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Quellcode-Bibliothek
© Kompilation durch diese Firma
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Datei:
dml029.cob
Sprache: Isabelle
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section \<open>Absolute Retracts, Absolute Neighbourhood Retracts and Euclidean Neighbourhood Retracts\<close>
theory Retracts
imports
Brouwer_Fixpoint
Continuous_Extension
begin
text \<open>Absolute retracts (AR), absolute neighbourhood retracts (ANR) and also Euclidean neighbourhood
retracts (ENR). We define AR and ANR by specializing the standard definitions for a set to embedding
in spaces of higher dimension.
John Harrison writes: "This turns out to be sufficient (since any set in \\\<^sup>n\ can be
embedded as a closed subset of a convex subset of \<open>\<real>\<^sup>n\<^sup>+\<^sup>1\<close>) to derive the usual
definitions, but we need to split them into two implications because of the lack of type
quantifiers. Then ENR turns out to be equivalent to ANR plus local compactness."\
definition\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> AR :: "'a::topological_space set \<Rightarrow> bool" where
"AR S \ \U. \S'::('a * real) set.
S homeomorphic S' \ closedin (top_of_set U) S' \ S' retract_of U"
definition\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> ANR :: "'a::topological_space set \<Rightarrow> bool" where
"ANR S \ \U. \S'::('a * real) set.
S homeomorphic S' \ closedin (top_of_set U) S'
\<longrightarrow> (\<exists>T. openin (top_of_set U) T \<and> S' retract_of T)"
definition\<^marker>\<open>tag important\<close> ENR :: "'a::topological_space set \<Rightarrow> bool" where
"ENR S \ \U. open U \ S retract_of U"
text \<open>First, show that we do indeed get the "usual" properties of ARs and ANRs.\<close>
lemma AR_imp_absolute_extensor:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \ 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "AR S" and contf: "continuous_on T f" and "f ` T \ S"
and cloUT: "closedin (top_of_set U) T"
obtains g where "continuous_on U g" "g ` U \ S" "\x. x \ T \ g x = f x"
proof -
have "aff_dim S < int (DIM('b \ real))"
using aff_dim_le_DIM [of S] by simp
then obtain C and S' :: "('b * real) set"
where C: "convex C" "C \ {}"
and cloCS: "closedin (top_of_set C) S'"
and hom: "S homeomorphic S'"
by (metis that homeomorphic_closedin_convex)
then have "S' retract_of C"
using \<open>AR S\<close> by (simp add: AR_def)
then obtain r where "S' \ C" and contr: "continuous_on C r"
and "r ` C \ S'" and rid: "\x. x\S' \ r x = x"
by (auto simp: retraction_def retract_of_def)
obtain g h where "homeomorphism S S' g h"
using hom by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
then have "continuous_on (f ` T) g"
by (meson \<open>f ` T \<subseteq> S\<close> continuous_on_subset homeomorphism_def)
then have contgf: "continuous_on T (g \ f)"
by (metis continuous_on_compose contf)
have gfTC: "(g \ f) ` T \ C"
proof -
have "g ` S = S'"
by (metis (no_types) \<open>homeomorphism S S' g h\<close> homeomorphism_def)
with \<open>S' \<subseteq> C\<close> \<open>f ` T \<subseteq> S\<close> show ?thesis by force
qed
obtain f' where f': "continuous_on U f'" "f' ` U \ C"
"\x. x \ T \ f' x = (g \ f) x"
by (metis Dugundji [OF C cloUT contgf gfTC])
show ?thesis
proof (rule_tac g = "h \ r \ f'" in that)
show "continuous_on U (h \ r \ f')"
proof (intro continuous_on_compose f')
show "continuous_on (f' ` U) r"
using continuous_on_subset contr f' by blast
show "continuous_on (r ` f' ` U) h"
using \<open>homeomorphism S S' g h\<close> \<open>f' ` U \<subseteq> C\<close>
unfolding homeomorphism_def
by (metis \<open>r ` C \<subseteq> S'\<close> continuous_on_subset image_mono)
qed
show "(h \ r \ f') ` U \ S"
using \<open>homeomorphism S S' g h\<close> \<open>r ` C \<subseteq> S'\<close> \<open>f' ` U \<subseteq> C\<close>
by (fastforce simp: homeomorphism_def)
show "\x. x \ T \ (h \ r \ f') x = f x"
using \<open>homeomorphism S S' g h\<close> \<open>f ` T \<subseteq> S\<close> f'
by (auto simp: rid homeomorphism_def)
qed
qed
lemma AR_imp_absolute_retract:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and S' :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "AR S" "S homeomorphic S'"
and clo: "closedin (top_of_set U) S'"
shows "S' retract_of U"
proof -
obtain g h where hom: "homeomorphism S S' g h"
using assms by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
obtain h: "continuous_on S' h" " h ` S' \ S"
using hom homeomorphism_def by blast
obtain h' where h': "continuous_on U h'" "h' ` U \ S"
and h'h: "\x. x \ S' \ h' x = h x"
by (blast intro: AR_imp_absolute_extensor [OF \<open>AR S\<close> h clo])
have [simp]: "S' \ U" using clo closedin_limpt by blast
show ?thesis
proof (simp add: retraction_def retract_of_def, intro exI conjI)
show "continuous_on U (g \ h')"
by (meson continuous_on_compose continuous_on_subset h' hom homeomorphism_cont1)
show "(g \ h') ` U \ S'"
using h' by clarsimp (metis hom subsetD homeomorphism_def imageI)
show "\x\S'. (g \ h') x = x"
by clarsimp (metis h'h hom homeomorphism_def)
qed
qed
lemma AR_imp_absolute_retract_UNIV:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and S' :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "AR S" "S homeomorphic S'" "closed S'"
shows "S' retract_of UNIV"
using AR_imp_absolute_retract assms by fastforce
lemma absolute_extensor_imp_AR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "\f :: 'a * real \ 'a.
\<And>U T. \<lbrakk>continuous_on T f; f ` T \<subseteq> S;
closedin (top_of_set U) T\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> \<exists>g. continuous_on U g \<and> g ` U \<subseteq> S \<and> (\<forall>x \<in> T. g x = f x)"
shows "AR S"
proof (clarsimp simp: AR_def)
fix U and T :: "('a * real) set"
assume "S homeomorphic T" and clo: "closedin (top_of_set U) T"
then obtain g h where hom: "homeomorphism S T g h"
by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
obtain h: "continuous_on T h" " h ` T \ S"
using hom homeomorphism_def by blast
obtain h' where h': "continuous_on U h'" "h' ` U \ S"
and h'h: "\x\T. h' x = h x"
using assms [OF h clo] by blast
have [simp]: "T \ U"
using clo closedin_imp_subset by auto
show "T retract_of U"
proof (simp add: retraction_def retract_of_def, intro exI conjI)
show "continuous_on U (g \ h')"
by (meson continuous_on_compose continuous_on_subset h' hom homeomorphism_cont1)
show "(g \ h') ` U \ T"
using h' by clarsimp (metis hom subsetD homeomorphism_def imageI)
show "\x\T. (g \ h') x = x"
by clarsimp (metis h'h hom homeomorphism_def)
qed
qed
lemma AR_eq_absolute_extensor:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "AR S \
(\<forall>f :: 'a * real \<Rightarrow> 'a.
\<forall>U T. continuous_on T f \<longrightarrow> f ` T \<subseteq> S \<longrightarrow>
closedin (top_of_set U) T \<longrightarrow>
(\<exists>g. continuous_on U g \<and> g ` U \<subseteq> S \<and> (\<forall>x \<in> T. g x = f x)))"
by (metis (mono_tags, hide_lams) AR_imp_absolute_extensor absolute_extensor_imp_AR)
lemma AR_imp_retract:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "AR S \ closedin (top_of_set U) S"
shows "S retract_of U"
using AR_imp_absolute_retract assms homeomorphic_refl by blast
lemma AR_homeomorphic_AR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "AR T" "S homeomorphic T"
shows "AR S"
unfolding AR_def
by (metis assms AR_imp_absolute_retract homeomorphic_trans [of _ S] homeomorphic_sym)
lemma homeomorphic_AR_iff_AR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
shows "S homeomorphic T \ AR S \ AR T"
by (metis AR_homeomorphic_AR homeomorphic_sym)
lemma ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \ 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "ANR S" and contf: "continuous_on T f" and "f ` T \ S"
and cloUT: "closedin (top_of_set U) T"
obtains V g where "T \ V" "openin (top_of_set U) V"
"continuous_on V g"
"g ` V \ S" "\x. x \ T \ g x = f x"
proof -
have "aff_dim S < int (DIM('b \ real))"
using aff_dim_le_DIM [of S] by simp
then obtain C and S' :: "('b * real) set"
where C: "convex C" "C \ {}"
and cloCS: "closedin (top_of_set C) S'"
and hom: "S homeomorphic S'"
by (metis that homeomorphic_closedin_convex)
then obtain D where opD: "openin (top_of_set C) D" and "S' retract_of D"
using \<open>ANR S\<close> by (auto simp: ANR_def)
then obtain r where "S' \ D" and contr: "continuous_on D r"
and "r ` D \ S'" and rid: "\x. x \ S' \ r x = x"
by (auto simp: retraction_def retract_of_def)
obtain g h where homgh: "homeomorphism S S' g h"
using hom by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
have "continuous_on (f ` T) g"
by (meson \<open>f ` T \<subseteq> S\<close> continuous_on_subset homeomorphism_def homgh)
then have contgf: "continuous_on T (g \ f)"
by (intro continuous_on_compose contf)
have gfTC: "(g \ f) ` T \ C"
proof -
have "g ` S = S'"
by (metis (no_types) homeomorphism_def homgh)
then show ?thesis
by (metis (no_types) assms(3) cloCS closedin_def image_comp image_mono order.trans topspace_euclidean_subtopology)
qed
obtain f' where contf': "continuous_on U f'"
and "f' ` U \ C"
and eq: "\x. x \ T \ f' x = (g \ f) x"
by (metis Dugundji [OF C cloUT contgf gfTC])
show ?thesis
proof (rule_tac V = "U \ f' -` D" and g = "h \ r \ f'" in that)
show "T \ U \ f' -` D"
using cloUT closedin_imp_subset \<open>S' \<subseteq> D\<close> \<open>f ` T \<subseteq> S\<close> eq homeomorphism_image1 homgh
by fastforce
show ope: "openin (top_of_set U) (U \ f' -` D)"
using \<open>f' ` U \<subseteq> C\<close> by (auto simp: opD contf' continuous_openin_preimage)
have conth: "continuous_on (r ` f' ` (U \ f' -` D)) h"
proof (rule continuous_on_subset [of S'])
show "continuous_on S' h"
using homeomorphism_def homgh by blast
qed (use \<open>r ` D \<subseteq> S'\<close> in blast)
show "continuous_on (U \ f' -` D) (h \ r \ f')"
by (blast intro: continuous_on_compose conth continuous_on_subset [OF contr] continuous_on_subset [OF contf'])
show "(h \ r \ f') ` (U \ f' -` D) \ S"
using \<open>homeomorphism S S' g h\<close> \<open>f' ` U \<subseteq> C\<close> \<open>r ` D \<subseteq> S'\<close>
by (auto simp: homeomorphism_def)
show "\x. x \ T \ (h \ r \ f') x = f x"
using \<open>homeomorphism S S' g h\<close> \<open>f ` T \<subseteq> S\<close> eq
by (auto simp: rid homeomorphism_def)
qed
qed
corollary ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and S' :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR S" "S homeomorphic S'"
and clo: "closedin (top_of_set U) S'"
obtains V where "openin (top_of_set U) V" "S' retract_of V"
proof -
obtain g h where hom: "homeomorphism S S' g h"
using assms by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
obtain h: "continuous_on S' h" " h ` S' \ S"
using hom homeomorphism_def by blast
from ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor [OF \<open>ANR S\<close> h clo]
obtain V h' where "S' \<subseteq> V" and opUV: "openin (top_of_set U) V"
and h': "continuous_on V h'" "h' ` V \ S"
and h'h:"\x. x \ S' \ h' x = h x"
by (blast intro: ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor [OF \<open>ANR S\<close> h clo])
have "S' retract_of V"
proof (simp add: retraction_def retract_of_def, intro exI conjI \<open>S' \<subseteq> V\<close>)
show "continuous_on V (g \ h')"
by (meson continuous_on_compose continuous_on_subset h'(1) h'(2) hom homeomorphism_cont1)
show "(g \ h') ` V \ S'"
using h' by clarsimp (metis hom subsetD homeomorphism_def imageI)
show "\x\S'. (g \ h') x = x"
by clarsimp (metis h'h hom homeomorphism_def)
qed
then show ?thesis
by (rule that [OF opUV])
qed
corollary ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract_UNIV:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and S' :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR S" and hom: "S homeomorphic S'" and clo: "closed S'"
obtains V where "open V" "S' retract_of V"
using ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract [OF \<open>ANR S\<close> hom]
by (metis clo closed_closedin open_openin subtopology_UNIV)
corollary neighbourhood_extension_into_ANR:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \ 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes contf: "continuous_on S f" and fim: "f ` S \ T" and "ANR T" "closed S"
obtains V g where "S \ V" "open V" "continuous_on V g"
"g ` V \ T" "\x. x \ S \ g x = f x"
using ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor [OF \<open>ANR T\<close> contf fim]
by (metis \<open>closed S\<close> closed_closedin open_openin subtopology_UNIV)
lemma absolute_neighbourhood_extensor_imp_ANR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "\f :: 'a * real \ 'a.
\<And>U T. \<lbrakk>continuous_on T f; f ` T \<subseteq> S;
closedin (top_of_set U) T\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> \<exists>V g. T \<subseteq> V \<and> openin (top_of_set U) V \<and>
continuous_on V g \<and> g ` V \<subseteq> S \<and> (\<forall>x \<in> T. g x = f x)"
shows "ANR S"
proof (clarsimp simp: ANR_def)
fix U and T :: "('a * real) set"
assume "S homeomorphic T" and clo: "closedin (top_of_set U) T"
then obtain g h where hom: "homeomorphism S T g h"
by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
obtain h: "continuous_on T h" " h ` T \ S"
using hom homeomorphism_def by blast
obtain V h' where "T \ V" and opV: "openin (top_of_set U) V"
and h': "continuous_on V h'" "h' ` V \ S"
and h'h: "\x\T. h' x = h x"
using assms [OF h clo] by blast
have [simp]: "T \ U"
using clo closedin_imp_subset by auto
have "T retract_of V"
proof (simp add: retraction_def retract_of_def, intro exI conjI \<open>T \<subseteq> V\<close>)
show "continuous_on V (g \ h')"
by (meson continuous_on_compose continuous_on_subset h' hom homeomorphism_cont1)
show "(g \ h') ` V \ T"
using h' by clarsimp (metis hom subsetD homeomorphism_def imageI)
show "\x\T. (g \ h') x = x"
by clarsimp (metis h'h hom homeomorphism_def)
qed
then show "\V. openin (top_of_set U) V \ T retract_of V"
using opV by blast
qed
lemma ANR_eq_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ANR S \
(\<forall>f :: 'a * real \<Rightarrow> 'a.
\<forall>U T. continuous_on T f \<longrightarrow> f ` T \<subseteq> S \<longrightarrow>
closedin (top_of_set U) T \<longrightarrow>
(\<exists>V g. T \<subseteq> V \<and> openin (top_of_set U) V \<and>
continuous_on V g \<and> g ` V \<subseteq> S \<and> (\<forall>x \<in> T. g x = f x)))" (is "_ = ?rhs")
proof
assume "ANR S" then show ?rhs
by (metis ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor)
qed (simp add: absolute_neighbourhood_extensor_imp_ANR)
lemma ANR_imp_neighbourhood_retract:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR S" "closedin (top_of_set U) S"
obtains V where "openin (top_of_set U) V" "S retract_of V"
using ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract assms homeomorphic_refl by blast
lemma ANR_imp_absolute_closed_neighbourhood_retract:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and S' :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR S" "S homeomorphic S'" and US': "closedin (top_of_set U) S'"
obtains V W
where "openin (top_of_set U) V"
"closedin (top_of_set U) W"
"S' \ V" "V \ W" "S' retract_of W"
proof -
obtain Z where "openin (top_of_set U) Z" and S'Z: "S' retract_of Z"
by (blast intro: assms ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract)
then have UUZ: "closedin (top_of_set U) (U - Z)"
by auto
have "S' \ (U - Z) = {}"
using \<open>S' retract_of Z\<close> closedin_retract closedin_subtopology by fastforce
then obtain V W
where "openin (top_of_set U) V"
and "openin (top_of_set U) W"
and "S' \ V" "U - Z \ W" "V \ W = {}"
using separation_normal_local [OF US' UUZ] by auto
moreover have "S' retract_of U - W"
proof (rule retract_of_subset [OF S'Z])
show "S' \ U - W"
using US' \S' \ V\ \V \ W = {}\ closedin_subset by fastforce
show "U - W \ Z"
using Diff_subset_conv \<open>U - Z \<subseteq> W\<close> by blast
qed
ultimately show ?thesis
by (metis Diff_subset_conv Diff_triv Int_Diff_Un Int_absorb1 openin_closedin_eq that topspace_euclidean_subtopology)
qed
lemma ANR_imp_closed_neighbourhood_retract:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR S" "closedin (top_of_set U) S"
obtains V W where "openin (top_of_set U) V"
"closedin (top_of_set U) W"
"S \ V" "V \ W" "S retract_of W"
by (meson ANR_imp_absolute_closed_neighbourhood_retract assms homeomorphic_refl)
lemma ANR_homeomorphic_ANR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR T" "S homeomorphic T"
shows "ANR S"
unfolding ANR_def
by (metis assms ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract homeomorphic_trans [of _ S] homeomorphic_sym)
lemma homeomorphic_ANR_iff_ANR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
shows "S homeomorphic T \ ANR S \ ANR T"
by (metis ANR_homeomorphic_ANR homeomorphic_sym)
subsection \<open>Analogous properties of ENRs\<close>
lemma ENR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and S' :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ENR S" and hom: "S homeomorphic S'"
and "S' \ U"
obtains V where "openin (top_of_set U) V" "S' retract_of V"
proof -
obtain X where "open X" "S retract_of X"
using \<open>ENR S\<close> by (auto simp: ENR_def)
then obtain r where "retraction X S r"
by (auto simp: retract_of_def)
have "locally compact S'"
using retract_of_locally_compact open_imp_locally_compact
homeomorphic_local_compactness \<open>S retract_of X\<close> \<open>open X\<close> hom by blast
then obtain W where UW: "openin (top_of_set U) W"
and WS': "closedin (top_of_set W) S'"
apply (rule locally_compact_closedin_open)
by (meson Int_lower2 assms(3) closedin_imp_subset closedin_subset_trans le_inf_iff openin_open)
obtain f g where hom: "homeomorphism S S' f g"
using assms by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
have contg: "continuous_on S' g"
using hom homeomorphism_def by blast
moreover have "g ` S' \ S" by (metis hom equalityE homeomorphism_def)
ultimately obtain h where conth: "continuous_on W h" and hg: "\x. x \ S' \ h x = g x"
using Tietze_unbounded [of S' g W] WS' by blast
have "W \ U" using UW openin_open by auto
have "S' \ W" using WS' closedin_closed by auto
have him: "\x. x \ S' \ h x \ X"
by (metis (no_types) \<open>S retract_of X\<close> hg hom homeomorphism_def image_insert insert_absorb insert_iff retract_of_imp_subset subset_eq)
have "S' retract_of (W \ h -` X)"
proof (simp add: retraction_def retract_of_def, intro exI conjI)
show "S' \ W" "S' \ h -` X"
using him WS' closedin_imp_subset by blast+
show "continuous_on (W \ h -` X) (f \ r \ h)"
proof (intro continuous_on_compose)
show "continuous_on (W \ h -` X) h"
by (meson conth continuous_on_subset inf_le1)
show "continuous_on (h ` (W \ h -` X)) r"
proof -
have "h ` (W \ h -` X) \ X"
by blast
then show "continuous_on (h ` (W \ h -` X)) r"
by (meson \<open>retraction X S r\<close> continuous_on_subset retraction)
qed
show "continuous_on (r ` h ` (W \ h -` X)) f"
proof (rule continuous_on_subset [of S])
show "continuous_on S f"
using hom homeomorphism_def by blast
show "r ` h ` (W \ h -` X) \ S"
by (metis \<open>retraction X S r\<close> image_mono image_subset_iff_subset_vimage inf_le2 retraction)
qed
qed
show "(f \ r \ h) ` (W \ h -` X) \ S'"
using \<open>retraction X S r\<close> hom
by (auto simp: retraction_def homeomorphism_def)
show "\x\S'. (f \ r \ h) x = x"
using \<open>retraction X S r\<close> hom by (auto simp: retraction_def homeomorphism_def hg)
qed
then show ?thesis
using UW \<open>open X\<close> conth continuous_openin_preimage_eq openin_trans that by blast
qed
corollary ENR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract_UNIV:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and S' :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ENR S" "S homeomorphic S'"
obtains T' where "open T'" "S' retract_of T'"
by (metis ENR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract UNIV_I assms(1) assms(2) open_openin subsetI subtopology_UNIV)
lemma ENR_homeomorphic_ENR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ENR T" "S homeomorphic T"
shows "ENR S"
unfolding ENR_def
by (meson ENR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract_UNIV assms homeomorphic_sym)
lemma homeomorphic_ENR_iff_ENR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "S homeomorphic T"
shows "ENR S \ ENR T"
by (meson ENR_homeomorphic_ENR assms homeomorphic_sym)
lemma ENR_translation:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ENR(image (\x. a + x) S) \ ENR S"
by (meson homeomorphic_sym homeomorphic_translation homeomorphic_ENR_iff_ENR)
lemma ENR_linear_image_eq:
fixes f :: "'a::euclidean_space \ 'b::euclidean_space"
assumes "linear f" "inj f"
shows "ENR (image f S) \ ENR S"
by (meson assms homeomorphic_ENR_iff_ENR linear_homeomorphic_image)
text \<open>Some relations among the concepts. We also relate AR to being a retract of UNIV, which is
often a more convenient proxy in the closed case.\<close>
lemma AR_imp_ANR: "AR S \ ANR S"
using ANR_def AR_def by fastforce
lemma ENR_imp_ANR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ENR S \ ANR S"
by (meson ANR_def ENR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract closedin_imp_subset)
lemma ENR_ANR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ENR S \ ANR S \ locally compact S"
proof
assume "ENR S"
then have "locally compact S"
using ENR_def open_imp_locally_compact retract_of_locally_compact by auto
then show "ANR S \ locally compact S"
using ENR_imp_ANR \<open>ENR S\<close> by blast
next
assume "ANR S \ locally compact S"
then have "ANR S" "locally compact S" by auto
then obtain T :: "('a * real) set" where "closed T" "S homeomorphic T"
using locally_compact_homeomorphic_closed
by (metis DIM_prod DIM_real Suc_eq_plus1 lessI)
then show "ENR S"
using \<open>ANR S\<close>
by (meson ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract_UNIV ENR_def ENR_homeomorphic_ENR)
qed
lemma AR_ANR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "AR S \ ANR S \ contractible S \ S \ {}"
(is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
assume ?lhs
have "aff_dim S < int DIM('a \ real)"
using aff_dim_le_DIM [of S] by auto
then obtain C and S' :: "('a * real) set"
where "convex C" "C \ {}" "closedin (top_of_set C) S'" "S homeomorphic S'"
using homeomorphic_closedin_convex by blast
with \<open>AR S\<close> have "contractible S"
by (meson AR_def convex_imp_contractible homeomorphic_contractible_eq retract_of_contractible)
with \<open>AR S\<close> show ?rhs
using AR_imp_ANR AR_imp_retract by fastforce
next
assume ?rhs
then obtain a and h:: "real \ 'a \ 'a"
where conth: "continuous_on ({0..1} \ S) h"
and hS: "h ` ({0..1} \ S) \ S"
and [simp]: "\x. h(0, x) = x"
and [simp]: "\x. h(1, x) = a"
and "ANR S" "S \ {}"
by (auto simp: contractible_def homotopic_with_def)
then have "a \ S"
by (metis all_not_in_conv atLeastAtMost_iff image_subset_iff mem_Sigma_iff order_refl zero_le_one)
have "\g. continuous_on W g \ g ` W \ S \ (\x\T. g x = f x)"
if f: "continuous_on T f" "f ` T \ S"
and WT: "closedin (top_of_set W) T"
for W T and f :: "'a \ real \ 'a"
proof -
obtain U g
where "T \ U" and WU: "openin (top_of_set W) U"
and contg: "continuous_on U g"
and "g ` U \ S" and gf: "\x. x \ T \ g x = f x"
using iffD1 [OF ANR_eq_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor \<open>ANR S\<close>, rule_format, OF f WT]
by auto
have WWU: "closedin (top_of_set W) (W - U)"
using WU closedin_diff by fastforce
moreover have "(W - U) \ T = {}"
using \<open>T \<subseteq> U\<close> by auto
ultimately obtain V V'
where WV': "openin (top_of_set W) V'"
and WV: "openin (top_of_set W) V"
and "W - U \ V'" "T \ V" "V' \ V = {}"
using separation_normal_local [of W "W-U" T] WT by blast
then have WVT: "T \ (W - V) = {}"
by auto
have WWV: "closedin (top_of_set W) (W - V)"
using WV closedin_diff by fastforce
obtain j :: " 'a \ real \ real"
where contj: "continuous_on W j"
and j: "\x. x \ W \ j x \ {0..1}"
and j0: "\x. x \ W - V \ j x = 1"
and j1: "\x. x \ T \ j x = 0"
by (rule Urysohn_local [OF WT WWV WVT, of 0 "1::real"]) (auto simp: in_segment)
have Weq: "W = (W - V) \ (W - V')"
using \<open>V' \<inter> V = {}\<close> by force
show ?thesis
proof (intro conjI exI)
have *: "continuous_on (W - V') (\x. h (j x, g x))"
proof (rule continuous_on_compose2 [OF conth continuous_on_Pair])
show "continuous_on (W - V') j"
by (rule continuous_on_subset [OF contj Diff_subset])
show "continuous_on (W - V') g"
by (metis Diff_subset_conv \<open>W - U \<subseteq> V'\<close> contg continuous_on_subset Un_commute)
show "(\x. (j x, g x)) ` (W - V') \ {0..1} \ S"
using j \<open>g ` U \<subseteq> S\<close> \<open>W - U \<subseteq> V'\<close> by fastforce
qed
show "continuous_on W (\x. if x \ W - V then a else h (j x, g x))"
proof (subst Weq, rule continuous_on_cases_local)
show "continuous_on (W - V') (\x. h (j x, g x))"
using "*" by blast
qed (use WWV WV' Weq j0 j1 in auto)
next
have "h (j (x, y), g (x, y)) \ S" if "(x, y) \ W" "(x, y) \ V" for x y
proof -
have "j(x, y) \ {0..1}"
using j that by blast
moreover have "g(x, y) \ S"
using \<open>V' \<inter> V = {}\<close> \<open>W - U \<subseteq> V'\<close> \<open>g ` U \<subseteq> S\<close> that by fastforce
ultimately show ?thesis
using hS by blast
qed
with \<open>a \<in> S\<close> \<open>g ` U \<subseteq> S\<close>
show "(\x. if x \ W - V then a else h (j x, g x)) ` W \ S"
by auto
next
show "\x\T. (if x \ W - V then a else h (j x, g x)) = f x"
using \<open>T \<subseteq> V\<close> by (auto simp: j0 j1 gf)
qed
qed
then show ?lhs
by (simp add: AR_eq_absolute_extensor)
qed
lemma ANR_retract_of_ANR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR T" and ST: "S retract_of T"
shows "ANR S"
proof (clarsimp simp add: ANR_eq_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor)
fix f::"'a \ real \ 'a" and U W
assume W: "continuous_on W f" "f ` W \ S" "closedin (top_of_set U) W"
then obtain r where "S \ T" and r: "continuous_on T r" "r ` T \ S" "\x\S. r x = x" "continuous_on W f" "f ` W \ S"
"closedin (top_of_set U) W"
by (meson ST retract_of_def retraction_def)
then have "f ` W \ T"
by blast
with W obtain V g where V: "W \ V" "openin (top_of_set U) V" "continuous_on V g" "g ` V \ T" "\x\W. g x = f x"
by (metis ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor \<open>ANR T\<close>)
with r have "continuous_on V (r \ g) \ (r \ g) ` V \ S \ (\x\W. (r \ g) x = f x)"
by (metis (no_types, lifting) comp_apply continuous_on_compose continuous_on_subset image_subset_iff)
then show "\V. W \ V \ openin (top_of_set U) V \ (\g. continuous_on V g \ g ` V \ S \ (\x\W. g x = f x))"
by (meson V)
qed
lemma AR_retract_of_AR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "\AR T; S retract_of T\ \ AR S"
using ANR_retract_of_ANR AR_ANR retract_of_contractible by fastforce
lemma ENR_retract_of_ENR:
"\ENR T; S retract_of T\ \ ENR S"
by (meson ENR_def retract_of_trans)
lemma retract_of_UNIV:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "S retract_of UNIV \ AR S \ closed S"
by (metis AR_ANR AR_imp_retract ENR_def ENR_imp_ANR closed_UNIV closed_closedin contractible_UNIV empty_not_UNIV open_UNIV retract_of_closed retract_of_contractible retract_of_empty(1) subtopology_UNIV)
lemma compact_AR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "compact S \ AR S \ compact S \ S retract_of UNIV"
using compact_imp_closed retract_of_UNIV by blast
text \<open>More properties of ARs, ANRs and ENRs\<close>
lemma not_AR_empty [simp]: "\ AR({})"
by (auto simp: AR_def)
lemma ENR_empty [simp]: "ENR {}"
by (simp add: ENR_def)
lemma ANR_empty [simp]: "ANR ({} :: 'a::euclidean_space set)"
by (simp add: ENR_imp_ANR)
lemma convex_imp_AR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "\convex S; S \ {}\ \ AR S"
by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) Dugundji absolute_extensor_imp_AR)
lemma convex_imp_ANR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "convex S \ ANR S"
using ANR_empty AR_imp_ANR convex_imp_AR by blast
lemma ENR_convex_closed:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "\closed S; convex S\ \ ENR S"
using ENR_def ENR_empty convex_imp_AR retract_of_UNIV by blast
lemma AR_UNIV [simp]: "AR (UNIV :: 'a::euclidean_space set)"
using retract_of_UNIV by auto
lemma ANR_UNIV [simp]: "ANR (UNIV :: 'a::euclidean_space set)"
by (simp add: AR_imp_ANR)
lemma ENR_UNIV [simp]:"ENR UNIV"
using ENR_def by blast
lemma AR_singleton:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "AR {a}"
using retract_of_UNIV by blast
lemma ANR_singleton:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "ANR {a}"
by (simp add: AR_imp_ANR AR_singleton)
lemma ENR_singleton: "ENR {a}"
using ENR_def by blast
text \<open>ARs closed under union\<close>
lemma AR_closed_Un_local_aux:
fixes U :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "closedin (top_of_set U) S"
"closedin (top_of_set U) T"
"AR S" "AR T" "AR(S \ T)"
shows "(S \ T) retract_of U"
proof -
have "S \ T \ {}"
using assms AR_def by fastforce
have "S \ U" "T \ U"
using assms by (auto simp: closedin_imp_subset)
define S' where "S' \<equiv> {x \<in> U. setdist {x} S \<le> setdist {x} T}"
define T' where "T' \<equiv> {x \<in> U. setdist {x} T \<le> setdist {x} S}"
define W where "W \ {x \ U. setdist {x} S = setdist {x} T}"
have US': "closedin (top_of_set U) S'"
using continuous_closedin_preimage [of U "\x. setdist {x} S - setdist {x} T" "{..0}"]
by (simp add: S'_def vimage_def Collect_conj_eq continuous_on_diff continuous_on_setdist)
have UT': "closedin (top_of_set U) T'"
using continuous_closedin_preimage [of U "\x. setdist {x} T - setdist {x} S" "{..0}"]
by (simp add: T'_def vimage_def Collect_conj_eq continuous_on_diff continuous_on_setdist)
have "S \ S'"
using S'_def \S \ U\ setdist_sing_in_set by fastforce
have "T \ T'"
using T'_def \T \ U\ setdist_sing_in_set by fastforce
have "S \ T \ W" "W \ U"
using \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> by (auto simp: W_def setdist_sing_in_set)
have "(S \ T) retract_of W"
proof (rule AR_imp_absolute_retract [OF \<open>AR(S \<inter> T)\<close>])
show "S \ T homeomorphic S \ T"
by (simp add: homeomorphic_refl)
show "closedin (top_of_set W) (S \ T)"
by (meson \<open>S \<inter> T \<subseteq> W\<close> \<open>W \<subseteq> U\<close> assms closedin_Int closedin_subset_trans)
qed
then obtain r0
where "S \ T \ W" and contr0: "continuous_on W r0"
and "r0 ` W \ S \ T"
and r0 [simp]: "\x. x \ S \ T \ r0 x = x"
by (auto simp: retract_of_def retraction_def)
have ST: "x \ W \ x \ S \ x \ T" for x
using setdist_eq_0_closedin \<open>S \<inter> T \<noteq> {}\<close> assms
by (force simp: W_def setdist_sing_in_set)
have "S' \ T' = W"
by (auto simp: S'_def T'_def W_def)
then have cloUW: "closedin (top_of_set U) W"
using closedin_Int US' UT' by blast
define r where "r \ \x. if x \ W then r0 x else x"
have contr: "continuous_on (W \ (S \ T)) r"
unfolding r_def
proof (rule continuous_on_cases_local [OF _ _ contr0 continuous_on_id])
show "closedin (top_of_set (W \ (S \ T))) W"
using \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>T \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>W \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>closedin (top_of_set U) W\<close> closedin_subset_trans by fastforce
show "closedin (top_of_set (W \ (S \ T))) (S \ T)"
by (meson \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>T \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>W \<subseteq> U\<close> assms closedin_Un closedin_subset_trans sup.bounded_iff sup.cobounded2)
show "\x. x \ W \ x \ W \ x \ S \ T \ x \ W \ r0 x = x"
by (auto simp: ST)
qed
have rim: "r ` (W \ S) \ S" "r ` (W \ T) \ T"
using \<open>r0 ` W \<subseteq> S \<inter> T\<close> r_def by auto
have cloUWS: "closedin (top_of_set U) (W \ S)"
by (simp add: cloUW assms closedin_Un)
obtain g where contg: "continuous_on U g"
and "g ` U \ S" and geqr: "\x. x \ W \ S \ g x = r x"
proof (rule AR_imp_absolute_extensor [OF \<open>AR S\<close> _ _ cloUWS])
show "continuous_on (W \ S) r"
using continuous_on_subset contr sup_assoc by blast
qed (use rim in auto)
have cloUWT: "closedin (top_of_set U) (W \ T)"
by (simp add: cloUW assms closedin_Un)
obtain h where conth: "continuous_on U h"
and "h ` U \ T" and heqr: "\x. x \ W \ T \ h x = r x"
proof (rule AR_imp_absolute_extensor [OF \<open>AR T\<close> _ _ cloUWT])
show "continuous_on (W \ T) r"
using continuous_on_subset contr sup_assoc by blast
qed (use rim in auto)
have U: "U = S' \ T'"
by (force simp: S'_def T'_def)
have cont: "continuous_on U (\x. if x \ S' then g x else h x)"
unfolding U
apply (rule continuous_on_cases_local)
using US' UT' \<open>S' \<inter> T' = W\<close> \<open>U = S' \<union> T'\<close>
contg conth continuous_on_subset geqr heqr by auto
have UST: "(\x. if x \ S' then g x else h x) ` U \ S \ T"
using \<open>g ` U \<subseteq> S\<close> \<open>h ` U \<subseteq> T\<close> by auto
show ?thesis
apply (simp add: retract_of_def retraction_def \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>T \<subseteq> U\<close>)
apply (rule_tac x="\x. if x \ S' then g x else h x" in exI)
using ST UST \<open>S \<subseteq> S'\<close> \<open>S' \<inter> T' = W\<close> \<open>T \<subseteq> T'\<close> cont geqr heqr r_def by auto
qed
lemma AR_closed_Un_local:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes STS: "closedin (top_of_set (S \ T)) S"
and STT: "closedin (top_of_set (S \ T)) T"
and "AR S" "AR T" "AR(S \ T)"
shows "AR(S \ T)"
proof -
have "C retract_of U"
if hom: "S \ T homeomorphic C" and UC: "closedin (top_of_set U) C"
for U and C :: "('a * real) set"
proof -
obtain f g where hom: "homeomorphism (S \ T) C f g"
using hom by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
have US: "closedin (top_of_set U) (C \ g -` S)"
by (metis STS continuous_on_imp_closedin hom homeomorphism_def closedin_trans [OF _ UC])
have UT: "closedin (top_of_set U) (C \ g -` T)"
by (metis STT continuous_on_closed hom homeomorphism_def closedin_trans [OF _ UC])
have "homeomorphism (C \ g -` S) S g f"
using hom
apply (auto simp: homeomorphism_def elim!: continuous_on_subset)
apply (rule_tac x="f x" in image_eqI, auto)
done
then have ARS: "AR (C \ g -` S)"
using \<open>AR S\<close> homeomorphic_AR_iff_AR homeomorphic_def by blast
have "homeomorphism (C \ g -` T) T g f"
using hom
apply (auto simp: homeomorphism_def elim!: continuous_on_subset)
apply (rule_tac x="f x" in image_eqI, auto)
done
then have ART: "AR (C \ g -` T)"
using \<open>AR T\<close> homeomorphic_AR_iff_AR homeomorphic_def by blast
have "homeomorphism (C \ g -` S \ (C \ g -` T)) (S \ T) g f"
using hom
apply (auto simp: homeomorphism_def elim!: continuous_on_subset)
apply (rule_tac x="f x" in image_eqI, auto)
done
then have ARI: "AR ((C \ g -` S) \ (C \ g -` T))"
using \<open>AR (S \<inter> T)\<close> homeomorphic_AR_iff_AR homeomorphic_def by blast
have "C = (C \ g -` S) \ (C \ g -` T)"
using hom by (auto simp: homeomorphism_def)
then show ?thesis
by (metis AR_closed_Un_local_aux [OF US UT ARS ART ARI])
qed
then show ?thesis
by (force simp: AR_def)
qed
corollary AR_closed_Un:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "\closed S; closed T; AR S; AR T; AR (S \ T)\ \ AR (S \ T)"
by (metis AR_closed_Un_local_aux closed_closedin retract_of_UNIV subtopology_UNIV)
text \<open>ANRs closed under union\<close>
lemma ANR_closed_Un_local_aux:
fixes U :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes US: "closedin (top_of_set U) S"
and UT: "closedin (top_of_set U) T"
and "ANR S" "ANR T" "ANR(S \ T)"
obtains V where "openin (top_of_set U) V" "(S \ T) retract_of V"
proof (cases "S = {} \ T = {}")
case True with assms that show ?thesis
by (metis ANR_imp_neighbourhood_retract Un_commute inf_bot_right sup_inf_absorb)
next
case False
then have [simp]: "S \ {}" "T \ {}" by auto
have "S \ U" "T \ U"
using assms by (auto simp: closedin_imp_subset)
define S' where "S' \<equiv> {x \<in> U. setdist {x} S \<le> setdist {x} T}"
define T' where "T' \<equiv> {x \<in> U. setdist {x} T \<le> setdist {x} S}"
define W where "W \ {x \ U. setdist {x} S = setdist {x} T}"
have cloUS': "closedin (top_of_set U) S'"
using continuous_closedin_preimage [of U "\x. setdist {x} S - setdist {x} T" "{..0}"]
by (simp add: S'_def vimage_def Collect_conj_eq continuous_on_diff continuous_on_setdist)
have cloUT': "closedin (top_of_set U) T'"
using continuous_closedin_preimage [of U "\x. setdist {x} T - setdist {x} S" "{..0}"]
by (simp add: T'_def vimage_def Collect_conj_eq continuous_on_diff continuous_on_setdist)
have "S \ S'"
using S'_def \S \ U\ setdist_sing_in_set by fastforce
have "T \ T'"
using T'_def \T \ U\ setdist_sing_in_set by fastforce
have "S' \ T' = U"
by (auto simp: S'_def T'_def)
have "W \ S'"
by (simp add: Collect_mono S'_def W_def)
have "W \ T'"
by (simp add: Collect_mono T'_def W_def)
have ST_W: "S \ T \ W" and "W \ U"
using \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> by (force simp: W_def setdist_sing_in_set)+
have "S' \ T' = W"
by (auto simp: S'_def T'_def W_def)
then have cloUW: "closedin (top_of_set U) W"
using closedin_Int cloUS' cloUT' by blast
obtain W' W0 where "openin (top_of_set W) W'"
and cloWW0: "closedin (top_of_set W) W0"
and "S \ T \ W'" "W' \ W0"
and ret: "(S \ T) retract_of W0"
by (meson ANR_imp_closed_neighbourhood_retract ST_W US UT \<open>W \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>ANR(S \<inter> T)\<close> closedin_Int closedin_subset_trans)
then obtain U0 where opeUU0: "openin (top_of_set U) U0"
and U0: "S \ T \ U0" "U0 \ W \ W0"
unfolding openin_open using \<open>W \<subseteq> U\<close> by blast
have "W0 \ U"
using \<open>W \<subseteq> U\<close> cloWW0 closedin_subset by fastforce
obtain r0
where "S \ T \ W0" and contr0: "continuous_on W0 r0" and "r0 ` W0 \ S \ T"
and r0 [simp]: "\x. x \ S \ T \ r0 x = x"
using ret by (force simp: retract_of_def retraction_def)
have ST: "x \ W \ x \ S \ x \ T" for x
using assms by (auto simp: W_def setdist_sing_in_set dest!: setdist_eq_0_closedin)
define r where "r \ \x. if x \ W0 then r0 x else x"
have "r ` (W0 \ S) \ S" "r ` (W0 \ T) \ T"
using \<open>r0 ` W0 \<subseteq> S \<inter> T\<close> r_def by auto
have contr: "continuous_on (W0 \ (S \ T)) r"
unfolding r_def
proof (rule continuous_on_cases_local [OF _ _ contr0 continuous_on_id])
show "closedin (top_of_set (W0 \ (S \ T))) W0"
using closedin_subset_trans [of U]
by (metis le_sup_iff order_refl cloWW0 cloUW closedin_trans \<open>W0 \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>T \<subseteq> U\<close>)
show "closedin (top_of_set (W0 \ (S \ T))) (S \ T)"
by (meson \<open>S \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>T \<subseteq> U\<close> \<open>W0 \<subseteq> U\<close> assms closedin_Un closedin_subset_trans sup.bounded_iff sup.cobounded2)
show "\x. x \ W0 \ x \ W0 \ x \ S \ T \ x \ W0 \ r0 x = x"
using ST cloWW0 closedin_subset by fastforce
qed
have cloS'WS: "closedin (top_of_set S') (W0 \<union> S)"
by (meson closedin_subset_trans US cloUS' \S \ S'\ \W \ S'\ cloUW cloWW0
closedin_Un closedin_imp_subset closedin_trans)
obtain W1 g where "W0 \ S \ W1" and contg: "continuous_on W1 g"
and opeSW1: "openin (top_of_set S') W1"
and "g ` W1 \ S" and geqr: "\x. x \ W0 \ S \ g x = r x"
proof (rule ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor [OF \<open>ANR S\<close> _ \<open>r ` (W0 \<union> S) \<subseteq> S\<close> cloS'WS])
show "continuous_on (W0 \ S) r"
using continuous_on_subset contr sup_assoc by blast
qed auto
have cloT'WT: "closedin (top_of_set T') (W0 \<union> T)"
by (meson closedin_subset_trans UT cloUT' \T \ T'\ \W \ T'\ cloUW cloWW0
closedin_Un closedin_imp_subset closedin_trans)
obtain W2 h where "W0 \ T \ W2" and conth: "continuous_on W2 h"
and opeSW2: "openin (top_of_set T') W2"
and "h ` W2 \ T" and heqr: "\x. x \ W0 \ T \ h x = r x"
proof (rule ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor [OF \<open>ANR T\<close> _ \<open>r ` (W0 \<union> T) \<subseteq> T\<close> cloT'WT])
show "continuous_on (W0 \ T) r"
using continuous_on_subset contr sup_assoc by blast
qed auto
have "S' \ T' = W"
by (force simp: S'_def T'_def W_def)
obtain O1 O2 where O12: "open O1" "W1 = S' \ O1" "open O2" "W2 = T' \ O2"
using opeSW1 opeSW2 by (force simp: openin_open)
show ?thesis
proof
have eq: "W1 - (W - U0) \ (W2 - (W - U0))
= ((U - T') \ O1 \ (U - S') \ O2 \ U \ O1 \ O2) - (W - U0)" (is "?WW1 \ ?WW2 = ?rhs")
using \<open>U0 \<inter> W \<subseteq> W0\<close> \<open>W0 \<union> S \<subseteq> W1\<close> \<open>W0 \<union> T \<subseteq> W2\<close>
by (auto simp: \<open>S' \<union> T' = U\<close> [symmetric] \<open>S' \<inter> T' = W\<close> [symmetric] \<open>W1 = S' \<inter> O1\<close> \<open>W2 = T' \<inter> O2\<close>)
show "openin (top_of_set U) (?WW1 \ ?WW2)"
by (simp add: eq \<open>open O1\<close> \<open>open O2\<close> cloUS' cloUT' cloUW closedin_diff opeUU0 openin_Int_open openin_Un openin_diff)
obtain SU' where "closed SU'" "S' = U \ SU'"
using cloUS' by (auto simp add: closedin_closed)
moreover have "?WW1 = (?WW1 \ ?WW2) \ SU'"
using \<open>S' = U \<inter> SU'\<close> \<open>W1 = S' \<inter> O1\<close> \<open>S' \<union> T' = U\<close> \<open>W2 = T' \<inter> O2\<close> \<open>S' \<inter> T' = W\<close> \<open>W0 \<union> S \<subseteq> W1\<close> U0
by auto
ultimately have cloW1: "closedin (top_of_set (W1 - (W - U0) \ (W2 - (W - U0)))) (W1 - (W - U0))"
by (metis closedin_closed_Int)
obtain TU' where "closed TU'" "T' = U \ TU'"
using cloUT' by (auto simp add: closedin_closed)
moreover have "?WW2 = (?WW1 \ ?WW2) \ TU'"
using \<open>T' = U \<inter> TU'\<close> \<open>W1 = S' \<inter> O1\<close> \<open>S' \<union> T' = U\<close> \<open>W2 = T' \<inter> O2\<close> \<open>S' \<inter> T' = W\<close> \<open>W0 \<union> T \<subseteq> W2\<close> U0
by auto
ultimately have cloW2: "closedin (top_of_set (?WW1 \ ?WW2)) ?WW2"
by (metis closedin_closed_Int)
let ?gh = "\x. if x \ S' then g x else h x"
have "\r. continuous_on (?WW1 \ ?WW2) r \ r ` (?WW1 \ ?WW2) \ S \ T \ (\x\S \ T. r x = x)"
proof (intro exI conjI)
show "\x\S \ T. ?gh x = x"
using ST \<open>S' \<inter> T' = W\<close> geqr heqr O12
by (metis Int_iff Un_iff \<open>W0 \<union> S \<subseteq> W1\<close> \<open>W0 \<union> T \<subseteq> W2\<close> r0 r_def sup.order_iff)
have "\x. x \ ?WW1 \ x \ S' \ x \ ?WW2 \ x \ S' \ g x = h x"
using O12
by (metis (full_types) DiffD1 DiffD2 DiffI IntE IntI U0(2) UnCI \<open>S' \<inter> T' = W\<close> geqr heqr in_mono)
then show "continuous_on (?WW1 \ ?WW2) ?gh"
using continuous_on_cases_local [OF cloW1 cloW2 continuous_on_subset [OF contg] continuous_on_subset [OF conth]]
by simp
show "?gh ` (?WW1 \ ?WW2) \ S \ T"
using \<open>W1 = S' \<inter> O1\<close> \<open>W2 = T' \<inter> O2\<close> \<open>S' \<inter> T' = W\<close> \<open>g ` W1 \<subseteq> S\<close> \<open>h ` W2 \<subseteq> T\<close> \<open>U0 \<inter> W \<subseteq> W0\<close> \<open>W0 \<union> S \<subseteq> W1\<close>
by (auto simp add: image_subset_iff)
qed
then show "S \ T retract_of ?WW1 \ ?WW2"
using \<open>W0 \<union> S \<subseteq> W1\<close> \<open>W0 \<union> T \<subseteq> W2\<close> ST opeUU0 U0
by (auto simp: retract_of_def retraction_def)
qed
qed
lemma ANR_closed_Un_local:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes STS: "closedin (top_of_set (S \ T)) S"
and STT: "closedin (top_of_set (S \ T)) T"
and "ANR S" "ANR T" "ANR(S \ T)"
shows "ANR(S \ T)"
proof -
have "\T. openin (top_of_set U) T \ C retract_of T"
if hom: "S \ T homeomorphic C" and UC: "closedin (top_of_set U) C"
for U and C :: "('a * real) set"
proof -
obtain f g where hom: "homeomorphism (S \ T) C f g"
using hom by (force simp: homeomorphic_def)
have US: "closedin (top_of_set U) (C \ g -` S)"
by (metis STS UC closedin_trans continuous_on_imp_closedin hom homeomorphism_def)
have UT: "closedin (top_of_set U) (C \ g -` T)"
by (metis STT UC closedin_trans continuous_on_imp_closedin hom homeomorphism_def)
have "homeomorphism (C \ g -` S) S g f"
using hom
apply (auto simp: homeomorphism_def elim!: continuous_on_subset)
by (rule_tac x="f x" in image_eqI, auto)
then have ANRS: "ANR (C \ g -` S)"
using \<open>ANR S\<close> homeomorphic_ANR_iff_ANR homeomorphic_def by blast
have "homeomorphism (C \ g -` T) T g f"
using hom apply (auto simp: homeomorphism_def elim!: continuous_on_subset)
by (rule_tac x="f x" in image_eqI, auto)
then have ANRT: "ANR (C \ g -` T)"
using \<open>ANR T\<close> homeomorphic_ANR_iff_ANR homeomorphic_def by blast
have "homeomorphism (C \ g -` S \ (C \ g -` T)) (S \ T) g f"
using hom
apply (auto simp: homeomorphism_def elim!: continuous_on_subset)
by (rule_tac x="f x" in image_eqI, auto)
then have ANRI: "ANR ((C \ g -` S) \ (C \ g -` T))"
using \<open>ANR (S \<inter> T)\<close> homeomorphic_ANR_iff_ANR homeomorphic_def by blast
have "C = (C \ g -` S) \ (C \ g -` T)"
using hom by (auto simp: homeomorphism_def)
then show ?thesis
by (metis ANR_closed_Un_local_aux [OF US UT ANRS ANRT ANRI])
qed
then show ?thesis
by (auto simp: ANR_def)
qed
corollary ANR_closed_Un:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "\closed S; closed T; ANR S; ANR T; ANR (S \ T)\ \ ANR (S \ T)"
by (simp add: ANR_closed_Un_local closedin_def diff_eq open_Compl openin_open_Int)
lemma ANR_openin:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR T" and opeTS: "openin (top_of_set T) S"
shows "ANR S"
proof (clarsimp simp only: ANR_eq_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor)
fix f :: "'a \ real \ 'a" and U C
assume contf: "continuous_on C f" and fim: "f ` C \ S"
and cloUC: "closedin (top_of_set U) C"
have "f ` C \ T"
using fim opeTS openin_imp_subset by blast
obtain W g where "C \ W"
and UW: "openin (top_of_set U) W"
and contg: "continuous_on W g"
and gim: "g ` W \ T"
and geq: "\x. x \ C \ g x = f x"
using ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor [OF \<open>ANR T\<close> contf \<open>f ` C \<subseteq> T\<close> cloUC] fim by auto
show "\V g. C \ V \ openin (top_of_set U) V \ continuous_on V g \ g ` V \ S \ (\x\C. g x = f x)"
proof (intro exI conjI)
show "C \ W \ g -` S"
using \<open>C \<subseteq> W\<close> fim geq by blast
show "openin (top_of_set U) (W \ g -` S)"
by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) UW contg continuous_openin_preimage gim opeTS openin_trans)
show "continuous_on (W \ g -` S) g"
by (blast intro: continuous_on_subset [OF contg])
show "g ` (W \ g -` S) \ S"
using gim by blast
show "\x\C. g x = f x"
using geq by blast
qed
qed
lemma ENR_openin:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ENR T" "openin (top_of_set T) S"
shows "ENR S"
by (meson ANR_openin ENR_ANR assms locally_open_subset)
lemma ANR_neighborhood_retract:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR U" "S retract_of T" "openin (top_of_set U) T"
shows "ANR S"
using ANR_openin ANR_retract_of_ANR assms by blast
lemma ENR_neighborhood_retract:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ENR U" "S retract_of T" "openin (top_of_set U) T"
shows "ENR S"
using ENR_openin ENR_retract_of_ENR assms by blast
lemma ANR_rel_interior:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ANR S \ ANR(rel_interior S)"
by (blast intro: ANR_openin openin_set_rel_interior)
lemma ANR_delete:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ANR S \ ANR(S - {a})"
by (blast intro: ANR_openin openin_delete openin_subtopology_self)
lemma ENR_rel_interior:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ENR S \ ENR(rel_interior S)"
by (blast intro: ENR_openin openin_set_rel_interior)
lemma ENR_delete:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ENR S \ ENR(S - {a})"
by (blast intro: ENR_openin openin_delete openin_subtopology_self)
lemma open_imp_ENR: "open S \ ENR S"
using ENR_def by blast
lemma open_imp_ANR:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "open S \ ANR S"
by (simp add: ENR_imp_ANR open_imp_ENR)
lemma ANR_ball [iff]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "ANR(ball a r)"
by (simp add: convex_imp_ANR)
lemma ENR_ball [iff]: "ENR(ball a r)"
by (simp add: open_imp_ENR)
lemma AR_ball [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "AR(ball a r) \ 0 < r"
by (auto simp: AR_ANR convex_imp_contractible)
lemma ANR_cball [iff]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "ANR(cball a r)"
by (simp add: convex_imp_ANR)
lemma ENR_cball:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "ENR(cball a r)"
using ENR_convex_closed by blast
lemma AR_cball [simp]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "AR(cball a r) \ 0 \ r"
by (auto simp: AR_ANR convex_imp_contractible)
lemma ANR_box [iff]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "ANR(cbox a b)" "ANR(box a b)"
by (auto simp: convex_imp_ANR open_imp_ANR)
lemma ENR_box [iff]:
fixes a :: "'a::euclidean_space"
shows "ENR(cbox a b)" "ENR(box a b)"
by (simp_all add: ENR_convex_closed closed_cbox open_box open_imp_ENR)
lemma AR_box [simp]:
"AR(cbox a b) \ cbox a b \ {}" "AR(box a b) \ box a b \ {}"
by (auto simp: AR_ANR convex_imp_contractible)
lemma ANR_interior:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ANR(interior S)"
by (simp add: open_imp_ANR)
lemma ENR_interior:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ENR(interior S)"
by (simp add: open_imp_ENR)
lemma AR_imp_contractible:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "AR S \ contractible S"
by (simp add: AR_ANR)
lemma ENR_imp_locally_compact:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "ENR S \ locally compact S"
by (simp add: ENR_ANR)
lemma ANR_imp_locally_path_connected:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR S"
shows "locally path_connected S"
proof -
obtain U and T :: "('a \ real) set"
where "convex U" "U \ {}"
and UT: "closedin (top_of_set U) T" and "S homeomorphic T"
proof (rule homeomorphic_closedin_convex)
show "aff_dim S < int DIM('a \ real)"
using aff_dim_le_DIM [of S] by auto
qed auto
then have "locally path_connected T"
by (meson ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_retract
assms convex_imp_locally_path_connected locally_open_subset retract_of_locally_path_connected)
then have S: "locally path_connected S"
if "openin (top_of_set U) V" "T retract_of V" "U \ {}" for V
using \<open>S homeomorphic T\<close> homeomorphic_locally homeomorphic_path_connectedness by blast
obtain Ta where "(openin (top_of_set U) Ta \ T retract_of Ta)"
using ANR_def UT \<open>S homeomorphic T\<close> assms by moura
then show ?thesis
using S \<open>U \<noteq> {}\<close> by blast
qed
lemma ANR_imp_locally_connected:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR S"
shows "locally connected S"
using locally_path_connected_imp_locally_connected ANR_imp_locally_path_connected assms by auto
lemma AR_imp_locally_path_connected:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "AR S"
shows "locally path_connected S"
by (simp add: ANR_imp_locally_path_connected AR_imp_ANR assms)
lemma AR_imp_locally_connected:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "AR S"
shows "locally connected S"
using ANR_imp_locally_connected AR_ANR assms by blast
lemma ENR_imp_locally_path_connected:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ENR S"
shows "locally path_connected S"
by (simp add: ANR_imp_locally_path_connected ENR_imp_ANR assms)
lemma ENR_imp_locally_connected:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ENR S"
shows "locally connected S"
using ANR_imp_locally_connected ENR_ANR assms by blast
lemma ANR_Times:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "ANR S" "ANR T" shows "ANR(S \ T)"
proof (clarsimp simp only: ANR_eq_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor)
fix f :: " ('a \ 'b) \ real \ 'a \ 'b" and U C
assume "continuous_on C f" and fim: "f ` C \ S \ T"
and cloUC: "closedin (top_of_set U) C"
have contf1: "continuous_on C (fst \ f)"
by (simp add: \<open>continuous_on C f\<close> continuous_on_fst)
obtain W1 g where "C \ W1"
and UW1: "openin (top_of_set U) W1"
and contg: "continuous_on W1 g"
and gim: "g ` W1 \ S"
and geq: "\x. x \ C \ g x = (fst \ f) x"
proof (rule ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor [OF \<open>ANR S\<close> contf1 _ cloUC])
show "(fst \ f) ` C \ S"
using fim by auto
qed auto
have contf2: "continuous_on C (snd \ f)"
by (simp add: \<open>continuous_on C f\<close> continuous_on_snd)
obtain W2 h where "C \ W2"
and UW2: "openin (top_of_set U) W2"
and conth: "continuous_on W2 h"
and him: "h ` W2 \ T"
and heq: "\x. x \ C \ h x = (snd \ f) x"
proof (rule ANR_imp_absolute_neighbourhood_extensor [OF \<open>ANR T\<close> contf2 _ cloUC])
show "(snd \ f) ` C \ T"
using fim by auto
qed auto
show "\V g. C \ V \
openin (top_of_set U) V \<and>
continuous_on V g \<and> g ` V \<subseteq> S \<times> T \<and> (\<forall>x\<in>C. g x = f x)"
proof (intro exI conjI)
show "C \ W1 \ W2"
by (simp add: \<open>C \<subseteq> W1\<close> \<open>C \<subseteq> W2\<close>)
show "openin (top_of_set U) (W1 \ W2)"
by (simp add: UW1 UW2 openin_Int)
show "continuous_on (W1 \ W2) (\x. (g x, h x))"
by (metis (no_types) contg conth continuous_on_Pair continuous_on_subset inf_commute inf_le1)
show "(\x. (g x, h x)) ` (W1 \ W2) \ S \ T"
using gim him by blast
show "(\x\C. (g x, h x) = f x)"
using geq heq by auto
qed
qed
lemma AR_Times:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set" and T :: "'b::euclidean_space set"
assumes "AR S" "AR T" shows "AR(S \ T)"
using assms by (simp add: AR_ANR ANR_Times contractible_Times)
(* Unused and requires ordered_euclidean_space
subsection\<^marker>\<open>tag unimportant\<close>\<open>Retracts and intervals in ordered euclidean space\<close>
lemma ANR_interval [iff]:
fixes a :: "'a::ordered_euclidean_space"
shows "ANR{a..b}"
by (simp add: interval_cbox)
lemma ENR_interval [iff]:
fixes a :: "'a::ordered_euclidean_space"
shows "ENR{a..b}"
by (auto simp: interval_cbox)
*)
subsection \<open>More advanced properties of ANRs and ENRs\<close>
lemma ENR_rel_frontier_convex:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "bounded S" "convex S"
shows "ENR(rel_frontier S)"
proof (cases "S = {}")
case True then show ?thesis
by simp
next
case False
with assms have "rel_interior S \ {}"
by (simp add: rel_interior_eq_empty)
then obtain a where a: "a \ rel_interior S"
by auto
have ahS: "affine hull S - {a} \ {x. closest_point (affine hull S) x \ a}"
by (auto simp: closest_point_self)
have "rel_frontier S retract_of affine hull S - {a}"
by (simp add: assms a rel_frontier_retract_of_punctured_affine_hull)
also have "\ retract_of {x. closest_point (affine hull S) x \ a}"
unfolding retract_of_def retraction_def ahS
apply (rule_tac x="closest_point (affine hull S)" in exI)
apply (auto simp: False closest_point_self affine_imp_convex closest_point_in_set continuous_on_closest_point)
done
finally have "rel_frontier S retract_of {x. closest_point (affine hull S) x \ a}" .
moreover have "openin (top_of_set UNIV) (UNIV \ closest_point (affine hull S) -` (- {a}))"
by (intro continuous_openin_preimage_gen) (auto simp: False affine_imp_convex continuous_on_closest_point)
ultimately show ?thesis
by (meson ENR_convex_closed ENR_delete ENR_retract_of_ENR \<open>rel_frontier S retract_of affine hull S - {a}\<close>
closed_affine_hull convex_affine_hull)
qed
lemma ANR_rel_frontier_convex:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes "bounded S" "convex S"
shows "ANR(rel_frontier S)"
by (simp add: ENR_imp_ANR ENR_rel_frontier_convex assms)
lemma ENR_closedin_Un_local:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "\ENR S; ENR T; ENR(S \ T);
closedin (top_of_set (S \<union> T)) S; closedin (top_of_set (S \<union> T)) T\<rbrakk>
\<Longrightarrow> ENR(S \<union> T)"
by (simp add: ENR_ANR ANR_closed_Un_local locally_compact_closedin_Un)
lemma ENR_closed_Un:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "\closed S; closed T; ENR S; ENR T; ENR(S \ T)\ \ ENR(S \ T)"
by (auto simp: closed_subset ENR_closedin_Un_local)
lemma absolute_retract_Un:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
shows "\S retract_of UNIV; T retract_of UNIV; (S \ T) retract_of UNIV\
\<Longrightarrow> (S \<union> T) retract_of UNIV"
by (meson AR_closed_Un_local_aux closed_subset retract_of_UNIV retract_of_imp_subset)
lemma retract_from_Un_Int:
fixes S :: "'a::euclidean_space set"
assumes clS: "closedin (top_of_set (S \ T)) S"
and clT: "closedin (top_of_set (S \ T)) T"
and Un: "(S \ T) retract_of U" and Int: "(S \ T) retract_of T"
shows "S retract_of U"
proof -
obtain r where r: "continuous_on T r" "r ` T \ S \ T" "\x\S \ T. r x = x"
using Int by (auto simp: retraction_def retract_of_def)
have "S retract_of S \ T"
unfolding retraction_def retract_of_def
proof (intro exI conjI)
--> --------------------
--> maximum size reached
--> --------------------
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