stored in this pperm must be UInt2s but the
    // degree might be a UInt4.
    return NEW_PPERM<UInt2>(deg);
}

Obj NEW_PPERM4(UInt deg)
{
    return NEW_PPERM<UInt4>(deg);
}

static inline Obj IMG_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_PPERM(f));
    return CONST_ADDR_OBJ(f)[0];
}

static inline Obj DOM_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_PPERM(f));
    return CONST_ADDR_OBJ(f)[1];
}

static inline void SET_IMG_PPERM(Obj f, Obj img)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_PPERM(f));
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_PLIST(img) && !IS_PLIST_MUTABLE(img));
    GAP_ASSERT(DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL ||
               LEN_PLIST(img) == LEN_PLIST(DOM_PPERM(f)));
    // TODO check entries of img are valid
    ADDR_OBJ(f)[0] = img;
}

static inline void SET_DOM_PPERM(Obj f, Obj dom)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_PPERM(f));
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_PLIST(dom) && !IS_PLIST_MUTABLE(dom));
    GAP_ASSERT(IMG_PPERM(f) == NULL ||
               LEN_PLIST(dom) == LEN_PLIST(IMG_PPERM(f)));
    // TODO check entries of img are valid
    ADDR_OBJ(f)[1] = dom;
}

// find domain and img set (unsorted) return the rank

template <typename T>
static UInt INIT_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<T>(f);

    UInt    deg, rank, i;
    T *     ptf;
    Obj     img, dom;

    deg = DEG_PPERM<T>(f);

    if (deg == 0) {
        dom = NewImmutableEmptyPlist();
        SET_DOM_PPERM(f, dom);
        SET_IMG_PPERM(f, dom);
        CHANGED_BAG(f);
        return deg;
    }

    dom = NEW_PLIST_IMM(T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT, deg);
    img = NEW_PLIST_IMM(T_PLIST_CYC, deg);

    // renew the ptr in case of garbage collection
    ptf = ADDR_PPERM<T>(f);

    rank = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
        if (ptf[i] != 0) {
            rank++;
            SET_ELM_PLIST(dom, rank, INTOBJ_INT(i + 1));
            SET_ELM_PLIST(img, rank, INTOBJ_INT(ptf[i]));
        }
    }
    GAP_ASSERT(rank != 0);    // rank = 0 => deg = 0, so this is not allowed

    SHRINK_PLIST(img, (Int)rank);
    SET_LEN_PLIST(img, (Int)rank);
    SHRINK_PLIST(dom, (Int)rank);
    SET_LEN_PLIST(dom, (Int)rank);

    SET_DOM_PPERM(f, dom);
    SET_IMG_PPERM(f, img);
    CHANGED_BAG(f);
    return rank;
}

static UInt INIT_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        return INIT_PPERM<UInt2>(f);
    }
    else {
        return INIT_PPERM<UInt4>(f);
    }
}

template <typename T>
static UInt RANK_PPERM(Obj f)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<T>(f);
    return (IMG_PPERM(f) == NULL ? INIT_PPERM<T>(f)
                                 : LEN_PLIST(IMG_PPERM(f)));
}

UInt RANK_PPERM2(Obj f)
{
    return RANK_PPERM<UInt2>(f);
}

UInt RANK_PPERM4(Obj f)
{
    return RANK_PPERM<UInt4>(f);
}

static Obj SORT_PLIST_INTOBJ(Obj res)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_PLIST(res));
    if (LEN_PLIST(res) == 0)
        return res;

    SortPlistByRawObj(res);
    RetypeBagSM(res, T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT);
    return res;
}

template <typename T>
static Obj PreImagePPermInt(Obj pt, Obj f)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_INTOBJ(pt));
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<T>(f);

    const T * ptf;
    UInt    i, cpt, deg;

    cpt = INT_INTOBJ(pt);
    if (cpt > CODEG_PPERM<T>(f))
        return Fail;

    i = 0;
    ptf = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<T>(f);
    deg = DEG_PPERM<T>(f);
    while (i < deg && ptf[i] != cpt)
        i++;
    if (i == deg || ptf[i] != cpt)
        return Fail;
    return INTOBJ_INT(i + 1);
}

/*****************************************************************************
* GAP functions for partial perms
*****************************************************************************/

static Obj FuncEmptyPartialPerm(Obj self)
{
    return EmptyPartialPerm;
}

// method for creating a partial perm
static Obj FuncDensePartialPermNC(Obj self, Obj img)
{
    RequireSmallList(SELF_NAME, img);

    UInt    deg, i, j, codeg;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptf4;
    Obj     f;

    if (LEN_LIST(img) == 0)
        return EmptyPartialPerm;

    // remove trailing 0s
    deg = LEN_LIST(img);
    while (deg > 0 && ELM_LIST(img, deg) == INTOBJ_INT(0))
        deg--;

    if (deg == 0)
        return EmptyPartialPerm;

    // find if we are PPERM2 or PPERM4
    codeg = 0;
    i = deg;
    while (codeg < 65536 && i > 0) {
        j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(img, i--));
        if (j > codeg)
            codeg = j;
    }
    if (codeg < 65536) {
        f = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(img, i + 1));
            *ptf2++ = (UInt2)j;
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM2(f, codeg);    // codeg is already known
    }
    else {
        f = NEW_PPERM4(deg);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(img, i + 1));
            if (j > codeg)
                codeg = j;
            *ptf4++ = (UInt4)j;
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM4(f, codeg);
    }
    return f;
}

// assumes that dom is a set and that img is duplicatefree
static Obj FuncSparsePartialPermNC(Obj self, Obj dom, Obj img)
{
    RequireSmallList(SELF_NAME, dom);
    RequireSmallList(SELF_NAME, img);
    RequireSameLength(SELF_NAME, dom, img);

    UInt    rank, deg, i, j, codeg;
    Obj     f;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptf4;

    if (LEN_LIST(dom) == 0)
        return EmptyPartialPerm;

    // make sure we have plain lists
    if (!IS_PLIST(dom))
        dom = PLAIN_LIST_COPY(dom);
    if (!IS_PLIST(img))
        img = PLAIN_LIST_COPY(img);

    // make img immutable
    MakeImmutable(img);
    MakeImmutable(dom);

    rank = LEN_PLIST(dom);
    deg = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, rank));

    // find if we are PPERM2 or PPERM4
    codeg = 0;
    i = rank;
    while (codeg < 65536 && i > 0) {
        j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(img, i--));
        if (j > codeg)
            codeg = j;
    }

    // create the pperm
    if (codeg < 65536) {
        f = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(img, i));
            ptf2[INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1] = j;
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM2(f, codeg);
    }
    else {
        f = NEW_PPERM4(deg);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(img, i));
            if (j > codeg)
                codeg = j;
            ptf4[INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1] = j;
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM4(f, codeg);
    }
    SET_DOM_PPERM(f, dom);
    SET_IMG_PPERM(f, img);
    CHANGED_BAG(f);
    return f;
}

// the degree of pperm is the maximum point where it is defined
static Obj FuncDegreeOfPartialPerm(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    return INTOBJ_INT(DEG_PPERM(f));
}

// the codegree of pperm is the maximum point in its image

static Obj FuncCoDegreeOfPartialPerm(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    return INTOBJ_INT(CODEG_PPERM(f));
}

// the rank is the number of points where it is defined
static Obj FuncRankOfPartialPerm(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    return INTOBJ_INT(RANK_PPERM(f));
}

// domain of a partial perm
static Obj FuncDOMAIN_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
        INIT_PPERM(f);
    }
    return DOM_PPERM(f);
}

// image list of pperm
static Obj FuncIMAGE_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    if (IMG_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
        INIT_PPERM(f);
        return IMG_PPERM(f);
    }
    else if (!IS_SSORT_LIST(IMG_PPERM(f))) {
        return IMG_PPERM(f);
    }

    UInt rank = RANK_PPERM(f);
    if (rank == 0) {
        return NewImmutableEmptyPlist();
    }

    Obj dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
    Obj out = NEW_PLIST_IMM(T_PLIST_CYC, rank);
    SET_LEN_PLIST(out, rank);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        UInt2 * ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        for (UInt i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            SET_ELM_PLIST(
                out, i, INTOBJ_INT(ptf2[INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1]));
        }
    }
    else {
        UInt4 * ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        for (UInt i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            SET_ELM_PLIST(
                out, i, INTOBJ_INT(ptf4[INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1]));
        }
    }
    return out;
}

// image set of partial perm
static Obj FuncIMAGE_SET_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    if (IMG_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
        INIT_PPERM(f);
        return SORT_PLIST_INTOBJ(IMG_PPERM(f));
    }
    else if (!IS_SSORT_LIST(IMG_PPERM(f))) {
        return SORT_PLIST_INTOBJ(IMG_PPERM(f));
    }
    return IMG_PPERM(f);
}

// preimage under a partial perm
static Obj FuncPREIMAGE_PPERM_INT(Obj self, Obj f, Obj pt)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    RequireSmallInt(SELF_NAME, pt);
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2)
        return PreImagePPermInt<UInt2>(pt, f);
    else
        return PreImagePPermInt<UInt4>(pt, f);
}

// find img(f)
static UInt4 * FindImg(UInt n, UInt rank, Obj img)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_PLIST(img));

    UInt    i;
    UInt4 * ptseen;

    ResizeTmpPPerm(n);
    ptseen = ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm);
    memset(ptseen, 0, n * sizeof(UInt4));

    for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++)
        ptseen[INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(img, i)) - 1] = 1;

    return ptseen;
}

// the least m, r such that f^m=f^m+r
static Obj FuncINDEX_PERIOD_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    i, len, j, pow, rank, k, deg, n;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptseen, *ptf4;
    Obj     dom, img, ord;

    pow = 0;
    ord = INTOBJ_INT(1);
    n = MAX(DEG_PPERM(f), CODEG_PPERM(f));

    rank = RANK_PPERM(f);
    img = IMG_PPERM(f);
    ptseen = FindImg(n, rank, img);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);

        // find chains
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            if (ptseen[j] == 0) {
                ptseen[j] = 2;
                len = 1;
                for (k = ptf2[j]; (k <= deg && ptf2[k - 1] != 0);
                     k = ptf2[k - 1]) {
                    len++;
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                }
                ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                if (len > pow)
                    pow = len;
            }
        }

        // find cycles
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            if (ptseen[j] == 1) {
                len = 1;
                for (k = ptf2[j]; k != j + 1; k = ptf2[k - 1]) {
                    len++;
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 0;
                }
                ord = LcmInt(ord, INTOBJ_INT(len));
                // update ptseen, in case a garbage collection happened
                ptseen = ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm);
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);

        // find chains
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            if (ptseen[j] == 0) {
                ptseen[j] = 2;
                len = 1;
                for (k = ptf4[j]; (k <= deg && ptf4[k - 1] != 0);
                     k = ptf4[k - 1]) {
                    len++;
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                }
                ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                if (len > pow)
                    pow = len;
            }
        }

        // find cycles
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            if (ptseen[j] == 1) {
                len = 1;
                for (k = ptf4[j]; k != j + 1; k = ptf4[k - 1]) {
                    len++;
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 0;
                }
                ord = LcmInt(ord, INTOBJ_INT(len));
                // update ptseen, in case a garbage collection happened
                ptseen = ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm);
            }
        }
    }
    return NewPlistFromArgs(INTOBJ_INT(pow + 1), ord);
}

// the least power of <f> which is an idempotent
static Obj FuncSMALLEST_IDEM_POW_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    Obj x, ind, per, pow;

    x = FuncINDEX_PERIOD_PPERM(self, f);
    ind = ELM_PLIST(x, 1);
    per = ELM_PLIST(x, 2);
    pow = per;
    while (LtInt(pow, ind))
        pow = SumInt(pow, per);
    return pow;
}

// returns the least list <out> such that for all <i> in [1..degree(f)]
// there exists <j> in <out> and a pos int <k> such that <j^(f^k)=i>.
static Obj FuncCOMPONENT_REPS_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    i, j, rank, k, deg, nr, n;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptseen, *ptf4;
    Obj     dom, img, out;

    n = MAX(DEG_PPERM(f), CODEG_PPERM(f));

    if (n == 0) {
        out = NewEmptyPlist();
        return out;
    }

    deg = DEG_PPERM(f);
    nr = 0;
    out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC, deg);

    rank = RANK_PPERM(f);
    img = IMG_PPERM(f);
    ptseen = FindImg(n, rank, img);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);

        // find chains
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            if (ptseen[j - 1] == 0) {
                for (k = j; (k <= deg && ptf2[k - 1] != 0); k = ptf2[k - 1])
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++nr, ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            }
        }

        // find cycles
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            if (ptseen[j] == 1) {
                ptseen[j] = 0;
                for (k = ptf2[j]; k != j + 1; k = ptf2[k - 1])
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 0;
                SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++nr, ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);

        // find chains
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            if (ptseen[j - 1] == 0) {
                for (k = j; (k <= deg && ptf4[k - 1] != 0); k = ptf4[k - 1])
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++nr, ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            }
        }

        // find cycles
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            if (ptseen[j] == 1) {
                ptseen[j] = 0;
                for (k = ptf4[j]; k != j + 1; k = ptf4[k - 1])
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 0;
                SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++nr, ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            }
        }
    }

    SHRINK_PLIST(out, (Int)nr);
    SET_LEN_PLIST(out, (Int)nr);
    return out;
}

// the number of components of a partial perm (as a functional digraph)
static Obj FuncNR_COMPONENTS_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    i, j, n, rank, k, deg, nr;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptseen, *ptf4;
    Obj     dom, img;

    n = MAX(DEG_PPERM(f), CODEG_PPERM(f));
    nr = 0;

    rank = RANK_PPERM(f);
    img = IMG_PPERM(f);
    ptseen = FindImg(n, rank, img);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);

        // find chains
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            if (ptseen[j - 1] == 0) {
                nr++;
                for (k = j; (k <= deg && ptf2[k - 1] != 0); k = ptf2[k - 1])
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
            }
        }

        // find cycles
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            if (ptseen[j] == 1) {
                nr++;
                ptseen[j] = 0;
                for (k = ptf2[j]; k != j + 1; k = ptf2[k - 1])
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 0;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);

        // find chains
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            if (ptseen[j - 1] == 0) {
                nr++;
                for (k = j; (k <= deg && ptf4[k - 1] != 0); k = ptf4[k - 1])
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
                ptseen[k - 1] = 2;
            }
        }

        // find cycles
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            if (ptseen[j] == 1) {
                nr++;
                ptseen[j] = 0;
                for (k = ptf4[j]; k != j + 1; k = ptf4[k - 1])
                    ptseen[k - 1] = 0;
            }
        }
    }
    return INTOBJ_INT(nr);
}

// the components of a partial perm (as a functional digraph)
static Obj FuncCOMPONENTS_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt i, j, n, rank, k, deg, nr, len;
    Obj  dom, img, out;

    n = MAX(DEG_PPERM(f), CODEG_PPERM(f));

    if (n == 0) {
        out = NewEmptyPlist();
        return out;
    }

    nr = 0;

    rank = RANK_PPERM(f);
    img = IMG_PPERM(f);
    out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC, rank);
    FindImg(n, rank, img);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);

        // find chains
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            if (CONST_ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm)[j - 1] == 0) {
                SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++nr, NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC, 30));
                CHANGED_BAG(out);
                len = 0;
                k = j;
                do {
                    AssPlist(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), ++len, INTOBJ_INT(k));
                    ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm)[k - 1] = 2;
                    k = IMAGEPP(k, ADDR_PPERM2(f), deg);
                } while (k != 0);
                SHRINK_PLIST(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), len);
                SET_LEN_PLIST(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), (Int)len);
                CHANGED_BAG(out);
            }
        }

        // find cycles
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            if (CONST_ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm)[j - 1] == 1) {
                SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++nr, NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC, 30));
                CHANGED_BAG(out);
                len = 0;
                k = j;
                do {
                    AssPlist(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), ++len, INTOBJ_INT(k));
                    ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm)[k - 1] = 0;
                    k = ADDR_PPERM2(f)[k - 1];
                } while (k != j);
                SHRINK_PLIST(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), len);
                SET_LEN_PLIST(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), (Int)len);
                CHANGED_BAG(out);
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);

        // find chains
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            if (CONST_ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm)[j - 1] == 0) {
                SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++nr, NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC, 30));
                CHANGED_BAG(out);
                len = 0;
                k = j;
                do {
                    AssPlist(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), ++len, INTOBJ_INT(k));
                    ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm)[k - 1] = 2;
                    k = IMAGEPP(k, ADDR_PPERM4(f), deg);
                } while (k != 0);
                SHRINK_PLIST(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), len);
                SET_LEN_PLIST(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), (Int)len);
                CHANGED_BAG(out);
            }
        }

        // find cycles
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            if (CONST_ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm)[j - 1] == 1) {
                SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++nr, NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC, 30));
                CHANGED_BAG(out);
                len = 0;
                k = j;
                do {
                    AssPlist(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), ++len, INTOBJ_INT(k));
                    ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm)[k - 1] = 0;
                    k = ADDR_PPERM4(f)[k - 1];
                } while (k != j);
                SHRINK_PLIST(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), len);
                SET_LEN_PLIST(ELM_PLIST(out, nr), (Int)len);
                CHANGED_BAG(out);
            }
        }
    }

    SHRINK_PLIST(out, (Int)nr);
    SET_LEN_PLIST(out, (Int)nr);
    return out;
}

// the points that can be obtained from <pt> by successively applying <f>.
static Obj FuncCOMPONENT_PPERM_INT(Obj self, Obj f, Obj pt)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    RequireSmallInt(SELF_NAME, pt);

    UInt i, j, deg, len;
    Obj  out;

    i = INT_INTOBJ(pt);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);

        if (i > deg || (ADDR_PPERM2(f))[i - 1] == 0) {
            out = NewEmptyPlist();
            return out;
        }

        out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC, 30);
        len = 0;
        j = i;

        do {
            AssPlist(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(j));
            j = IMAGEPP(j, ADDR_PPERM2(f), deg);
        } while (j != 0 && j != i);
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);

        if (i > deg || (ADDR_PPERM4(f))[i - 1] == 0) {
            out = NewEmptyPlist();
            return out;
        }

        out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC, 30);
        len = 0;
        j = i;

        do {
            AssPlist(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(j));
            j = IMAGEPP(j, ADDR_PPERM4(f), deg);
        } while (j != 0 && j != i);
    }
    SHRINK_PLIST(out, (Int)len);
    SET_LEN_PLIST(out, (Int)len);
    return out;
}

// the fixed points of a partial perm
static Obj FuncFIXED_PTS_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    len, i, j, deg, rank;
    Obj     out, dom;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptf4;

    len = 0;
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT, deg);
            ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
                if (ptf2[i] == i + 1) {
                    SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(i + 1));
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
            out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT, rank);
            ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
                if (ptf2[j - 1] == j) {
                    SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(j));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT, deg);
            ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
                if (ptf4[i] == i + 1) {
                    SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(i + 1));
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
            out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT, rank);
            ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
                if (ptf4[j - 1] == j) {
                    SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(j));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if (len == 0)
        RetypeBag(out, T_PLIST_EMPTY);

    SHRINK_PLIST(out, len);
    SET_LEN_PLIST(out, (Int)len);

    return out;
}

static Obj FuncNR_FIXED_PTS_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    nr, i, j, deg, rank;
    Obj     dom;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptf4;

    nr = 0;
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++)
                if (ptf2[i] == i + 1)
                    nr++;
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf2[j] == j + 1)
                    nr++;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++)
                if (ptf4[i] == i + 1)
                    nr++;
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf4[j] == j + 1)
                    nr++;
            }
        }
    }
    return INTOBJ_INT(nr);
}

// the moved points of a partial perm
static Obj FuncMOVED_PTS_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    len, i, j, deg, rank;
    Obj     out, dom;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptf4;

    len = 0;
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT, deg);
            ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
                if (ptf2[i] != 0 && ptf2[i] != i + 1) {
                    SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(i + 1));
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
            out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT, rank);
            ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf2[j] != j + 1) {
                    SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(j + 1));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT, deg);
            ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
                if (ptf4[i] != 0 && ptf4[i] != i + 1) {
                    SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(i + 1));
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
            out = NEW_PLIST(T_PLIST_CYC_SSORT, rank);
            ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf4[j] != j + 1) {
                    SET_ELM_PLIST(out, ++len, INTOBJ_INT(j + 1));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if (len == 0)
        RetypeBag(out, T_PLIST_EMPTY);
    SHRINK_PLIST(out, len);
    SET_LEN_PLIST(out, (Int)len);
    return out;
}

static Obj FuncNR_MOVED_PTS_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    nr, i, j, deg, rank;
    Obj     dom;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptf4;

    nr = 0;
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++)
                if (ptf2[i] != 0 && ptf2[i] != i + 1)
                    nr++;
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf2[j] != j + 1)
                    nr++;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++)
                if (ptf4[i] != 0 && ptf4[i] != i + 1)
                    nr++;
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf4[j] != j + 1)
                    nr++;
            }
        }
    }
    return INTOBJ_INT(nr);
}

static Obj FuncLARGEST_MOVED_PT_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    i, j, deg;
    Obj     dom;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptf4;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            for (i = deg; i > 0; i--) {
                if (ptf2[i - 1] != 0 && ptf2[i - 1] != i)
                    return INTOBJ_INT(i);
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            for (i = RANK_PPERM2(f); i >= 1; i--) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf2[j] != j + 1)
                    return INTOBJ_INT(j + 1);
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            for (i = deg; i > 0; i--) {
                if (ptf4[i - 1] != 0 && ptf4[i - 1] != i)
                    return INTOBJ_INT(i);
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            for (i = RANK_PPERM4(f); i >= 1; i--) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf4[j] != j + 1)
                    return INTOBJ_INT(j + 1);
            }
        }
    }
    return INTOBJ_INT(0);
}

static Obj FuncSMALLEST_MOVED_PT_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    i, j, deg, rank;
    Obj     dom;
    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptf4;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
                if (ptf2[i] != 0 && ptf2[i] != i + 1)
                    return INTOBJ_INT(i + 1);
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf2[j] != j + 1)
                    return INTOBJ_INT(j + 1);
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
                if (ptf4[i] != 0 && ptf4[i] != i + 1)
                    return INTOBJ_INT(i + 1);
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf4[j] != j + 1)
                    return INTOBJ_INT(j + 1);
            }
        }
    }
    return Fail;
}

// convert a T_PPERM4 with codeg<65536 to a T_PPERM2
static Obj FuncTRIM_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt    deg, i;
    UInt4 * ptf;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) != T_PPERM4 || CODEG_PPERM4(f) > 65535)
        return f;

    ptf = ADDR_PPERM4(f) - 1;
    deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
    for (i = 0; i < deg + 1; i++)
        ((UInt2 *)ptf)[i] = (UInt2)ptf[i];

    RetypeBag(f, T_PPERM2);
    ResizeBag(f, (deg + 1) * sizeof(UInt2) + 2 * sizeof(Obj));
    return (Obj)0;
}

Int HashFuncForPPerm(Obj f)
{
    UInt codeg;

    GAP_ASSERT(TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2 || TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4) {
        codeg = CODEG_PPERM4(f);
        if (codeg < 65536) {
            FuncTRIM_PPERM(0, f);
        }
        else {
            return HASHKEY_BAG_NC(f, (UInt4)255,
                                  2 * sizeof(Obj) + sizeof(UInt4),
                                  (int)4 * DEG_PPERM4(f));
        }
    }
    return HASHKEY_BAG_NC(f, (UInt4)255, 2 * sizeof(Obj) + sizeof(UInt2),
                          (int)2 * DEG_PPERM2(f));
}

static Obj FuncHASH_FUNC_FOR_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f, Obj data)
{
    return INTOBJ_INT(HashFuncForPPerm(f) % INT_INTOBJ(data) + 1);
}

// test if a partial perm is an idempotent
static Obj FuncIS_IDEM_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt2 * ptf2;
    UInt4 * ptf4;
    UInt    deg, i, j, rank;
    Obj     dom;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
                if (ptf2[i] != 0 && ptf2[i] != i + 1)
                    return False;
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf2[j] != 0 && ptf2[j] != j + 1)
                    return False;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
            deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
            for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
                if (ptf4[i] != 0 && ptf4[i] != i + 1)
                    return False;
            }
        }
        else {
            dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
            rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                if (ptf4[j] != 0 && ptf4[j] != j + 1)
                    return False;
            }
        }
    }
    return True;
}

// an idempotent partial perm <e> with ker(e)=ker(f)
static Obj FuncLEFT_ONE_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    Obj     dom, g;
    UInt    deg, i, j, rank;
    UInt2 * ptg2;
    UInt4 * ptg4;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
    }
    else {
        rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
    }

    if (deg < 65536) {
        g = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
        ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            ptg2[j] = j + 1;
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM2(g, deg);
        SET_DOM_PPERM(g, dom);
        SET_IMG_PPERM(g, dom);
    }
    else {
        g = NEW_PPERM4(deg);
        ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            ptg4[j] = j + 1;
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM4(g, deg);
        SET_DOM_PPERM(g, dom);
        SET_IMG_PPERM(g, dom);
    }
    CHANGED_BAG(g);
    return g;
}

// an idempotent partial perm <e> with im(e)=im(f)
static Obj FuncRIGHT_ONE_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    Obj     g, img;
    UInt    i, j, codeg, rank;
    UInt2 * ptg2;
    UInt4 * ptg4;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        codeg = CODEG_PPERM2(f);
        rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
        img = IMG_PPERM(f);
    }
    else {
        codeg = CODEG_PPERM4(f);
        rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
        img = IMG_PPERM(f);
    }

    if (codeg < 65536) {
        g = NEW_PPERM2(codeg);
        ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(img, i)) - 1;
            ptg2[j] = j + 1;
        }
        if (IS_SSORT_LIST(img)) {
            SET_DOM_PPERM(g, img);
            SET_IMG_PPERM(g, img);
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM2(g, codeg);
    }
    else {
        g = NEW_PPERM4(codeg);
        ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(img, i)) - 1;
            ptg4[j] = j + 1;
        }
        if (IS_SSORT_LIST(img)) {
            SET_DOM_PPERM(g, img);
            SET_IMG_PPERM(g, img);
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM4(g, codeg);
    }
    CHANGED_BAG(g);
    return g;
}

// f<=g if and only if f is a restriction of g
template <typename TF, typename TG>
static Obj NaturalLeqPartialPerm(Obj f, Obj g)
{
    UInt   def, deg, i, j, rank;
    const TF * ptf;
    const TG * ptg;
    Obj    dom;

    def = DEG_PPERM<TF>(f);
    ptf = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TF>(f);
    if (def == 0)
        return True;

    deg = DEG_PPERM<TG>(g);
    ptg = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TG>(g);
    if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
        for (i = 0; i < def; i++) {
            if (ptf[i] != 0 && ptf[i] != IMAGEPP(i + 1, ptg, deg))
                return False;
        }
    }
    else {
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
        rank = RANK_PPERM<TF>(f);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i));
            if (ptf[j - 1] != IMAGEPP(j, ptg, deg))
                return False;
        }
    }

    return True;
}

static Obj FuncNaturalLeqPartialPerm(Obj self, Obj f, Obj g)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, g);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
        return NaturalLeqPartialPerm<UInt2, UInt2>(f, g);
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM4) {
        return NaturalLeqPartialPerm<UInt2, UInt4>(f, g);
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
        return NaturalLeqPartialPerm<UInt4, UInt2>(f, g);
    }
    else /* if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM4) */ {
        return NaturalLeqPartialPerm<UInt4, UInt4>(f, g);
    }
}

template <typename TF, typename TG>
static Obj JOIN_IDEM_PPERMS(Obj f, Obj g)
{
    typedef typename ResultType<TF, TG>::type Res;

    UInt  def, deg, i;
    Obj   join = NULL;
    Res * ptjoin;
    const TF * ptf;
    const TG * ptg;

    def = DEG_PPERM(f);
    deg = DEG_PPERM(g);

    GAP_ASSERT(def <= deg);

    join = NEW_PPERM<Res>(deg);
    SET_CODEG_PPERM<Res>(join, deg);
    ptjoin = ADDR_PPERM<Res>(join);
    ptf = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TF>(f);
    ptg = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TG>(g);
    for (i = 0; i < def; i++) {
        ptjoin[i] = (ptf[i] != 0 ? ptf[i] : ptg[i]);
    }
    for (; i < deg; i++) {
        ptjoin[i] = ptg[i];
    }

    return join;
}

static Obj FuncJOIN_IDEM_PPERMS(Obj self, Obj f, Obj g)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, g);

    UInt def, deg;

    if (EQ(f, g)) {
        return f;
    }

    def = DEG_PPERM(f);
    deg = DEG_PPERM(g);

    if (def > deg) {
        SWAP(Obj, f, g);
        SWAP(UInt, def, deg);
    }

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
        return JOIN_IDEM_PPERMS<UInt2, UInt2>(f, g);
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM4) {
        return JOIN_IDEM_PPERMS<UInt2, UInt4>(f, g);
    }
    else /* if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM4) */ {
        return JOIN_IDEM_PPERMS<UInt4, UInt4>(f, g);
    }
}

// the union of f and g where this defines an injective function
template <typename TF, typename TG>
static Obj JOIN_PPERMS(Obj f, Obj g)
{
    typedef typename ResultType<TF, TG>::type Res;

    UInt   deg, i, j, degf, degg, codeg, rank;
    Res *   ptjoin;
    const TF * ptf;
    const TG * ptg;
    UInt4 * ptseen;
    Obj    join, dom;

    // init the buffer
    codeg = MAX(CODEG_PPERM(f), CODEG_PPERM(g));
    ResizeTmpPPerm(codeg);
    ptseen = ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm);
    for (i = 0; i < codeg; i++)
        ptseen[i] = 0;

    degf = DEG_PPERM<TF>(f);
    degg = DEG_PPERM<TG>(g);
    deg = MAX(degf, degg);
    join = NEW_PPERM<Res>(deg);
    SET_CODEG_PPERM<Res>(join, codeg);

    ptjoin = ADDR_PPERM<Res>(join);
    ptf = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TF>(f);
    ptg = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TG>(g);
    ptseen = ADDR_PPERM4(TmpPPerm);

    if (DOM_PPERM(f) != NULL) {
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
        rank = RANK_PPERM<TF>(f);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            ptjoin[j] = ptf[j];
            ptseen[ptf[j] - 1] = 1;
        }
    }

    if (DOM_PPERM(g) != NULL) {
        dom = DOM_PPERM(g);
        rank = RANK_PPERM<TG>(g);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            if (ptjoin[j] == 0) {
                if (ptseen[ptg[j] - 1] == 0) {
                    ptjoin[j] = ptg[j];
                    ptseen[ptg[j] - 1] = 1;
                }
                else {
                    return Fail;    // join is not injective
                }
            }
            else if (ptjoin[j] != ptg[j]) {
                return Fail;
            }
        }
    }

    if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL) {
        for (i = 0; i < degf; i++) {
            if (ptf[i] != 0) {
                if (ptjoin[i] == 0) {
                    if (ptseen[ptf[i] - 1] == 0) {
                        ptjoin[i] = ptf[i];
                        ptseen[ptf[i] - 1] = 1;
                    }
                    else {
                        return Fail;
                    }
                }
                else if (ptjoin[i] != ptf[i]) {
                    return Fail;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (DOM_PPERM(g) == NULL) {
        for (i = 0; i < degg; i++) {
            if (ptg[i] != 0) {
                if (ptjoin[i] == 0) {
                    if (ptseen[ptg[i] - 1] == 0) {
                        ptjoin[i] = ptg[i];
                        ptseen[ptg[i] - 1] = 1;
                    }
                    else {
                        return Fail;
                    }
                }
                else if (ptjoin[i] != ptg[i]) {
                    return Fail;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return join;
}

static Obj FuncJOIN_PPERMS(Obj self, Obj f, Obj g)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, g);

    if (EQ(f, g))
        return f;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
        return JOIN_PPERMS<UInt2, UInt2>(f, g);
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM4) {
        return JOIN_PPERMS<UInt2, UInt4>(f, g);
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
        return JOIN_PPERMS<UInt4, UInt2>(f, g);
    }
    else /* if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM4) */ {
        return JOIN_PPERMS<UInt4, UInt4>(f, g);
    }
}

static Obj FuncMEET_PPERMS(Obj self, Obj f, Obj g)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, g);

    UInt   deg, i, j, degf, degg, codeg;
    UInt2 *ptf2, *ptg2, *ptmeet2;
    UInt4 *ptf4, *ptg4, *ptmeet4;
    Obj    meet;

    codeg = 0;
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
        degf = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        degg = DEG_PPERM2(g);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);

        // find degree
        for (deg = MIN(degf, degg); deg > 0; deg--) {
            j = IMAGEPP(deg, ptf2, degf);
            if (j != 0 && j == IMAGEPP(deg, ptg2, degg))
                break;
        }

        meet = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
        ptmeet2 = ADDR_PPERM2(meet);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);

        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
            j = IMAGEPP(i + 1, ptf2, degf);
            if (IMAGEPP(i + 1, ptg2, degg) == j) {
                ptmeet2[i] = j;
                if (j > codeg)
                    codeg = j;
            }
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM2(meet, codeg);
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
        degf = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        degg = DEG_PPERM2(g);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);

        // find degree
        for (deg = (degf < degg ? degf : degg); deg > 0; deg--) {
            j = IMAGEPP(deg, ptf4, degf);
            if (j != 0 && j == IMAGEPP(deg, ptg2, degg))
                break;
        }

        meet = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
        ptmeet2 = ADDR_PPERM2(meet);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);

        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
            j = IMAGEPP(i + 1, ptf4, degf);
            if (IMAGEPP(i + 1, ptg2, degg) == j) {
                ptmeet2[i] = j;
                if (j > codeg)
                    codeg = j;
            }
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM2(meet, codeg);
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2 && TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM4) {
        degf = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        degg = DEG_PPERM4(g);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);

        // find degree
        for (deg = MIN(degf, degg); deg > 0; deg--) {
            j = IMAGEPP(deg, ptf2, degf);
            if (j != 0 && j == IMAGEPP(deg, ptg4, degg))
                break;
        }

        meet = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
        ptmeet2 = ADDR_PPERM2(meet);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);

        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
            j = IMAGEPP(i + 1, ptf2, degf);
            if (IMAGEPP(i + 1, ptg4, degg) == j) {
                ptmeet2[i] = j;
                if (j > codeg)
                    codeg = j;
            }
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM2(meet, codeg);
    }
    else {
        degf = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        degg = DEG_PPERM4(g);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);

        // find degree
        for (deg = MIN(degf, degg); deg > 0; deg--) {
            j = IMAGEPP(deg, ptf4, degf);
            if (j != 0 && j == IMAGEPP(deg, ptg4, degg))
                break;
        }

        meet = NEW_PPERM4(deg);
        ptmeet4 = ADDR_PPERM4(meet);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);

        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
            j = IMAGEPP(i + 1, ptf4, degf);
            if (IMAGEPP(i + 1, ptg4, degg) == j) {
                ptmeet4[i] = j;
                if (j > codeg)
                    codeg = j;
            }
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM4(meet, codeg);
    }
    return meet;
}

// restricted partial perm where set is assumed to be a set of positive ints
static Obj FuncRESTRICTED_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f, Obj set)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_LIST(set));

    UInt   i, j, n, codeg, deg;
    UInt2 *ptf2, *ptg2;
    UInt4 *ptf4, *ptg4;
    Obj    g;

    n = LEN_LIST(set);
    codeg = 0;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);

        // find pos in list corresponding to degree of new pperm
        while (n > 0 && (UInt)INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, n)) > deg)
            n--;
        while (n > 0 && ptf2[INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, n)) - 1] == 0)
            n--;
        if (n == 0)
            return EmptyPartialPerm;

        g = NEW_PPERM2(INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, n)));
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);

        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, i + 1)) - 1;
            ptg2[j] = ptf2[j];
            if (ptg2[j] > codeg)
                codeg = ptg2[j];
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM2(g, codeg);
        return g;
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);

        while (n > 0 && (UInt)INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, n)) > deg)
            n--;
        while (n > 0 && ptf4[INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, n)) - 1] == 0)
            n--;
        if (n == 0)
            return EmptyPartialPerm;

        g = NEW_PPERM4(INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, n)));
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);

        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, i + 1)) - 1;
            ptg4[j] = ptf4[j];
            if (ptg4[j] > codeg)
                codeg = ptg4[j];
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM4(g, codeg);
        return g;
    }
    return Fail;
}

// convert a permutation <p> to a partial perm on <set>, which is assumed to
// be a set of positive integers
static Obj FuncAS_PPERM_PERM(Obj self, Obj p, Obj set)
{
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_PERM(p));
    GAP_ASSERT(IS_LIST(set));

    UInt   i, j, n, deg, codeg, dep;
    UInt2 *ptf2, *ptp2;
    UInt4 *ptf4, *ptp4;
    Obj    f;

    n = LEN_LIST(set);
    if (n == 0)
        return EmptyPartialPerm;
    deg = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, n));
    codeg = 0;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(p) == T_PERM2) {
        dep = DEG_PERM2(p);
        if (deg < 65536) {
            if (dep < deg) {
                f = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
                ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
                ptp2 = ADDR_PERM2(p);
                for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
                    j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, i)) - 1;
                    ptf2[j] = IMAGE(j, ptp2, dep) + 1;
                }
                SET_CODEG_PPERM2(f, deg);
            }
            else {    // deg(f)<=deg(p)<=65536
                f = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
                ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
                ptp2 = ADDR_PERM2(p);
                for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
                    j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, i)) - 1;
                    ptf2[j] = ptp2[j] + 1;
                    if (ptf2[j] > codeg)
                        codeg = ptf2[j];
                }
                SET_CODEG_PPERM2(f, codeg);
            }
        }
        else {    // deg(p)<=65536<=deg(f)
            f = NEW_PPERM4(deg);
            ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
            ptp2 = ADDR_PERM2(p);
            for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, i)) - 1;
                ptf4[j] = IMAGE(j, ptp2, dep) + 1;
            }
            SET_CODEG_PPERM4(f, deg);
        }
    }
    else {    // p is PERM4
        dep = DEG_PERM4(p);
        if (dep < deg) {
            f = NEW_PPERM4(deg);
            ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
            ptp4 = ADDR_PERM4(p);
            for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, i)) - 1;
                ptf4[j] = IMAGE(j, ptp4, dep) + 1;
            }
            SET_CODEG_PPERM4(f, deg);
        }
        else {    // deg<=dep
            // find the codeg
            i = deg;
            ptp4 = ADDR_PERM4(p);
            while (codeg < 65536 && i > 0) {
                j = ptp4[INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, i--)) - 1] + 1;
                if (j > codeg)
                    codeg = j;
            }
            if (codeg < 65536) {
                f = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
                ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
                ptp4 = ADDR_PERM4(p);
                for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
                    j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, i)) - 1;
                    ptf2[j] = ptp4[j] + 1;
                }
                SET_CODEG_PPERM2(f, codeg);
            }
            else {
                f = NEW_PPERM4(deg);
                ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
                ptp4 = ADDR_PERM4(p);
                for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
                    j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_LIST(set, i)) - 1;
                    ptf4[j] = ptp4[j] + 1;
                    if (ptf4[j] > codeg)
                        codeg = ptf4[j];
                }
                SET_CODEG_PPERM4(f, deg);
            }
        }
    }
    return f;
}

// for a partial perm with equal dom and img
static Obj FuncAS_PERM_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);

    UInt2 *ptf2, *ptp2;
    UInt4 *ptf4, *ptp4;
    UInt   deg, i, j, rank;
    Obj    p, dom, img;

    img = FuncIMAGE_SET_PPERM(self, f);
    dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
    if (!EQ(img, dom)) {
        return Fail;
    }
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = DEG_PPERM2(f);
        p = NEW_PERM2(deg);
        ptp2 = ADDR_PERM2(p);
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++)
            ptp2[i] = i;
        rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            ptp2[j] = ptf2[j] - 1;
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = DEG_PPERM4(f);
        p = NEW_PERM4(deg);
        ptp4 = ADDR_PERM4(p);
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++)
            ptp4[i] = i;
        rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            ptp4[j] = ptf4[j] - 1;
        }
    }
    return p;
}

// the permutation induced on im(f) by f^-1*g when im(g)=im(f)
// and dom(f)=dom(g), no checking
static Obj FuncPERM_LEFT_QUO_PPERM_NC(Obj self, Obj f, Obj g)
{
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, g);

    UInt   deg, i, j, rank;
    Obj    perm, dom;
    UInt2 *ptf2, *ptp2, *ptg2;
    UInt4 *ptf4, *ptp4, *ptg4;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        deg = CODEG_PPERM2(f);
        rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);

        perm = NEW_PERM2(deg);
        ptp2 = ADDR_PERM2(perm);
        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++)
            ptp2[i] = i;
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        if (TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
            ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                ptp2[ptf2[j] - 1] = ptg2[j] - 1;
            }
        }
        else {
            ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                ptp2[ptf2[j] - 1] = ptg4[j] - 1;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        deg = CODEG_PPERM4(f);
        rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);

        perm = NEW_PERM4(deg);
        ptp4 = ADDR_PERM4(perm);
        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++)
            ptp4[i] = i;
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        if (TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
            ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                ptp4[ptf4[j] - 1] = ptg2[j] - 1;
            }
        }
        else {
            ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);
            for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
                ptp4[ptf4[j] - 1] = ptg4[j] - 1;
            }
        }
    }
    return perm;
}

static Obj FuncShortLexLeqPartialPerm(Obj self, Obj f, Obj g)
{
    UInt   rankf, rankg, i, j, k;
    Obj    domf, domg;
    UInt2 *ptf2, *ptg2;
    UInt4 *ptf4, *ptg4;

    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, f);
    RequirePartialPerm(SELF_NAME, g);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        if (DEG_PPERM2(f) == 0)
            return True;
        rankf = RANK_PPERM2(f);
        domf = DOM_PPERM(f);
    }
    else {
        if (DEG_PPERM4(f) == 0)
            return True;
        rankf = RANK_PPERM4(f);
        domf = DOM_PPERM(f);
    }

    if (TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
        if (DEG_PPERM2(g) == 0)
            return False;
        rankg = RANK_PPERM2(g);
        domg = DOM_PPERM(g);
    }
    else {
        if (DEG_PPERM4(g) == 0)
            return False;
        rankg = RANK_PPERM4(g);
        domg = DOM_PPERM(g);
    }

    if (rankf != rankg)
        return (rankf < rankg ? True : False);

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        ptf2 = ADDR_PPERM2(f);
        if (TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
            ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);
            for (i = 1; i <= rankf; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(domf, i)) - 1;
                k = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(domg, i)) - 1;
                if (j != k)
                    return (j < k ? True : False);
                if (ptf2[j] != ptg2[j])
                    return (ptf2[j] < ptg2[j] ? True : False);
            }
        }
        else {
            ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);
            for (i = 1; i <= rankf; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(domf, i)) - 1;
                k = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(domg, i)) - 1;
                if (j != k)
                    return (j < k ? True : False);
                if (ptf2[j] != ptg4[j])
                    return (ptf2[j] < ptg4[j] ? True : False);
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        ptf4 = ADDR_PPERM4(f);
        if (TNUM_OBJ(g) == T_PPERM2) {
            ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);
            for (i = 1; i <= rankf; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(domf, i)) - 1;
                k = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(domg, i)) - 1;
                if (j != k)
                    return (j < k ? True : False);
                if (ptf4[j] != ptg2[j])
                    return (ptf4[j] < ptg2[j] ? True : False);
            }
        }
        else {
            ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);
            for (i = 1; i <= rankf; i++) {
                j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(domf, i)) - 1;
                k = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(domg, i)) - 1;
                if (j != k)
                    return (j < k ? True : False);
                if (ptf4[j] != ptg4[j])
                    return (ptf4[j] < ptg4[j] ? True : False);
            }
        }
    }

    return False;
}

static Obj FuncHAS_DOM_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        return (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL ? False : True);
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4) {
        return (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL ? False : True);
    }
    return Fail;
}

static Obj FuncHAS_IMG_PPERM(Obj self, Obj f)
{
    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {
        return (IMG_PPERM(f) == NULL ? False : True);
    }
    else if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM4) {
        return (IMG_PPERM(f) == NULL ? False : True);
    }
    return Fail;
}

/**************************************************************************/

// GAP kernel functions

// an idempotent partial perm on the union of the domain and image
static Obj OnePPerm(Obj f)
{
    RequirePartialPerm("OnePPerm", f);

    Obj     g, img, dom;
    UInt    i, j, deg, rank;
    UInt2 * ptg2;
    UInt4 * ptg4;

    if (TNUM_OBJ(f) == T_PPERM2) {    // this could be shortened
        deg = MAX(DEG_PPERM2(f), CODEG_PPERM2(f));
        rank = RANK_PPERM2(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
        img = IMG_PPERM(f);
    }
    else {
        deg = MAX(DEG_PPERM4(f), CODEG_PPERM4(f));
        rank = RANK_PPERM4(f);
        dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
        img = IMG_PPERM(f);
    }

    if (deg < 65536) {
        g = NEW_PPERM2(deg);
        ptg2 = ADDR_PPERM2(g);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(img, i)) - 1;
            ptg2[j] = j + 1;
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            ptg2[j] = j + 1;
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM2(g, deg);
    }
    else {
        g = NEW_PPERM4(deg);
        ptg4 = ADDR_PPERM4(g);
        for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(img, i)) - 1;
            ptg4[j] = j + 1;
            j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
            ptg4[j] = j + 1;
        }
        SET_CODEG_PPERM4(g, deg);
    }
    return g;
}

// equality for partial perms
template <typename TF, typename TG>
static Int EqPPerm(Obj f, Obj g)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<TF>(f);
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<TG>(g);

    const TF * ptf = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TF>(f);
    const TG * ptg = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TG>(g);
    UInt    deg = DEG_PPERM<TF>(f);
    UInt    i, j, rank;
    Obj     dom;

    if (deg != DEG_PPERM<TG>(g) || CODEG_PPERM<TF>(f) != CODEG_PPERM<TG>(g))
        return 0;

    if (DOM_PPERM(f) == NULL || DOM_PPERM(g) == NULL) {
        for (i = 0; i < deg; i++)
            if (*ptf++ != *ptg++)
                return 0;
        return 1;
    }

    if (RANK_PPERM<TF>(f) != RANK_PPERM<TG>(g))
        return 0;
    dom = DOM_PPERM(f);
    rank = RANK_PPERM<TF>(f);

    for (i = 1; i <= rank; i++) {
        j = INT_INTOBJ(ELM_PLIST(dom, i)) - 1;
        if (ptf[j] != ptg[j])
            return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

// less than for partial perms
template <typename TF, typename TG>
static Int LtPPerm(Obj f, Obj g)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<TF>(f);
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<TG>(g);

    const TF * ptf = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TF>(f);
    const TG * ptg = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TG>(g);
    UInt    deg, i;

    deg = DEG_PPERM<TF>(f);
    if (deg != DEG_PPERM<TG>(g)) {
        if (deg < DEG_PPERM<TG>(g)) {
            return 1;
        }
        else {
            return 0;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < deg; i++) {
        if (*(ptf++) != *(ptg++)) {
            if (*(--ptf) < *(--ptg))
                return 1;
            else
                return 0;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

// product of partial perm and partial perm
template <typename TF, typename TG>
static Obj ProdPPerm(Obj f, Obj g)
{
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<TF>(f);
    ASSERT_IS_PPERM<TG>(g);

    UInt    deg, degg, i, j, rank, codeg;
    const TF * ptf;
    const TG * ptg;
    TG *    ptfg;
    Obj     fg, dom;

    // find the degree
    deg = DEG_PPERM<TF>(f);
    degg = DEG_PPERM<TG>(g);
    if (deg == 0 || degg == 0)
        return EmptyPartialPerm;

    ptf = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TF>(f);
    ptg = CONST_ADDR_PPERM<TG>(g);
    while (deg > 0 &&
           (ptf[deg - 1] == 0 || IMAGEPP(ptf[deg - 1], ptg, degg) == 0))
        deg--;
    if (deg == 0)
        return EmptyPartialPerm;

--> --------------------

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--> --------------------

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