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products/sources/formale Sprachen/Isabelle/Pure/Examples/ (Beweissystem Isabelle Version 2025-1^©) Datei vom 16.11.2025 mit Größe 4 kB

Quelle First_Order_Logic.thy Sprache: Isabelle

(*  Title:      Pure/Examples/First_Order_Logic.thy
    Author:     Makarius
*)

section \<open>A simple formulation of First-Order Logic\<close>

text \<open>
  The subsequent theory development illustrates single-sorted intuitionistic
  first-order logic with equality, formulated within the Pure framework.
\<close>

theory First_Order_Logic
  imports Pure
begin

subsection \<open>Abstract syntax\<close>

typedecl i
typedecl o

judgment Trueprop :: "o \ prop" (\_\ 5)

subsection \<open>Propositional logic\<close>

axiomatization false :: o  (\<open>\<bottom>\<close>)
  where falseE [elim]: "\ \ A"

axiomatization imp :: "o \ o \ o" (infixr \\\ 25)
  where impI [intro]: "(A \ B) \ A \ B"
    and mp [dest]: "A \ B \ A \ B"

axiomatization conj :: "o \ o \ o" (infixr \\\ 35)
  where conjI [intro]: "A \ B \ A \ B"
    and conjD1: "A \ B \ A"
    and conjD2: "A \ B \ B"

theorem conjE [elim]:
  assumes "A \ B"
  obtains A and B
proof
  from \<open>A \<and> B\<close> show A
    by (rule conjD1)
  from \<open>A \<and> B\<close> show B
    by (rule conjD2)
qed

axiomatization disj :: "o \ o \ o" (infixr \\\ 30)
  where disjE [elim]: "A \ B \ (A \ C) \ (B \ C) \ C"
    and disjI1 [intro]: "A \ A \ B"
    and disjI2 [intro]: "B \ A \ B"

definition true :: o  (\<open>\<top>\<close>)
  where "\ \ \ \ \"

theorem trueI [intro]: \<top>
  unfolding true_def ..

definition not :: "o \ o" (\\ _\ [40] 40)
  where "\ A \ A \ \"

theorem notI [intro]: "(A \ \) \ \ A"
  unfolding not_def ..

theorem notE [elim]: "\ A \ A \ B"
  unfolding not_def
proof -
  assume "A \ \" and A
  then have \<bottom> ..
  then show B ..
qed

definition iff :: "o \ o \ o" (infixr \\\ 25)
  where "A \ B \ (A \ B) \ (B \ A)"

theorem iffI [intro]:
  assumes "A \ B"
    and "B \ A"
  shows "A \ B"
  unfolding iff_def
proof
  from \<open>A \<Longrightarrow> B\<close> show "A \<longrightarrow> B" ..
  from \<open>B \<Longrightarrow> A\<close> show "B \<longrightarrow> A" ..
qed

theorem iff1 [elim]:
  assumes "A \ B" and A
  shows B
proof -
  from \<open>A \<longleftrightarrow> B\<close> have "(A \<longrightarrow> B) \<and> (B \<longrightarrow> A)"
    unfolding iff_def .
  then have "A \ B" ..
  from this and \<open>A\<close> show B ..
qed

theorem iff2 [elim]:
  assumes "A \ B" and B
  shows A
proof -
  from \<open>A \<longleftrightarrow> B\<close> have "(A \<longrightarrow> B) \<and> (B \<longrightarrow> A)"
    unfolding iff_def .
  then have "B \ A" ..
  from this and \<open>B\<close> show A ..
qed

subsection \<open>Equality\<close>

axiomatization equal :: "i \ i \ o" (infixl \=\ 50)
  where refl [intro]: "x = x"
    and subst: "x = y \ P x \ P y"

theorem trans [trans]: "x = y \ y = z \ x = z"
  by (rule subst)

theorem sym [sym]: "x = y \ y = x"
proof -
  assume "x = y"
  from this and refl show "y = x"
    by (rule subst)
qed

subsection \<open>Quantifiers\<close>

axiomatization All :: "(i \ o) \ o" (binder \\\ 10)
  where allI [intro]: "(\x. P x) \ \x. P x"
    and allD [dest]: "\x. P x \ P a"

axiomatization Ex :: "(i \ o) \ o" (binder \\\ 10)
  where exI [intro]: "P a \ \x. P x"
    and exE [elim]: "\x. P x \ (\x. P x \ C) \ C"

lemma "(\x. P (f x)) \ (\y. P y)"
proof
  assume "\x. P (f x)"
  then obtain x where "P (f x)" ..
  then show "\y. P y" ..
qed

lemma "(\x. \y. R x y) \ (\y. \x. R x y)"
proof
  assume "\x. \y. R x y"
  then obtain x where "\y. R x y" ..
  show "\y. \x. R x y"
  proof
    fix y
    from \<open>\<forall>y. R x y\<close> have "R x y" ..
    then show "\x. R x y" ..
  qed
qed

end

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