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products/sources/formale Sprachen/Java/Openjdk/src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/ (Sun/Oracle ^©) Datei vom 13.11.2022 mit Größe 4 kB

Quelle ArrayList.java Sprache: JAVA

/*
* Copyright (c) 1997, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/

package java.util;

import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
import jdk.internal.access.SharedSecrets;
import jdk.internal.util.ArraysSupport;

/**
* Resizable-array implementation of the {@code List} interface. Implements
* all optional list operations, and permits all elements, including
* {@code null}. In addition to implementing the {@code List} interface,
* this class provides methods to manipulate the size of the array that is
* used internally to store the list. (This class is roughly equivalent to
* {@code Vector}, except that it is unsynchronized.)
*
* The {@code size}, {@code isEmpty}, {@code get}, {@code set},
* {@code iterator}, and {@code listIterator} operations run in constant
* time. The {@code add} operation runs in amortized constant time,
* that is, adding n elements requires O(n) time. All of the other operations
* run in linear time (roughly speaking). The constant factor is low compared
* to that for the {@code LinkedList} implementation.
*
* Each {@code ArrayList} instance has a capacity. The capacity is
* the size of the array used to store the elements in the list. It is always
* at least as large as the list size. As elements are added to an ArrayList,
* its capacity grows automatically. The details of the growth policy are not
* specified beyond the fact that adding an element has constant amortized
* time cost.
*
* An application can increase the capacity of an {@code ArrayList} instance
* before adding a large number of elements using the {@code ensureCapacity}
* operation. This may reduce the amount of incremental reallocation.
*
* Note that this implementation is not synchronized.
* If multiple threads access an {@code ArrayList} instance concurrently,
* and at least one of the threads modifies the list structurally, it
* must be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is
* any operation that adds or deletes one or more elements, or explicitly
* resizes the backing array; merely setting the value of an element is not
* a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by
* synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the list.
*
* If no such object exists, the list should be "wrapped" using the
* {@link Collections#synchronizedList Collections.synchronizedList}
* method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
* unsynchronized access to the list:<pre>
* List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList(...));</pre>
*
* 
* The iterators returned by this class's {@link #iterator() iterator} and
* {@link #listIterator(int) listIterator} methods are fail-fast:
* if the list is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is
* created, in any way except through the iterator's own
* {@link ListIterator#remove() remove} or
* {@link ListIterator#add(Object) add} methods, the iterator will throw a
* {@link ConcurrentModificationException}. Thus, in the face of
* concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather
* than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined
* time in the future.
*
* Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed
* as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the
* presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators
* throw {@code ConcurrentModificationException} on a best-effort basis.
* Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this
* exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators
* should be used only to detect bugs.
*
* This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/package-summary.html#CollectionsFramework">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @param <E> the type of elements in this list
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Neal Gafter
* @see Collection
* @see List
* @see LinkedList
* @see Vector
* @since 1.2
*/
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
 implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
 @java.io.Serial
 private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;

 /**
 * Default initial capacity.
 */
 private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;

 /**
 * Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
 */
 private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

 /**
 * Shared empty array instance used for default sized empty instances. We
 * distinguish this from EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA to know how much to inflate when
 * first element is added.
 */
 private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

 /**
 * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
 * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer. Any
 * empty ArrayList with elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
 * will be expanded to DEFAULT_CAPACITY when the first element is added.
 */
 transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access

 /**
 * The size of the ArrayList (the number of elements it contains).
 *
 * @serial
 */
 private int size;

 /**
 * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
 *
 * @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the list
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
 * is negative
 */
 public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
 if (initialCapacity > 0) {
 this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
 } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
 this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
 } else {
 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
 initialCapacity);
 }
 }

 /**
 * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
 */
 public ArrayList() {
 this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
 }

 /**
 * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
 * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
 * iterator.
 *
 * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
 public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
 Object[] a = c.toArray();
 if ((size = a.length) != 0) {
 if (c.getClass() == ArrayList.class) {
 elementData = a;
 } else {
 elementData = Arrays.copyOf(a, size, Object[].class);
 }
 } else {
 // replace with empty array.
 elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
 }
 }

 /**
 * Trims the capacity of this {@code ArrayList} instance to be the
 * list's current size. An application can use this operation to minimize
 * the storage of an {@code ArrayList} instance.
 */
 public void trimToSize() {
 modCount++;
 if (size < elementData.length) {
 elementData = (size == 0)
 ? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
 : Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
 }
 }

 /**
 * Increases the capacity of this {@code ArrayList} instance, if
 * necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements
 * specified by the minimum capacity argument.
 *
 * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
 */
 public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
 if (minCapacity > elementData.length
 && !(elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
 && minCapacity <= DEFAULT_CAPACITY)) {
 modCount++;
 grow(minCapacity);
 }
 }

 /**
 * Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
 * number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
 *
 * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
 * @throws OutOfMemoryError if minCapacity is less than zero
 */
 private Object[] grow(int minCapacity) {
 int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
 if (oldCapacity > 0 || elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
 int newCapacity = ArraysSupport.newLength(oldCapacity,
 minCapacity - oldCapacity, /* minimum growth */
 oldCapacity >> 1 /* preferred growth */);
 return elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
 } else {
 return elementData = new Object[Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity)];
 }
 }

 private Object[] grow() {
 return grow(size + 1);
 }

 /**
 * Returns the number of elements in this list.
 *
 * @return the number of elements in this list
 */
 public int size() {
 return size;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if this list contains no elements.
 *
 * @return {@code true} if this list contains no elements
 */
 public boolean isEmpty() {
 return size == 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns {@code true} if this list contains the specified element.
 * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this list contains
 * at least one element {@code e} such that
 * {@code Objects.equals(o, e)}.
 *
 * @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested
 * @return {@code true} if this list contains the specified element
 */
 public boolean contains(Object o) {
 return indexOf(o) >= 0;
 }

 /**
 * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element
 * in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
 * More formally, returns the lowest index {@code i} such that
 * {@code Objects.equals(o, get(i))},
 * or -1 if there is no such index.
 */
 public int indexOf(Object o) {
 return indexOfRange(o, 0, size);
 }

 int indexOfRange(Object o, int start, int end) {
 Object[] es = elementData;
 if (o == null) {
 for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
 if (es[i] == null) {
 return i;
 }
 }
 } else {
 for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
 if (o.equals(es[i])) {
 return i;
 }
 }
 }
 return -1;
 }

 /**
 * Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element
 * in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
 * More formally, returns the highest index {@code i} such that
 * {@code Objects.equals(o, get(i))},
 * or -1 if there is no such index.
 */
 public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
 return lastIndexOfRange(o, 0, size);
 }

 int lastIndexOfRange(Object o, int start, int end) {
 Object[] es = elementData;
 if (o == null) {
 for (int i = end - 1; i >= start; i--) {
 if (es[i] == null) {
 return i;
 }
 }
 } else {
 for (int i = end - 1; i >= start; i--) {
 if (o.equals(es[i])) {
 return i;
 }
 }
 }
 return -1;
 }

 /**
 * Returns a shallow copy of this {@code ArrayList} instance. (The
 * elements themselves are not copied.)
 *
 * @return a clone of this {@code ArrayList} instance
 */
 public Object clone() {
 try {
 ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
 v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
 v.modCount = 0;
 return v;
 } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
 // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
 throw new InternalError(e);
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list
 * in proper sequence (from first to last element).
 *
 * The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
 * maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate
 * a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
 *
 * This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
 * APIs.
 *
 * @return an array containing all of the elements in this list in
 * proper sequence
 */
 public Object[] toArray() {
 return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
 }

 /**
 * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper
 * sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned
 * array is that of the specified array. If the list fits in the
 * specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is
 * allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of
 * this list.
 *
 * If the list fits in the specified array with room to spare
 * (i.e., the array has more elements than the list), the element in
 * the array immediately following the end of the collection is set to
 * {@code null}. (This is useful in determining the length of the
 * list only if the caller knows that the list does not contain
 * any null elements.)
 *
 * @param a the array into which the elements of the list are to
 * be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
 * same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
 * @return an array containing the elements of the list
 * @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
 * is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
 * this list
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
 */
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
 if (a.length < size)
 // Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
 return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
 System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
 if (a.length > size)
 a[size] = null;
 return a;
 }

 // Positional Access Operations

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 E elementData(int index) {
 return (E) elementData[index];
 }

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 static <E> E elementAt(Object[] es, int index) {
 return (E) es[index];
 }

 /**
 * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
 *
 * @param index index of the element to return
 * @return the element at the specified position in this list
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
 public E get(int index) {
 Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
 return elementData(index);
 }

 /**
 * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
 * the specified element.
 *
 * @param index index of the element to replace
 * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
 * @return the element previously at the specified position
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
 public E set(int index, E element) {
 Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
 E oldValue = elementData(index);
 elementData[index] = element;
 return oldValue;
 }

 /**
 * This helper method split out from add(E) to keep method
 * bytecode size under 35 (the -XX:MaxInlineSize default value),
 * which helps when add(E) is called in a C1-compiled loop.
 */
 private void add(E e, Object[] elementData, int s) {
 if (s == elementData.length)
 elementData = grow();
 elementData[s] = e;
 size = s + 1;
 }

 /**
 * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
 *
 * @param e element to be appended to this list
 * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
 */
 public boolean add(E e) {
 modCount++;
 add(e, elementData, size);
 return true;
 }

 /**
 * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
 * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
 * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
 *
 * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
 * @param element element to be inserted
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
 public void add(int index, E element) {
 rangeCheckForAdd(index);
 modCount++;
 final int s;
 Object[] elementData;
 if ((s = size) == (elementData = this.elementData).length)
 elementData = grow();
 System.arraycopy(elementData, index,
 elementData, index + 1,
 s - index);
 elementData[index] = element;
 size = s + 1;
 }

 /**
 * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
 * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
 * indices).
 *
 * @param index the index of the element to be removed
 * @return the element that was removed from the list
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
 public E remove(int index) {
 Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
 final Object[] es = elementData;

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E oldValue = (E) es[index];
 fastRemove(es, index);

 return oldValue;
 }

 /**
 * {@inheritDoc}
 */
 public boolean equals(Object o) {
 if (o == this) {
 return true;
 }

 if (!(o instanceof List)) {
 return false;
 }

 final int expectedModCount = modCount;
 // ArrayList can be subclassed and given arbitrary behavior, but we can
 // still deal with the common case where o is ArrayList precisely
 boolean equal = (o.getClass() == ArrayList.class)
 ? equalsArrayList((ArrayList<?>) o)
 : equalsRange((List<?>) o, 0, size);

 checkForComodification(expectedModCount);
 return equal;
 }

 boolean equalsRange(List<?> other, int from, int to) {
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 if (to > es.length) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 var oit = other.iterator();
 for (; from < to; from++) {
 if (!oit.hasNext() || !Objects.equals(es[from], oit.next())) {
 return false;
 }
 }
 return !oit.hasNext();
 }

 private boolean equalsArrayList(ArrayList<?> other) {
 final int otherModCount = other.modCount;
 final int s = size;
 boolean equal;
 if (equal = (s == other.size)) {
 final Object[] otherEs = other.elementData;
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 if (s > es.length || s > otherEs.length) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 for (int i = 0; i < s; i++) {
 if (!Objects.equals(es[i], otherEs[i])) {
 equal = false;
 break;
 }
 }
 }
 other.checkForComodification(otherModCount);
 return equal;
 }

 private void checkForComodification(final int expectedModCount) {
 if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 }

 /**
 * {@inheritDoc}
 */
 public int hashCode() {
 int expectedModCount = modCount;
 int hash = hashCodeRange(0, size);
 checkForComodification(expectedModCount);
 return hash;
 }

 int hashCodeRange(int from, int to) {
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 if (to > es.length) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 int hashCode = 1;
 for (int i = from; i < to; i++) {
 Object e = es[i];
 hashCode = 31 * hashCode + (e == null ? 0 : e.hashCode());
 }
 return hashCode;
 }

 /**
 * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
 * if it is present. If the list does not contain the element, it is
 * unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
 * {@code i} such that
 * {@code Objects.equals(o, get(i))}
 * (if such an element exists). Returns {@code true} if this list
 * contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
 * changed as a result of the call).
 *
 * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
 * @return {@code true} if this list contained the specified element
 */
 public boolean remove(Object o) {
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 final int size = this.size;
 int i = 0;
 found: {
 if (o == null) {
 for (; i < size; i++)
 if (es[i] == null)
 break found;
 } else {
 for (; i < size; i++)
 if (o.equals(es[i]))
 break found;
 }
 return false;
 }
 fastRemove(es, i);
 return true;
 }

 /**
 * Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
 * return the value removed.
 */
 private void fastRemove(Object[] es, int i) {
 modCount++;
 final int newSize;
 if ((newSize = size - 1) > i)
 System.arraycopy(es, i + 1, es, i, newSize - i);
 es[size = newSize] = null;
 }

 /**
 * Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will
 * be empty after this call returns.
 */
 public void clear() {
 modCount++;
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 for (int to = size, i = size = 0; i < to; i++)
 es[i] = null;
 }

 /**
 * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
 * this list, in the order that they are returned by the
 * specified collection's Iterator. The behavior of this operation is
 * undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
 * is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is
 * undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
 * list is nonempty.)
 *
 * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
 * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
 public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
 Object[] a = c.toArray();
 modCount++;
 int numNew = a.length;
 if (numNew == 0)
 return false;
 Object[] elementData;
 final int s;
 if (numNew > (elementData = this.elementData).length - (s = size))
 elementData = grow(s + numNew);
 System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, s, numNew);
 size = s + numNew;
 return true;
 }

 /**
 * Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
 * list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element
 * currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
 * the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear
 * in the list in the order that they are returned by the
 * specified collection's iterator.
 *
 * @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
 * specified collection
 * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
 * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
 public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
 rangeCheckForAdd(index);

 Object[] a = c.toArray();
 modCount++;
 int numNew = a.length;
 if (numNew == 0)
 return false;
 Object[] elementData;
 final int s;
 if (numNew > (elementData = this.elementData).length - (s = size))
 elementData = grow(s + numNew);

 int numMoved = s - index;
 if (numMoved > 0)
 System.arraycopy(elementData, index,
 elementData, index + numNew,
 numMoved);
 System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
 size = s + numNew;
 return true;
 }

 /**
 * Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between
 * {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
 * Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index).
 * This call shortens the list by {@code (toIndex - fromIndex)} elements.
 * (If {@code toIndex==fromIndex}, this operation has no effect.)
 *
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex} or
 * {@code toIndex} is out of range
 * ({@code fromIndex < 0 ||
 * toIndex > size() ||
 * toIndex < fromIndex})
 */
 protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 if (fromIndex > toIndex) {
 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
 outOfBoundsMsg(fromIndex, toIndex));
 }
 modCount++;
 shiftTailOverGap(elementData, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 /** Erases the gap from lo to hi, by sliding down following elements. */
 private void shiftTailOverGap(Object[] es, int lo, int hi) {
 System.arraycopy(es, hi, es, lo, size - hi);
 for (int to = size, i = (size -= hi - lo); i < to; i++)
 es[i] = null;
 }

 /**
 * A version of rangeCheck used by add and addAll.
 */
 private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
 if (index > size || index < 0)
 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
 }

 /**
 * Constructs an IndexOutOfBoundsException detail message.
 * Of the many possible refactorings of the error handling code,
 * this "outlining" performs best with both server and client VMs.
 */
 private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
 return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
 }

 /**
 * A version used in checking (fromIndex > toIndex) condition
 */
 private static String outOfBoundsMsg(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 return "From Index: " + fromIndex + " > To Index: " + toIndex;
 }

 /**
 * Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the
 * specified collection.
 *
 * @param c collection containing elements to be removed from this list
 * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
 * is incompatible with the specified collection
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 * @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
 * specified collection does not permit null elements
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
 * or if the specified collection is null
 * @see Collection#contains(Object)
 */
 public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
 return batchRemove(c, false, 0, size);
 }

 /**
 * Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the
 * specified collection. In other words, removes from this list all
 * of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.
 *
 * @param c collection containing elements to be retained in this list
 * @return {@code true} if this list changed as a result of the call
 * @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of this list
 * is incompatible with the specified collection
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
 * @throws NullPointerException if this list contains a null element and the
 * specified collection does not permit null elements
 * (<a href="Collection.html#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
 * or if the specified collection is null
 * @see Collection#contains(Object)
 */
 public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
 return batchRemove(c, true, 0, size);
 }

 boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement,
 final int from, final int end) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(c);
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 int r;
 // Optimize for initial run of survivors
 for (r = from;; r++) {
 if (r == end)
 return false;
 if (c.contains(es[r]) != complement)
 break;
 }
 int w = r++;
 try {
 for (Object e; r < end; r++)
 if (c.contains(e = es[r]) == complement)
 es[w++] = e;
 } catch (Throwable ex) {
 // Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
 // even if c.contains() throws.
 System.arraycopy(es, r, es, w, end - r);
 w += end - r;
 throw ex;
 } finally {
 modCount += end - w;
 shiftTailOverGap(es, w, end);
 }
 return true;
 }

 /**
 * Saves the state of the {@code ArrayList} instance to a stream
 * (that is, serializes it).
 *
 * @param s the stream
 * @throws java.io.IOException if an I/O error occurs
 * @serialData The length of the array backing the {@code ArrayList}
 * instance is emitted (int), followed by all of its elements
 * (each an {@code Object}) in the proper order.
 */
 @java.io.Serial
 private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
 throws java.io.IOException {
 // Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
 int expectedModCount = modCount;
 s.defaultWriteObject();

 // Write out size as capacity for behavioral compatibility with clone()
 s.writeInt(size);

 // Write out all elements in the proper order.
 for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
 s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
 }

 if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 }

 /**
 * Reconstitutes the {@code ArrayList} instance from a stream (that is,
 * deserializes it).
 * @param s the stream
 * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class of a serialized object
 * could not be found
 * @throws java.io.IOException if an I/O error occurs
 */
 @java.io.Serial
 private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
 throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {

 // Read in size, and any hidden stuff
 s.defaultReadObject();

 // Read in capacity
 s.readInt(); // ignored

 if (size > 0) {
 // like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
 SharedSecrets.getJavaObjectInputStreamAccess().checkArray(s, Object[].class, size);
 Object[] elements = new Object[size];

 // Read in all elements in the proper order.
 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
 elements[i] = s.readObject();
 }

 elementData = elements;
 } else if (size == 0) {
 elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
 } else {
 throw new java.io.InvalidObjectException("Invalid size: " + size);
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper
 * sequence), starting at the specified position in the list.
 * The specified index indicates the first element that would be
 * returned by an initial call to {@link ListIterator#next next}.
 * An initial call to {@link ListIterator#previous previous} would
 * return the element with the specified index minus one.
 *
 * The returned list iterator is <a href="#fail-fast">fail-fast</a>.
 *
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
 public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
 rangeCheckForAdd(index);
 return new ListItr(index);
 }

 /**
 * Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper
 * sequence).
 *
 * The returned list iterator is <a href="#fail-fast">fail-fast</a>.
 *
 * @see #listIterator(int)
 */
 public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
 return new ListItr(0);
 }

 /**
 * Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
 *
 * The returned iterator is <a href="#fail-fast">fail-fast</a>.
 *
 * @return an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence
 */
 public Iterator<E> iterator() {
 return new Itr();
 }

 /**
 * An optimized version of AbstractList.Itr
 */
 private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
 int cursor; // index of next element to return
 int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such
 int expectedModCount = modCount;

 // prevent creating a synthetic constructor
 Itr() {}

 public boolean hasNext() {
 return cursor != size;
 }

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public E next() {
 checkForComodification();
 int i = cursor;
 if (i >= size)
 throw new NoSuchElementException();
 Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
 if (i >= elementData.length)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 cursor = i + 1;
 return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
 }

 public void remove() {
 if (lastRet < 0)
 throw new IllegalStateException();
 checkForComodification();

 try {
 ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
 cursor = lastRet;
 lastRet = -1;
 expectedModCount = modCount;
 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 }

 @Override
 public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(action);
 final int size = ArrayList.this.size;
 int i = cursor;
 if (i < size) {
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 if (i >= es.length)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 for (; i < size && modCount == expectedModCount; i++)
 action.accept(elementAt(es, i));
 // update once at end to reduce heap write traffic
 cursor = i;
 lastRet = i - 1;
 checkForComodification();
 }
 }

 final void checkForComodification() {
 if (modCount != expectedModCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 }

 /**
 * An optimized version of AbstractList.ListItr
 */
 private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
 ListItr(int index) {
 super();
 cursor = index;
 }

 public boolean hasPrevious() {
 return cursor != 0;
 }

 public int nextIndex() {
 return cursor;
 }

 public int previousIndex() {
 return cursor - 1;
 }

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public E previous() {
 checkForComodification();
 int i = cursor - 1;
 if (i < 0)
 throw new NoSuchElementException();
 Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
 if (i >= elementData.length)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 cursor = i;
 return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
 }

 public void set(E e) {
 if (lastRet < 0)
 throw new IllegalStateException();
 checkForComodification();

 try {
 ArrayList.this.set(lastRet, e);
 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 }

 public void add(E e) {
 checkForComodification();

 try {
 int i = cursor;
 ArrayList.this.add(i, e);
 cursor = i + 1;
 lastRet = -1;
 expectedModCount = modCount;
 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 }
 }

 /**
 * Returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified
 * {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If
 * {@code fromIndex} and {@code toIndex} are equal, the returned list is
 * empty.) The returned list is backed by this list, so non-structural
 * changes in the returned list are reflected in this list, and vice-versa.
 * The returned list supports all of the optional list operations.
 *
 * This method eliminates the need for explicit range operations (of
 * the sort that commonly exist for arrays). Any operation that expects
 * a list can be used as a range operation by passing a subList view
 * instead of a whole list. For example, the following idiom
 * removes a range of elements from a list:
 * <pre>
 * list.subList(from, to).clear();
 * </pre>
 * Similar idioms may be constructed for {@link #indexOf(Object)} and
 * {@link #lastIndexOf(Object)}, and all of the algorithms in the
 * {@link Collections} class can be applied to a subList.
 *
 * The semantics of the list returned by this method become undefined if
 * the backing list (i.e., this list) is structurally modified in
 * any way other than via the returned list. (Structural modifications are
 * those that change the size of this list, or otherwise perturb it in such
 * a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results.)
 *
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
 */
 public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
 return new SubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 private static class SubList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess {
 private final ArrayList<E> root;
 private final SubList<E> parent;
 private final int offset;
 private int size;

 /**
 * Constructs a sublist of an arbitrary ArrayList.
 */
 public SubList(ArrayList<E> root, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 this.root = root;
 this.parent = null;
 this.offset = fromIndex;
 this.size = toIndex - fromIndex;
 this.modCount = root.modCount;
 }

 /**
 * Constructs a sublist of another SubList.
 */
 private SubList(SubList<E> parent, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 this.root = parent.root;
 this.parent = parent;
 this.offset = parent.offset + fromIndex;
 this.size = toIndex - fromIndex;
 this.modCount = parent.modCount;
 }

 public E set(int index, E element) {
 Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
 checkForComodification();
 E oldValue = root.elementData(offset + index);
 root.elementData[offset + index] = element;
 return oldValue;
 }

 public E get(int index) {
 Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
 checkForComodification();
 return root.elementData(offset + index);
 }

 public int size() {
 checkForComodification();
 return size;
 }

 public void add(int index, E element) {
 rangeCheckForAdd(index);
 checkForComodification();
 root.add(offset + index, element);
 updateSizeAndModCount(1);
 }

 public E remove(int index) {
 Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
 checkForComodification();
 E result = root.remove(offset + index);
 updateSizeAndModCount(-1);
 return result;
 }

 protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 checkForComodification();
 root.removeRange(offset + fromIndex, offset + toIndex);
 updateSizeAndModCount(fromIndex - toIndex);
 }

 public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
 return addAll(this.size, c);
 }

 public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
 rangeCheckForAdd(index);
 int cSize = c.size();
 if (cSize==0)
 return false;
 checkForComodification();
 root.addAll(offset + index, c);
 updateSizeAndModCount(cSize);
 return true;
 }

 public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
 root.replaceAllRange(operator, offset, offset + size);
 }

 public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
 return batchRemove(c, false);
 }

 public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
 return batchRemove(c, true);
 }

 private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
 checkForComodification();
 int oldSize = root.size;
 boolean modified =
 root.batchRemove(c, complement, offset, offset + size);
 if (modified)
 updateSizeAndModCount(root.size - oldSize);
 return modified;
 }

 public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
 checkForComodification();
 int oldSize = root.size;
 boolean modified = root.removeIf(filter, offset, offset + size);
 if (modified)
 updateSizeAndModCount(root.size - oldSize);
 return modified;
 }

 public Object[] toArray() {
 checkForComodification();
 return Arrays.copyOfRange(root.elementData, offset, offset + size);
 }

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
 checkForComodification();
 if (a.length < size)
 return (T[]) Arrays.copyOfRange(
 root.elementData, offset, offset + size, a.getClass());
 System.arraycopy(root.elementData, offset, a, 0, size);
 if (a.length > size)
 a[size] = null;
 return a;
 }

 public boolean equals(Object o) {
 if (o == this) {
 return true;
 }

 if (!(o instanceof List)) {
 return false;
 }

 boolean equal = root.equalsRange((List<?>)o, offset, offset + size);
 checkForComodification();
 return equal;
 }

 public int hashCode() {
 int hash = root.hashCodeRange(offset, offset + size);
 checkForComodification();
 return hash;
 }

 public int indexOf(Object o) {
 int index = root.indexOfRange(o, offset, offset + size);
 checkForComodification();
 return index >= 0 ? index - offset : -1;
 }

 public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
 int index = root.lastIndexOfRange(o, offset, offset + size);
 checkForComodification();
 return index >= 0 ? index - offset : -1;
 }

 public boolean contains(Object o) {
 return indexOf(o) >= 0;
 }

 public Iterator<E> iterator() {
 return listIterator();
 }

 public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
 checkForComodification();
 rangeCheckForAdd(index);

 return new ListIterator<E>() {
 int cursor = index;
 int lastRet = -1;
 int expectedModCount = SubList.this.modCount;

 public boolean hasNext() {
 return cursor != SubList.this.size;
 }

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public E next() {
 checkForComodification();
 int i = cursor;
 if (i >= SubList.this.size)
 throw new NoSuchElementException();
 Object[] elementData = root.elementData;
 if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 cursor = i + 1;
 return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
 }

 public boolean hasPrevious() {
 return cursor != 0;
 }

 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public E previous() {
 checkForComodification();
 int i = cursor - 1;
 if (i < 0)
 throw new NoSuchElementException();
 Object[] elementData = root.elementData;
 if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 cursor = i;
 return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
 }

 public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(action);
 final int size = SubList.this.size;
 int i = cursor;
 if (i < size) {
 final Object[] es = root.elementData;
 if (offset + i >= es.length)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 for (; i < size && root.modCount == expectedModCount; i++)
 action.accept(elementAt(es, offset + i));
 // update once at end to reduce heap write traffic
 cursor = i;
 lastRet = i - 1;
 checkForComodification();
 }
 }

 public int nextIndex() {
 return cursor;
 }

 public int previousIndex() {
 return cursor - 1;
 }

 public void remove() {
 if (lastRet < 0)
 throw new IllegalStateException();
 checkForComodification();

 try {
 SubList.this.remove(lastRet);
 cursor = lastRet;
 lastRet = -1;
 expectedModCount = SubList.this.modCount;
 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 }

 public void set(E e) {
 if (lastRet < 0)
 throw new IllegalStateException();
 checkForComodification();

 try {
 root.set(offset + lastRet, e);
 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 }

 public void add(E e) {
 checkForComodification();

 try {
 int i = cursor;
 SubList.this.add(i, e);
 cursor = i + 1;
 lastRet = -1;
 expectedModCount = SubList.this.modCount;
 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 }

 final void checkForComodification() {
 if (root.modCount != expectedModCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }
 };
 }

 public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
 subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
 return new SubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex);
 }

 private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
 if (index < 0 || index > this.size)
 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
 }

 private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
 return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+this.size;
 }

 private void checkForComodification() {
 if (root.modCount != modCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }

 private void updateSizeAndModCount(int sizeChange) {
 SubList<E> slist = this;
 do {
 slist.size += sizeChange;
 slist.modCount = root.modCount;
 slist = slist.parent;
 } while (slist != null);
 }

 public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
 checkForComodification();

 // ArrayListSpliterator not used here due to late-binding
 return new Spliterator<E>() {
 private int index = offset; // current index, modified on advance/split
 private int fence = -1; // -1 until used; then one past last index
 private int expectedModCount; // initialized when fence set

 private int getFence() { // initialize fence to size on first use
 int hi; // (a specialized variant appears in method forEach)
 if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
 expectedModCount = modCount;
 hi = fence = offset + size;
 }
 return hi;
 }

 public ArrayList<E>.ArrayListSpliterator trySplit() {
 int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
 // ArrayListSpliterator can be used here as the source is already bound
 return (lo >= mid) ? null : // divide range in half unless too small
 root.new ArrayListSpliterator(lo, index = mid, expectedModCount);
 }

 public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(action);
 int hi = getFence(), i = index;
 if (i < hi) {
 index = i + 1;
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E)root.elementData[i];
 action.accept(e);
 if (root.modCount != expectedModCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 return true;
 }
 return false;
 }

 public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(action);
 int i, hi, mc; // hoist accesses and checks from loop
 ArrayList<E> lst = root;
 Object[] a;
 if ((a = lst.elementData) != null) {
 if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
 mc = modCount;
 hi = offset + size;
 }
 else
 mc = expectedModCount;
 if ((i = index) >= 0 && (index = hi) <= a.length) {
 for (; i < hi; ++i) {
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) a[i];
 action.accept(e);
 }
 if (lst.modCount == mc)
 return;
 }
 }
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }

 public long estimateSize() {
 return getFence() - index;
 }

 public int characteristics() {
 return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED;
 }
 };
 }
 }

 /**
 * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
 */
 @Override
 public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(action);
 final int expectedModCount = modCount;
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 final int size = this.size;
 for (int i = 0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++)
 action.accept(elementAt(es, i));
 if (modCount != expectedModCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }

 /**
 * Creates a <a href="Spliterator.html#binding">late-binding</a>
 * and fail-fast {@link Spliterator} over the elements in this
 * list.
 *
 * The {@code Spliterator} reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED},
 * {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}, and {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}.
 * Overriding implementations should document the reporting of additional
 * characteristic values.
 *
 * @return a {@code Spliterator} over the elements in this list
 * @since 1.8
 */
 @Override
 public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
 return new ArrayListSpliterator(0, -1, 0);
 }

 /** Index-based split-by-two, lazily initialized Spliterator */
 final class ArrayListSpliterator implements Spliterator<E> {

 /*
 * If ArrayLists were immutable, or structurally immutable (no
 * adds, removes, etc), we could implement their spliterators
 * with Arrays.spliterator. Instead we detect as much
 * interference during traversal as practical without
 * sacrificing much performance. We rely primarily on
 * modCounts. These are not guaranteed to detect concurrency
 * violations, and are sometimes overly conservative about
 * within-thread interference, but detect enough problems to
 * be worthwhile in practice. To carry this out, we (1) lazily
 * initialize fence and expectedModCount until the latest
 * point that we need to commit to the state we are checking
 * against; thus improving precision. (This doesn't apply to
 * SubLists, that create spliterators with current non-lazy
 * values). (2) We perform only a single
 * ConcurrentModificationException check at the end of forEach
 * (the most performance-sensitive method). When using forEach
 * (as opposed to iterators), we can normally only detect
 * interference after actions, not before. Further
 * CME-triggering checks apply to all other possible
 * violations of assumptions for example null or too-small
 * elementData array given its size(), that could only have
 * occurred due to interference. This allows the inner loop
 * of forEach to run without any further checks, and
 * simplifies lambda-resolution. While this does entail a
 * number of checks, note that in the common case of
 * list.stream().forEach(a), no checks or other computation
 * occur anywhere other than inside forEach itself. The other
 * less-often-used methods cannot take advantage of most of
 * these streamlinings.
 */

 private int index; // current index, modified on advance/split
 private int fence; // -1 until used; then one past last index
 private int expectedModCount; // initialized when fence set

 /** Creates new spliterator covering the given range. */
 ArrayListSpliterator(int origin, int fence, int expectedModCount) {
 this.index = origin;
 this.fence = fence;
 this.expectedModCount = expectedModCount;
 }

 private int getFence() { // initialize fence to size on first use
 int hi; // (a specialized variant appears in method forEach)
 if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
 expectedModCount = modCount;
 hi = fence = size;
 }
 return hi;
 }

 public ArrayListSpliterator trySplit() {
 int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
 return (lo >= mid) ? null : // divide range in half unless too small
 new ArrayListSpliterator(lo, index = mid, expectedModCount);
 }

 public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
 if (action == null)
 throw new NullPointerException();
 int hi = getFence(), i = index;
 if (i < hi) {
 index = i + 1;
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E)elementData[i];
 action.accept(e);
 if (modCount != expectedModCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 return true;
 }
 return false;
 }

 public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
 int i, hi, mc; // hoist accesses and checks from loop
 Object[] a;
 if (action == null)
 throw new NullPointerException();
 if ((a = elementData) != null) {
 if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
 mc = modCount;
 hi = size;
 }
 else
 mc = expectedModCount;
 if ((i = index) >= 0 && (index = hi) <= a.length) {
 for (; i < hi; ++i) {
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) a[i];
 action.accept(e);
 }
 if (modCount == mc)
 return;
 }
 }
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }

 public long estimateSize() {
 return getFence() - index;
 }

 public int characteristics() {
 return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED;
 }
 }

 // A tiny bit set implementation

 private static long[] nBits(int n) {
 return new long[((n - 1) >> 6) + 1];
 }
 private static void setBit(long[] bits, int i) {
 bits[i >> 6] |= 1L << i;
 }
 private static boolean isClear(long[] bits, int i) {
 return (bits[i >> 6] & (1L << i)) == 0;
 }

 /**
 * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
 */
 @Override
 public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
 return removeIf(filter, 0, size);
 }

 /**
 * Removes all elements satisfying the given predicate, from index
 * i (inclusive) to index end (exclusive).
 */
 boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter, int i, final int end) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
 int expectedModCount = modCount;
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 // Optimize for initial run of survivors
 for (; i < end && !filter.test(elementAt(es, i)); i++)
 ;
 // Tolerate predicates that reentrantly access the collection for
 // read (but writers still get CME), so traverse once to find
 // elements to delete, a second pass to physically expunge.
 if (i < end) {
 final int beg = i;
 final long[] deathRow = nBits(end - beg);
 deathRow[0] = 1L; // set bit 0
 for (i = beg + 1; i < end; i++)
 if (filter.test(elementAt(es, i)))
 setBit(deathRow, i - beg);
 if (modCount != expectedModCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 modCount++;
 int w = beg;
 for (i = beg; i < end; i++)
 if (isClear(deathRow, i - beg))
 es[w++] = es[i];
 shiftTailOverGap(es, w, end);
 return true;
 } else {
 if (modCount != expectedModCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 return false;
 }
 }

 @Override
 public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
 replaceAllRange(operator, 0, size);
 // TODO(8203662): remove increment of modCount from ...
 modCount++;
 }

 private void replaceAllRange(UnaryOperator<E> operator, int i, int end) {
 Objects.requireNonNull(operator);
 final int expectedModCount = modCount;
 final Object[] es = elementData;
 for (; modCount == expectedModCount && i < end; i++)
 es[i] = operator.apply(elementAt(es, i));
 if (modCount != expectedModCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 }

 @Override
 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
 final int expectedModCount = modCount;
 Arrays.sort((E[]) elementData, 0, size, c);
 if (modCount != expectedModCount)
 throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
 modCount++;
 }

 void checkInvariants() {
 // assert size >= 0;
 // assert size == elementData.length || elementData[size] == null;
 }
}

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